Crystal structures of human CD40 in complex with monoclonal antibodies dacetuzumab and bleselumab.

CD40 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, and it is widely expressed on immune and non-immune cell types. The interaction between CD40 and the CD40 ligand (CD40L) plays an essential function in signaling, and the CD40/CD40L complex works as an immune checkpoint molecule. CD40 has become a therapeutic target, and a variety of agonistic/antagonistic anti-CD40 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been developed. To better understand the mode of action of anti-CD40 mAbs, we determined the X-ray crystal structures of dacetuzumab (agonist) and bleselumab (antagonist) in complex with the extracellular domain of human CD40, respectively. The structure reveals that dacetuzumab binds to CD40 on the top of cysteine-rich domain 1 (CRD1), which is the domain most distant from the cell surface, and it does not compete with CD40L binding. The binding interface of bleselumab spread between CRD2 and CRD1, overlapping with the binding surface of the ligand. Our results offer important insights for future structural and functional studies of CD40 and provide clues to understanding the mechanism of biological response. These data can be applied to developing new strategies for designing antibodies with more therapeutic efficacy.

TNF receptor agonists induce distinct receptor clusters to mediate differential agonistic activity.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and natural ligands targeting costimulatory tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFR) exhibit a wide range of agonistic activities and antitumor responses. The mechanisms underlying these differential agonistic activities remain poorly understood. Here, we employ a panel of experimental and clinically-relevant molecules targeting human CD40, 4-1BB and OX40 to examine this issue. Confocal and STORM microscopy reveal that strongly agonistic reagents induce clusters characterized by small area and high receptor density. Using antibody pairs differing only in isotype we show that hIgG2 confers significantly more receptor clustering than hIgG1 across all three receptors, explaining its greater agonistic activity, with receptor clustering shielding the receptor-agonist complex from further molecular access. Nevertheless, discrete receptor clustering patterns are observed with different hIgG2 mAb, with a unique rod-shaped assembly observed with the most agonistic mAb. These findings dispel the notion that larger receptor clusters elicit greater agonism, and instead point to receptor density and subsequent super-structure as key determinants.

The Intracellular Domain of CD40 is a Potent Costimulatory Element in Chimeric Antigen Receptors.

The costimulatory domains incorporated into second-generation and third-generation chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) strongly influence CAR-T-cell function. Here, we explored second-generation and third-generation CARs harboring the signaling domain of the CD40 receptor as a new costimulatory element in comparison with similar CARs carrying the 4-1BB domain. In CARs of both generations, CD40 was more potent than 4-1BB in triggering the NF-κB signaling pathway. In human T cells from 2 donors, CD40 was comparable to 4-1BB in upregulating costimulatory and activation markers, inducing proinflammatory cytokine secretion and mediating target cell killing. Interestingly, differences in the response pattern of T cells from the 2 donors with respect to CD40 and 4-1BB were evident. We conclude that in human T cells, the CD40 signaling domain is a potent costimulatory element in both second-generation and third-generation CARs.

Designed proteins assemble antibodies into modular nanocages.

Multivalent display of receptor-engaging antibodies or ligands can enhance their activity. Instead of achieving multivalency by attachment to preexisting scaffolds, here we unite form and function by the computational design of nanocages in which one structural component is an antibody or Fc-ligand fusion and the second is a designed antibody-binding homo-oligomer that drives nanocage assembly. Structures of eight nanocages determined by electron microscopy spanning dihedral, tetrahedral, octahedral, and icosahedral architectures with 2, 6, 12, and 30 antibodies per nanocage, respectively, closely match the corresponding computational models. Antibody nanocages targeting cell surface receptors enhance signaling compared with free antibodies or Fc-fusions in death receptor 5 (DR5)-mediated apoptosis, angiopoietin-1 receptor (Tie2)-mediated angiogenesis, CD40 activation, and T cell proliferation. Nanocage assembly also increases severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pseudovirus neutralization by α-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies and Fc-angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) fusion proteins.

Bacterial Magnetosomes as Novel Platform for the Presentation of Immunostimulatory, Membrane-Bound Ligands in Cellular Biotechnology.

