Contact with Wet Cement-A Preventable Cause of Chemical Burn: Case Report and Discussion.

GENERAL PURPOSE: To review the management of a patient with a chemical burn from wet cement. TARGET AUDIENCE: This continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and registered nurses with an interest in skin and wound care. LEARNING OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES: After participating in this educational activity, the participant will:1. Recognize the clinical presentation of a patient with a chemical burn from contact with wet cement.2. Describe features related to the pathophysiology of alkali burns from wet cement.3. Select the proper decontamination procedure after exposure to wet cement.4. Identify steps in the treatment of a patient with a chemical burn from contact with wet cement.

Alkali burn from wet cement is an often unrecognized and completely preventable chemical injury. The prevalence of cement burns is likely underestimated because of a lack of awareness and knowledge among both individuals who work with cement and healthcare providers. Chemical injuries have important differences compared with thermal burns: they are usually produced by longer exposure to noxious agents as opposed to short-term exposure that is quickly stopped. As a result, first aid approaches are different. Chemical burns from cement can be avoided with adequate skin and eye protection as well as immediate first aid if contact occurs. Manufacturers of bagged cement place warning notices on packaging, but these can be small and go unnoticed by consumers. Construction workers and amateur do-it-yourselfers should avoid direct contact with cement for any prolonged amount of time. Watertight boots, gloves, and clothing will prevent contact, and any accidental splash on exposed skin should be immediately washed away. Education and awareness of the consequences of cement burns are the best prevention.

Dispersion of acid without gastric perforation on ingestion of toilet cleaner: a rare autopsy case.

Toilet cleaner containing hydrochloric acid is a common item found in households all over the world. Due to the availability of the substance, it becomes one of the main contributors to corrosive damage to the gastrointestinal system. This study reports a case of a female in her 50s with an alleged history of ingestion of toilet cleaner an empty bottle of which was found together with a suicide note at the incident site. During the autopsy, the forensic expert made an intriguing observation regarding the dispersion of ingested acid to other organs without gastric perforation. Despite the absence of gastric perforation, the corrosive effects of the ingested acid were evident in various organs, including the liver and spleen. This phenomenon suggests a unique mechanism by which the acid is able to disperse and cause damage beyond the stomach, leading to widespread organ involvement. However, through a comprehensive analysis of the detailed history, typical macroscopic autopsy findings, and chemical analysis reports, it is possible to establish that the cause of death is corrosive acid poisoning. In such cases, further investigation is warranted to gain a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms responsible for the dispersion of the acid and its clinical implications. By delving deeper into these aspects, we can enhance our knowledge and contribute to the field of forensic medicine.

Effective Management of Acute Oral Chemical Burns After NaOH Ingestion: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND Chemical burns in the oral cavity, although rare, cause more severe tissue damage than thermal burns, continuing tissue destruction even after removing the causative substance. Prompt identification of the substance, exposure extent, time from injury to treatment, and the injured area are imperative for effective management. This report details severe oral burns in an elderly woman from accidental NaOH ingestion. CASE REPORT A 70-year-old female patient was presented to our hospital approximately 15 h after inadvertent consumption of approximately 20 ml of NaOH (sodium hydroxide) solution. This incident led to oral discomfort and restricted mouth opening. The ingested solution, erroneously assumed to be a beverage, was later identified as a potent alkaline substance typically employed in grease removal. Initial manifestations included intense burning sensation, oral edema, and heightened salivation, which exacerbated on the following day, adversely impacting her alimentation and verbal communication. Clinical examination disclosed extensive damage to the oral mucosa. The diagnosis encompassed a chemical burn in the oral cavity coupled with chronic gastritis. The treatment regimen comprised dietary limitations, administration of famotidine for gastric acid suppression, intravenous hydration, nutritional support, oral care with Kangfuxin liquid, and nebulization therapy. Six months after therapy, she exhibited complete recovery, with the absence of discomfort and restored normal oral functions. CONCLUSIONS Timely and targeted treatment strategies, particularly nebulization medication and Kangfuxin liquid, are effective in managing chemical burns in the oral cavity, promoting wound healing, and preventing complications.

Augenverätzungen.

