ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Reflecting excellent mid-term outcomes, extracardiac conduit Fontan procedure (ECFP) using Gore-Tex tube graft has been performed with increasing frequency in patients with functional single ventricle. Nevertheless, due to the lack of growth potential of the artificial conduit, the status of the venous pathway along with somatic growth is a continuing concern. In this study, we evaluated the longitudinal growth of the autologous vessels above and below the Gore-Tex graft used in the ECFP. METHODS: This study included 34 patients who had completed cardiac catheterisations at 1 month and 5.1 years after the ECFP. The average age, weight and height at the ECFP were 3.8+/-2.5 years (1.8-12.7 years), 12.7+/-4.6 kg (7.4-33.0 kg) and 92.9+/-16.1cm (72.5-153.5 cm), respectively. We measured the vertical lengths of three different parts angiographically: the length between the confluence point of the innominate vein and the anastomotic site of the conduit to the pulmonary artery (SVC-C), the conduit vertical length (C) and the length between the confluence point of the hepatic vein and the conduit's anastomotic site to the inferior vena cava (IVC-C). RESULTS: We have not observed stenosis or thrombus formation in the conduit or distortion of the conduit or pulmonary artery in any of the cases. No intervention or re-operation related to the extracardiac conduit was required, and laminar flow through the conduit was maintained with efficient Fontan haemodynamics. At 5.1 years after the ECFP, the average weight and height gain were 10.3+/-4.4 kg and 28.5+/-1.9 cm, respectively. The length of SVC-C, C and IVC-C were significantly increased as 124+/-15%, 106+/-7% and 132+/-24%, respectively, compared to the lengths at 1 month after the ECFP. The degree of increase in SVC-C and IVC-C was significantly larger than that in C. CONCLUSIONS: Along with the patient's somatic growth, longitudinal growth of the autologous vessels above and below the Gore-Tex graft was demonstrated to compensate for the lack of growth potential of the artificial graft.
Subject(s)
Blood Vessel Prosthesis , Blood Vessels/growth & development , Fontan Procedure/instrumentation , Adolescent , Aging/physiology , Anthropometry/methods , Body Height , Body Weight , Brachiocephalic Veins/diagnostic imaging , Brachiocephalic Veins/growth & development , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Fontan Procedure/methods , Growth , Hepatic Veins/diagnostic imaging , Hepatic Veins/growth & development , Humans , Infant , Male , Polytetrafluoroethylene , Postoperative Period , Pulmonary Artery/diagnostic imaging , Pulmonary Artery/pathology , Pulmonary Artery/surgery , Radiography , Retrospective Studies , Vena Cava, Inferior/growth & development , Vena Cava, Inferior/pathology , Vena Cava, Inferior/surgery , Young AdultABSTRACT
Transvenous (TV) pacing and defibrillation leads are frequently implanted in children as part of treatment for various congenital and acquired rhythm abnormalities. However, the lead-vascular endothelial interaction is not a benign process and is associated with a risk of progressive venous obstruction. Often, this obstruction requires surgical or interventional relief. The risk of obstruction is related to venous diameters at implant and lead size. Since venous diameters are largely unknown at different ages, the purpose of this study was to correlate innominate vein (INN) and superior vena cava (SVC) diameters with body dimensions in growing children.