Cell-cell interactions involving specific membrane proteins are critical triggers in cellular development. Ex vivo strategies to mimic these effects currently use soluble proteins or (recombinant) presenter cells, albeit with mixed results. A promising alternative are bacterial magnetosomes, which can be selectively transformed into cell-free membrane-protein presenters by genetic engineering. In this study, the human CD40 Ligand (CD40L), a key ligand for B cell activation, is expressed on the particle surface. Functionality is demonstrated on sensor cells expressing the human CD40 receptor. Binding of CD40L magnetosomes to these cells triggers a signaling cascade leading to the secretion of embryonic alkaline phosphatase. Concomitantly, the CD40-CD40L interaction is strong enough to allow cell recovery by magnetic sorting. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of magnetosomes as promising cell-free tools for cellular biotechnology, based on the display of membrane-bound target molecules, thereby creating a biomimetic interaction.

Anti-CD40 antibody 2C10 binds to a conformational epitope at the CD40-CD154 interface that is conserved among primate species.

The antagonistic anti-CD40 antibody, 2C10, and its recombinant primate derivative, 2C10R4, are potent immunosuppressive antibodies whose utility in allo- and xenotransplantation have been demonstrated in nonhuman primate studies. In this study, we defined the 2C10 binding epitope and found only slight differences in affinity of 2C10 for CD40 derived from four primate species. Staining of truncation mutants mapped the 2C10 binding epitope to the N-terminal portion of CD40. Alanine scanning mutagenesis of the first 60 residues in the CD40 ectodomain highlighted key amino acids important for binding of 2C10 and for binding of the noncross-blocking anti-CD40 antibodies 3A8 and 5D12. All four 2C10-binding residues defined by mutagenesis clustered near the membrane-distal tip of CD40 and partially overlap the CD154 binding surface. In contrast, the overlapping 3A8 and 5D12 epitopes map to an opposing surface away from the CD154 binding domain. This biochemical characterization of 2C10 confirms the validity of nonhuman primate studies in the translation of this therapeutic antibody and provides insight its mechanism of action.

CD40/anti-CD40 antibody complexes which illustrate agonist and antagonist structural switches.

BACKGROUND: CD40 is a 48 kDa type I transmembrane protein that is constitutively expressed on hematopoietic cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. Engagement of CD40 by CD40L expressed on T cells results in the production of proinflammatory cytokines, induces T helper cell function, and promotes macrophage activation. The involvement of CD40 in chronic immune activation has resulted in CD40 being proposed as a therapeutic target for a range of chronic inflammatory diseases. CD40 antagonists are currently being explored for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and several anti-CD40 agonist mAbs have entered clinical development for oncological indications. RESULTS: To better understand the mode of action of anti-CD40 mAbs, we have determined the x-ray crystal structures of the ABBV-323 (anti-CD40 antagonist, ravagalimab) Fab alone, ABBV-323 Fab complexed to human CD40 and FAB516 (anti-CD40 agonist) complexed to human CD40. These three crystals structures 1) identify the conformational CD40 epitope for ABBV-323 recognition 2) illustrate conformational changes which occur in the CDRs of ABBV-323 Fab upon CD40 binding and 3) develop a structural hypothesis for an agonist/antagonist switch in the LCDR1 of this proprietary class of CD40 antibodies. CONCLUSIONS: The structure of ABBV-323 Fab demonstrates a unique method for antagonism by stabilizing the proposed functional antiparallel dimer for CD40 receptor via novel contacts to LCDR1, namely residue position R32 which is further supported by a closely related agonist antibody FAB516 which shows only monomeric recognition and no contacts with LCDR1 due to a mutation to L32 on LCDR1. These data provide a structural basis for the full antagonist activity of ABBV-323.