Chemical burns of the ocular surface (CBOS) are emergencies of highest urgency. Therefore, an adequate emergency care is mandatory. Following a precise analysis of the initial damage, a staged therapeutic approach is used to prevent persistent impairment of the ocular surface. In the acute stage, the prevention of complications is targeted (symblepharon, conjunctival scarring, lacrimal stenosis, corneal ulceration, intraocular inflammation, elevated intraocular pressure, etc.). In later stages, if complications have developed, a secondary restoration of the ocular surface is focussed. Sometimes this requires several surgical interventions. Based on a review of international literature, this review highlights the pathophysiology according to different chemical agents, CBOS stages as well as main therapy strategies in early and advanced stages of CBOS. Acute treatment aims to lower inflammation, oxidative stress and tries to promote reepithelialisation. Besides conjunctival scarring, loss of goblet cells and corneal opacification a limbal stem cell insufficiency is the most harming complication. Several new techniques have been developed to recover the ocular surface with a sufficient and clear epithelial layer in order to avoid neovascularization of the cornea. The knowledge concerning the high risk potential for persistent visual impairment in CBOS patients and the ability for appropriate emergency care should be kept in every physician's mind dealing with CBOS.

[A case of high-pressure injection injury of hand complicated with deep chemical burn caused by industrial cement].

This article reports a patient with extensive high-pressure injection injury of the hand combined with deep chemical burn caused by high-pressure injection of industrial cement materials was diagnosed and treated in the Department of Hand Surgery, Xiaolan Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University in 2022. The nerves, tendons and blood vessels of the left hand were involved, and the ulnar skin of the left thumb was extensively necrosis, and a large number of extensive cement foreign bodies remained under the skin. Part of the cement was inserted into the joint capsule of the interphalangeal joint. After emergency surgical treatment, the patient was saved successfully, and the wound healed well without chemical poisoning and other related complications, which created conditions for the second stage of flap repair.

Sequelae of carbide-related thermo-chemical injury: A retrospective analysis.

Purpose: To describe the outcomes of eyes with calcium carbide (CaC2)-related thermo-chemical injury. Methods: This study included 28 eyes of 23 patients who presented with calcium carbide-related ocular burns. Only patients with more than three months of follow-up were included. Group A included 16 eyes with Dua's Grade I-III burns, while Group B included 12 eyes with Grade IV-VI burns. Electronic medical records were reviewed to provide data on the etiology of burn, presenting clinical signs and visual acuity, sequelae, and surgical interventions performed, both in the acute and chronic phases. Results: The overall mean age was 28.48 ± 11.8 years. Fifteen patients were injured while using carbide to create an explosion to scare away animals on farms. The median presenting BCVA (best-corrected visual acuity) in Group A (20/160) was significantly better than in Group B [(20/2000) (P = 0.002)]. Five eyes in Group A and one eye in Group B underwent medical management. There was no difference in the duration of follow-up for both groups (P = 0.24). The median final BCVA in Group A (20/32) was significantly better than in Group B [(20/200) (P = 0.02)]. Two eyes in Group A and nine eyes in Group B developed LSCD. Two eyes in Group B were phthisical at the last visit. Conclusion: Calcium carbide-related ocular injuries can result in significant visual morbidity in young adults. Early presentation and management may improve outcomes. Prevention of these injuries by increasing awareness and increasing advocacy efforts is necessary.

Phosphorus Burn Management with Multimodal Analgesia.

We report the case of a patient suffering from a chemical burn caused by white phosphorus, for whom initial management required decontamination using multimodal analgesia. This case report should be familiar to other military emergency physicians and Tactical Emergency Medical Support for two reasons: 1) A phosphorus burn occurs from a chemical agent rarely encountered, with minimal research available in the medical literature, despite the use of this weapon in the recent Ukrainian conflict, and 2) We discuss the use of multimodal analgesia, combining loco-regional anesthesia (LRA) and an intranasal pathway, which can be used in a remote and austere environment.

Clinical characteristics and laparoscopic surgical outcomes of ovarian dermoid cysts complicated by spontaneous rupture: nine cases and a literature review.

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the clinical characteristics and laparoscopic surgical outcomes of dermoid cysts complicated by spontaneous rupture. METHODS: This was a single-center retrospective observational study of patients with dermoid cysts treated between January 2005 and December 2021. RESULTS: Among 1205 cases of dermoid cysts, spontaneous rupture occurred in nine and torsion occurred in 83 cases. No obvious triggers for rupture were identified, except for one postpartum case with fundal uterine pressure maneuver. Rupture was identified by computed tomography (CT) in six cases. Patients with ruptured cysts had significantly higher serum C-reactive protein (CRP), cancer antigen 125 (CA125), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), and squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC) levels compared with patients with uncomplicated dermoid cysts or cysts with torsion. Laparoscopic management was possible except for one case with severe adhesion, which required laparotomy. Two patients required prolonged postoperative administration of antibiotics due to refractory chemical peritonitis. CONCLUSION: Combined use of CT imaging and elevated levels of CRP, CA125, CA19-9, and SCC may help to differentiate cyst rupture from torsion. Laparoscopic surgery may be a feasible option; however, prompt laparotomic conversion should be considered in cases with difficult adhesiolysis. Refractory chemical peritonitis may occur after successful surgical management.

