ABSTRACT
Lysine crotonylation is a newly discovered and reversible posttranslational modification involved in various biological processes, especially metabolism regulation. A total of 5159 lysine crotonylation sites in 2272 protein groups were identified. Twenty-seven motifs were found to be the preferred amino acid sequences for crotonylation sites. Functional annotation analyses revealed that most crotonylated proteins play important roles in metabolic processes and photosynthesis. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that lysine crotonylation preferentially targets a variety of important biological processes, including ribosome, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms, proteasome and the TCA cycle, indicating lysine crotonylation is involved in the common mechanism of metabolic regulation. A protein interaction network analysis revealed that diverse interactions are modulated by protein crotonylation. These results suggest that lysine crotonylation is involved in a variety of biological processes. HSP70 is a crucial protein involved in protecting plant cells and tissues from thermal or abiotic stress responses, and HSP70 protein was found to be crotonylated in paper mulberry. This systematic analysis provides the first comprehensive analysis of lysine crotonylation in paper mulberry and provides important resources for further study on the regulatory mechanism and function of the lysine crotonylated proteome.
Subject(s)
Broussonetia/metabolism , Crotonates/chemistry , Lysine/chemistry , Plant Leaves/metabolism , Plant Proteins/metabolism , Protein Processing, Post-Translational , Proteome/metabolism , Broussonetia/genetics , Broussonetia/growth & development , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Lysine/metabolism , Plant Leaves/genetics , Plant Leaves/growth & development , Plant Proteins/chemistry , Plant Proteins/geneticsABSTRACT
Dehydration-responsive element binding/C-repeat-binding factors (DREB/CBF) control the activity of multiple stress response genes and therefore represent attractive targets for genetic improvement of abiotic stress tolerance. Paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera L. Vent) is well known for its bark fibers and high levels of chalcone and flavonoid derivatives. Transgenic paper mulberry plants expressing a tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) FaDREB1 gene under the control of CaMV 35S were produced to examine the potential utility of FaDREB1 to increase the tolerance of paper mulberry plants to abiotic stress. The overexpressing FaDREB1 plants showed higher salt and drought tolerance than the wild-type plants (WT). After 13 days of withholding water, or 15 days in the presence of 250 mM NaCl, all the WT plants died, while the over-expressing FaDREB1 plants survived. The FaDREB1 plants had higher leaf water and leaf chlorophyll contents, accumulated more proline and soluble sugars, and had less ion leakage (which reflects membrane damage) than the WT plants had under high salt- and water-deficient conditions. The 35S promoter-driven expression of FaDREB1 did not cause growth retardation under normal growth conditions. Therefore, improved tolerance to multiple environmental stresses in paper mulberry might be achieved via genetic engineering through the ectopic expression of an FaDREB1 gene.
Subject(s)
Adaptation, Physiological , Broussonetia/genetics , Broussonetia/physiology , Festuca/genetics , Plant Proteins/metabolism , Stress, Physiological , Adaptation, Physiological/drug effects , Blotting, Northern , Blotting, Southern , Broussonetia/drug effects , Broussonetia/growth & development , Festuca/drug effects , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects , Genes, Plant/genetics , Mutagenesis, Insertional/genetics , Paper , Plant Proteins/genetics , Plants, Genetically Modified , Reproducibility of Results , Sodium Chloride/pharmacology , Stress, Physiological/drug effects , Stress, Physiological/geneticsABSTRACT
In an experiment with single inoculation (SI) and co-inoculation (CI) of three VA mycorrhizal fungi, i. e., Glomus mosseea (GM), Glomus versiforme (GV) and Glomus diaphanum (GD), the growth response of Broussonetia papyrifera seedlings in limestone area was studied. The results showed that after 3 months of growth, the aboveground-, underground-, and total biomass were increased significantly by the inoculation, being 2.49-8.19 times as much as the control. Treatment CI had the highest biomass, but the leaf number had little difference with the control. In SI, GD inoculation had the greatest effect; and CI was more effective than SI. The ground diameter, height, and total leaf area in CI were 1.5, 2.2, and 6.0 times as much as those in CK, respectively, and the root/shoot ratio in CI was the highest (0.446). There existed an interactive selection between host plants and VA mycorrhizal fungi.