The influence of therapeutic vaccine candidate against HBeAg pEGFP-N1-C (472-507)-ecdCD40L on dendritic cells.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major public health problem and immune tolerance is responsible for persistent HBV infection. HBV therapeutic vaccines targeting HBV e antigen (HBeAg) may have an excellent effect in overcoming HBV immune tolerance. Thus, there is urgency for designing therapeutic vaccine candidates that target HBeAg. In this research, we fused the C (472-507) gene sequence of HBV with the extracellular domain of human CD40 ligand sequence and ligated this fused sequence into the pEGFP-N1 vector to construct the recombinant plasmid pEGFP-N1-C (472-507)-ecdCD40L. Then, the dendritic cells (DCs) generated from human peripheral blood were transfected with this recombinant plasmid. After this, the phenotype and function of DCs were assessed. Compared with the three control groups of pEGFP-N1-C (472-507), pEGFP-N1 and phosphate buffered saline (PBS), we found that DCs transfected with the recombinant plasmid pEGFP-N1-C (472-507)-ecdCD40L enhanced the expression of costimulatory molecules (CD80, CD86 and HLA-DR) and secretion of cytokine IL-12p70. Furthermore, the capacity of inducing the proliferation of allogeneic lymphocytes was also improved. Our study validated that transfecting DCs with recombinant plasmid pEGFP-N1-C (472-507)-ecdCD40L could activate DCs and enhance their functions. Therefore, C (472-507)-ecdCD40L fusion sequence may be a promising vaccine candidate for chronic hepatitis B therapythat targets HBeAg.

Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Novel Immunomodulatory Small Molecules Targeting the CD40⁻CD154 Costimulatory Protein-Protein Interaction.

We report the design, synthesis, and testing of novel small-molecule compounds targeting the CD40⁻CD154 (CD40L) costimulatory interaction for immunomodulatory purposes. This protein-protein interaction (PPI) is a TNF-superfamily (TNFSF) costimulatory interaction that is an important therapeutic target since it plays crucial roles in the activation of T cell responses, and there is resurgent interest in its modulation with several biologics in development. However, this interaction, just as all other PPIs, is difficult to target by small molecules. Following up on our previous work, we have now identified novel compounds such as DRI-C21091 or DRI-C21095 that show activity (IC50) in the high nanomolar to low micromolar range in the binding inhibition assay and more than thirty-fold selectivity versus other TNFSF PPIs including OX40⁻OX40L, BAFFR-BAFF, and TNF-R1-TNFα. Protein thermal shift (differential scanning fluorimetry) assays indicate CD154 and not CD40 as the binding partner. Activity has also been confirmed in cell assays and in a mouse model (alloantigen-induced T cell expansion in a draining lymph node). Our results expand the chemical space of identified small-molecule CD40⁻CD154 costimulatory inhibitors and provide lead structures that have the potential to be developed as orally bioavailable immunomodulatory therapeutics that are safer and less immunogenic than corresponding biologics.

Complex Interplay between Epitope Specificity and Isotype Dictates the Biological Activity of Anti-human CD40 Antibodies.

Anti-CD40 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that promote or inhibit receptor function hold promise as therapeutics for cancer and autoimmunity. Rules governing their diverse range of functions, however, are lacking. Here we determined characteristics of nine hCD40 mAbs engaging epitopes throughout the CD40 extracellular region expressed as varying isotypes. All mAb formats were strong agonists when hyper-crosslinked; however, only those binding the membrane-distal cysteine-rich domain 1 (CRD1) retained agonistic activity with physiological Fc gamma receptor crosslinking or as human immunoglobulin G2 isotype; agonistic activity decreased as epitopes drew closer to the membrane. In addition, all CRD2-4 binding mAbs blocked CD40 ligand interaction and were potent antagonists. Thus, the membrane distal CRD1 provides a region of choice for selecting CD40 agonists while CRD2-4 provides antagonistic epitopes.

Identification and characterization of CD40 from humphead snapper (Lutjanus sanguineus).