Antiseptic solutions for skin preparation during central catheter insertion in neonates.

BACKGROUND: Central venous catheters (CVC) are associated with potentially dangerous complications such as thromboses, pericardial effusions, extravasation, and infections in neonates. Indwelling catheters are amongst the main risk factors for nosocomial infections. The use of skin antiseptics during the preparation for central catheter insertion may prevent catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) and central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI). However, it is still not clear which antiseptic solution is the best to prevent infection with minimal side effects. OBJECTIVES: To systematically evaluate the safety and efficacy of different antiseptic solutions in preventing CRBSI and other related outcomes in neonates with CVC. SEARCH METHODS: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and trial registries up to 22 April 2022. We checked reference lists of included trials and systematic reviews that related to the intervention or population examined in this Cochrane Review.  SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or cluster-RCTs were eligible for inclusion in this review if they were performed in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and were comparing any antiseptic solution (single or in combination) against any other type of antiseptic solution or no antiseptic solution or placebo in preparation for central catheter insertion. We excluded cross-over trials and quasi-RCTs. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used the standard methods from Cochrane Neonatal. We used the GRADE approach to assess the certainty of the evidence. MAIN RESULTS: We included three trials that had two different comparisons: 2% chlorhexidine in 70% isopropyl alcohol (CHG-IPA) versus 10% povidone-iodine (PI) (two trials); and CHG-IPA versus 2% chlorhexidine in aqueous solution (CHG-A) (one trial). A total of 466 neonates from level III NICUs were evaluated. All included trials were at high risk of bias. The certainty of the evidence for the primary and some important secondary outcomes ranged from very low to moderate. There were no included trials that compared antiseptic skin solutions with no antiseptic solution or placebo. CHG-IPA versus 10% PI Compared to PI, CHG-IPA may result in little to no difference in CRBSI (risk ratio (RR) 1.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.53 to 3.25; risk difference (RD) 0.01, 95% CI -0.03 to 0.06; 352 infants, 2 trials, low-certainty evidence) and all-cause mortality (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.46 to 1.68; RD -0.01, 95% CI -0.08 to 0.06; 304 infants, 1 trial, low-certainty evidence). The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of CHG-IPA on CLABSI (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.07 to 15.08; RD 0.00, 95% CI -0.11 to 0.11; 48 infants, 1 trial; very low-certainty evidence) and chemical burns (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.24 to 4.48; RD 0.00, 95% CI -0.03 to 0.03; 352 infants, 2 trials, very low-certainty evidence), compared to PI. Based on a single trial, infants receiving CHG-IPA appeared less likely to develop thyroid dysfunction compared to PI (RR 0.05, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.85; RD -0.06, 95% CI -0.10 to -0.02; number needed to treat for an additional harmful outcome (NNTH) 17, 95% CI 10 to 50; 304 infants). Neither of the two included trials assessed the outcome of premature central line removal or the proportion of infants or catheters with exit-site infection. CHG-IPA versus CHG-A The evidence suggests CHG-IPA may result in little to no difference in the rate of proven CRBSI when applied on the skin of neonates prior to central line insertion (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.34 to 1.87; RD -0.05, 95% CI -0.22 to 0.13; 106 infants, 1 trial, low-certainty evidence) and CLABSI (RR 1.14, 95% CI 0.34 to 3.84; RD 0.02, 95% CI -0.12 to 0.15; 106 infants, 1 trial, low-certainty evidence), compared to CHG-A. Compared to CHG-A, CHG-IPA probably results in little to no difference in premature catheter removal (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.26 to 3.19; RD -0.01, 95% CI -0.15 to 0.13; 106 infants, 1 trial, moderate-certainty evidence) and chemical burns (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.47 to 2.03; RD -0.01, 95% CI -0.20 to 0.18; 114 infants, 1 trial, moderate-certainty evidence). No trial assessed the outcome of all-cause mortality and the proportion of infants or catheters with exit-site infection. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Based on current evidence, compared to PI, CHG-IPA may result in little to no difference in CRBSI and mortality. The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of CHG-IPA on CLABSI and chemical burns. One trial showed a statistically significant increase in thyroid dysfunction with the use of PI compared to CHG-IPA. The evidence suggests CHG-IPA may result in little to no difference in the rate of proven CRBSI and CLABSI when applied on the skin of neonates prior to central line insertion. Compared to CHG-A, CHG-IPA probably results in little to no difference in chemical burns and premature catheter removal. Further trials that compare different antiseptic solutions are required, especially in low- and middle-income countries, before stronger conclusions can be made.

