ABSTRACT
An inappropriate diet, particularly excessive consumption of dietary fats and oils, may have a major negative impact on beta-cell function and cause type 2 diabetes mellitus. To investigate this issue, we examined the toxicity of free fatty acid (FFA) compositions mirroring the FFA profiles of various popular edible oils in human EndoC-ßH1 beta-cells and in rat islets. For this purpose, we made compositions consisting exclusively of various FFAs in different volumetric percentages mimicking these oils and additionally mixtures of these compositions. Human EndoC-ßH1 beta-cells were incubated with different oil compositions and the toxicity, lipid droplet formation, ER-stress, and H2O2 production were analyzed. Compositions with prominent content of saturated as well as unsaturated long-chain FFAs showed moderate but significant toxicity both in human EndoC-ßH1 beta-cells and rat islets, however, without further measurable metabolic impairments. On the other hand compositions with high content of medium-chain FFAs revealed no toxicity. A composition with 50% of the very long-chain unsaturated FFA erucic acid caused high toxicity with concomitant peroxisomal H2O2 production. The toxicity of FFAs to human EndoC-ßH1 beta-cells was dampened in mixtures of FFA compositions with a significant content of medium-chain FFAs, but not with a significant proportion of unsaturated FFAs.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism , Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/toxicity , Insulin-Secreting Cells/drug effects , Plant Oils/toxicity , Animals , Butter/toxicity , Cell Line , Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress , Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/metabolism , Humans , Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism , Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism , Plant Oils/metabolism , RatsABSTRACT
Diacetyl (DA), an ubiquitous butter-flavoring agent, was found to influence several aspects of amyloid-ß (Aß) aggregation--one of the two primary pathologies associated with Alzheimer's disease. Thioflavin T fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopic measurements revealed that DA accelerates Aß¹â»4² aggregation into soluble and ultimately insoluble ß-pleated sheet structures. DA was found to covalently bind to Arg5 of Aß¹â»4² through proteolytic digestion-mass spectrometric experiments. These biophysical and chemical effects translated into the potentiation of Aß¹â»4² cytotoxicity by DA toward SH-SY5Y cells in culture. DA easily traversed through a MDR1-MDCK cell monolayer, an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier. Additionally, DA was found not only to be resistant to but also inhibitory toward glyoxalase I, the primary initiator of detoxification of amyloid-promoting reactive dicarbonyl species that are generated naturally in large amounts by neuronal tissue. In light of the chronic exposure of industry workers to DA, this study raises the troubling possibility of long-term neurological toxicity mediated by DA.