Children ages one to four are disproportionally affected by chemical burns in a cross-sectional analysis of NEISS 2012-2021.

BACKGROUND: Household cleaning and personal care products (HC&PCPs) are irreplaceable in most daily routines. However, data are sparse on chemical burns caused by HC&PCPs. METHODS: We queried the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) from 2012 to 2021 to characterize chemical burns caused by HC&PCPs as well as the most common causative categories of HC&PCPs responsible for chemical burns. RESULTS: We found 2729 total emergency department (ED) visits due to chemical burn injuries within the years 2012-2021 due to HC&PCPs. Chemical burns disproportionally affect children ages four and under, accounting for 36.4% of all patients. Within this subpopulation, boys were more frequently affected by chemical burns and the eyes were the most affected area. The most common HC&PCPs involved in chemical burns in individuals ages one to four were laundry soaps and detergents (22.0%) and bleaches (21.3%). CONCLUSION: Children ages four and under are disproportionately affected by chemical burns due to non-intentional exposure of HC&PCPs, with laundry detergents and bleaches being the most common causative agents. Adequate storage of all HC&PCPs and improved parental supervision are paramount in preventing chemical burns in this age group.

Effectiveness of sucralfate in preventing esophageal stricture in children after ingestion of caustic agents.

Ingestion of caustic agents by children is a serious health issue that can affect the patient for the rest of his life. The role of sucralfate in preventing stricture caused by caustic agents is controversial, and limited studies have been conducted in this field. We aimed to investigate the effect of sucralfate on preventing esophageal stricture in children. Sixty children with mean age of 36.69 ± 20.50 months and grade II B esophageal burns due to ingestion of caustic agents were enrolled in the study. In the intervention group, in addition to the usual treatment, sucralfate was administered orally at a dose of 80 mg/kg every 2 h for 3 days. For the control group, only the usual treatment was prescribed. Stricture development was compared between groups based on endoscopic and radiologic findings. Of the 60 patients enrolled in the study, 53 were examined. The incidence of esophageal stricture in the intervention group was significantly lower than in the control group (37% versus 67%, P-value = 0.042). In addition, the odds of esophageal stricture after sucralfate intervention was significantly reduced after adjustment for potential confounders (OR = 0.198, P-value = 0.031).  Conclusions: The results of this study showed that sucralfate may reduce the development of esophageal stricture in children when used to manage IIB esophageal burns due to ingestion of caustic agents. What is Known: • Ingestion of caustic agents by children is a serious health issue that can affect the patient for the rest of his life. • The role of sucralfate in preventing stricture caused by caustic agents is controversial and limited studies have been conducted in this field. What is New: • It seems that sucralfate significantly reduces the incidence of esophageal stricture following the ingestion of caustic agents in children compared to the control group. • We believe that the prognosis may be improved and the risk of stricture formation may be reduced with high doses of sucralfate therapy in grade IIB esophageal injury.

Epidemiology of chemical burns: An 11-year retrospective study of 126 patients at a referral burn centre in the north of Iran.

The etiology and outcomes of chemical burns vary worldwide, influenced by the local population structure, industry distribution, and geographical and social environments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology of chemical burns among patients referred to a burn centre in the north of Iran. A single-centre, retrospective study was conducted on patients with chemical burns between 2011 and 2021. Data collection was carried out using the hospital information system (HIS), and data collected from medical records included gender, age, marital status, occupations, burn season, place of residence, intention to burn, location of the accident, percent of total body surface area (%TBSA), the primary cause of burns, the body region of the burn, length of hospital stay (days), infection, and discharge status. The data were analysed using descriptive statistical methods and SPSS 24.0 software. Of the 10 133 burn patients treated in a burn centre in the north of Iran between 2011 and 2021, 1.2% had chemical burns. The average age of patients was 34.45 (SD = 22.16) years, and most chemical burns cases were male (70.6%, n = 89). Chemical burns occurred most frequently in patients aged 20 to 49 years (69.8%, n = 107), and most of the burns were accidental (84.9%, n = 107). The home was the most common place of chemical burn injury, accounting for 49.2% (62 cases), followed by the workplace (43.7%, n = 55), respectively. Most chemical burns occurred in the summer season (36.5%, n = 46), and acid (74.6%, n = 94) was the most common cause of chemical burns. The mean TBSA was 16.41 (SD = 15.10). The most common burn area was the lower limb (34.9%, n = 44), and the overall mortality rate was 4.8%. The average length of stay in the hospital was 6.53 (SD = 5.57) days. Community education on household safety, restricting non-specialists' access to chemical substances, and the promotion of early consultation could reduce chemical burn prevalence and improve outcomes.

Use of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid in Chronic Calcium-Based Chemical Injury.

PURPOSE: This study presents the successful management of a patient with chronic chemical-based injury using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) chelation. METHODS: This is a case report of a 59-year-old man who presented to us 2 months after a bilateral, accidental, ocular injury with lime particles at his workplace. RESULTS: The patient was initially managed with extensive debridement and amniotic membrane grafting for both eyes. At 4-month follow-up, the left eye appeared to have extensive calcium-based plaques. 0.02N EDTA chelation was performed for his left eye. Postchelation, the visual acuity improved to 20/800. At 1-week follow-up, a repeat EDTA chelation was performed. The corneal clarity improved further, and the patient recovered a visual acuity of 20/200. CONCLUSIONS: EDTA chelation in the setting of calcium deposition in the chronic phase of chemical injuries can be reasonably effective.

Fatal hydrofluoric acid poisoning: histologic findings and review of the literature.

Hydrofluoric acid (HF), the inorganic acid of elemental fluorine, is a highly dangerous substance and death can result from a very small exposure. In addition to local toxicity, HF can trigger fatal systemic reactions by its high affinity for calcium and magnesium. The authors report the autopsy case of a male worker who was exposed to 50% HF while repairing the leakage from an HF tank valve in a semi-conductor washing factory. His colleagues found blisters on his neck after 6 h of work and he was sent to the hospital. However, he expired from cardiac arrest despite an immediate calcium gluconate injection. At autopsy, burns with eschar covering less than 5% of the total body surface were identified on the neck and around both ears, and microscopic examination of the affected skin revealed extensive necrosis of the epidermis and dermis with pustule formation. In chemical analysis, no fluoride ions were detected in blood, vitreous humor, urine, pleural fluid, bile, or skin tissue from the neck. Considering the chemical burns on the neck and the circumstantial information, the cause of death was determined to be HF poisoning. This article presents the clinical manifestations of local and systemic toxicity after the accidental exposure to a high concentration of HF, with histologic demonstrations of chemical burns.

Carbide Gun-Related Ocular Injuries: A Case Series.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to report a case series of sight-threatening ocular injuries caused by calcium carbide guns used as fire crackers. METHODS: Medical records of 15 eyes of 14 patients with ocular injuries caused while using carbide guns, visiting the Institute, from January 2021 to January 2022, were retrospectively reviewed. The collected data included patients' demography (age, sex), presenting ophthalmic features, management, and outcome. Grade I and II ocular injuries were managed medically. All grade III-V injuries were managed using Amniotic Membrane Transplantation. RESULTS: All patients were male. The mean age of the patients was 23.57 ± 11.76 years. According to the Dua classification, 5 eyes (33.3%) had Grade I-II ocular surface burns, 3 eyes (20%) had grade III burns, and 7 eyes (46.6%) had grade IV-VI burns. Presenting visual acuity ranged between hand movements to 20/50, and in 6 eyes (40%), the visual acuity was ≤20/200. Five eyes were managed medically alone, and 10 (66.6%) eyes needed surgical intervention (Amniotic Membrane Transplantation). After a mean follow-up of 14.23 ± 11.92 weeks, complete epithelization was seen in 10 eyes (66.6%). Partial limbal stem cell deficiency and its sequelae such as conjunctivalization of the cornea were noted in 7 eyes (46.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Calcium carbide-related ocular injuries can result in corneal blindness secondary to limbal stem cell deficiency in young individuals. Loss of vision in this age group can lead to loss of economic productivity and cosmetic disfigurement. More advocacy efforts are thus needed to prevent these injuries.