CD40 is known as "master switch" in immune response to pathogen infection in mammals. However, limited information of CD40 is known in lower vertebrates. In this study, a novel CD40 homolog (Ls-CD40) was cloned and characterized from humphead snapper, Lutjanus sanguineus. The Ls-CD40 cDNA composed of 2073 bp with a 69 bp of 5'-UTR, a 1020 bp of 3'-UTR and an open reading frame (ORF) of 984 bp, encoding 327 amino acid residues. Sequence analysis showed that Ls-CD40 contained a single peptide, a transmembrane domain and four cysteine-rich domains. The deduced amino acid sequence of Ls-CD40 shared 40%-53% identities with other known fish CD40. The qRT-PCR showed that Ls-CD40 gene expressed in all examined tissues with the most abundant in spleen and lowest level in intestine. After V. harveyi and poly I:C stimulation, the expression of CD40 were significantly induced in spleen. Moreover, Ls-CD40 could interact with Ls-TRAF3 in vitro. These data indicate that Ls-CD40 might play a regulatory role in immune response of L. sanguineus.

Expression, purification and biological characterization of the extracellular domain of CD40 from Pichia pastoris.

BACKGROUND: CD40, also called Bp50, is a novel member of the TNF receptor superfamily. Based on its important role in multiple physiological and pathological processes, the CD40 signaling pathway has become a vital target for treating transplantation, autoimmune diseases and cancers. This study generated a protein fragment that disrupts this signaling pathway. RESULTS: A DNA fragment encoding the extracellular domain of CD40 (CD40-N) has been codon-optimized and cloned into pPIC9K to create a Pichia pastoris expression and secretion strain. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting assays using the culture media from methanol-induced expression strains showed that recombinant CD40-N, a 27 kDa glycosylated protein, was secreted into the culture broth. The recombinant protein was purified to more than 90 % using Sephadex G-50 size-exclusion chromatography and Q Sepharose Fast Flow ion exchange. Finally, 120 mg of the protein was obtained at a relatively high purity from 3 l supernatant. Binding assay (ITC200 assay) shown the direct interaction of CD40-N and CD40 agonist antibody (G28-5). The bioactivity of recombinant CD40-N was confirmed by its ability to disrupt non-canonical NF-κB signaling activated by CD40 agonist antibody or CD40 ligand and to inhibit ant-CD40 agonist antibody-induced TNF-alpha expression in BJAB cells in vitro. In addition, our data indicate that the protein has curative potential in treating dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the experimental procedure we have developed using P. pastoris can be used to produce large amounts of active CD40-N for research and industrial purposes. The protein fragment we have acquired has potential to be used in research or even treating inflammation diseases such as colitis.

Cloning and high level expression of the biologically active extracellular domain of Macaca mulatta CD40 in Pichia pastoris.

The CD40-mediated immune response contributes to a wide variety of chronic inflammatory diseases. CD40 antagonists have potential as novel therapies for immune disorders. However, the CD40 pathway has not been well characterized in the rhesus monkey Macaca mulatta, which is a valuable animal model for human immune disease. An 834 bp transcript was cloned from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of rhesus monkey using specific primers designed according to the predicted sequence of M. mulatta CD40 (mmCD40) in GenBank. Sequence analysis demonstrated that mmCD40 is highly homologous to human CD40 (hCD40), with an amino acid sequence identity of 94%. Genes encoding the extracellular domain of mmCD40 and the Fc fragment of the hIgG1 were inserted into a pPIC9K plasmid to produce mmCD40Ig by Pichia pastoris. Approximately 15-20 mg of the mmCD40Ig protein with ∼90% purity could be recovered from 1 L of culture. The purified mmCD40Ig protein can form dimers and can specifically bind CD40L-positive cells. Additionally, the mmCD40Ig protein can bind hCD40L protein in phosphate buffered saline and form a stable combination in a size-exclusion chromatography assay using a Superdex 200 column. Moreover, mmCD40Ig is as efficient as M. mulatta CTLA4Ig (mmCTLA4Ig) to suppress Con A-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation. Additionally, mmCD40Ig only showed mild immunosuppressive activity in a one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) system. These results suggest that mmCD40Ig secreted by P. pastoris was productive and functional, and it could be used as a tool for pathogenesis and therapies for chronic inflammatory diseases in a M. mulatta model.

Counteractive functions are encrypted in the residues of CD154.

CD40, as a single receptor that binds CD154 (CD40-ligand or CD40L), regulates counteractive effector functions such as production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, we examined whether such dual messages are encrypted in CD40L. As such message encryption was never investigated, we hypothesized that mutation of certain amino acid residues should in principle enhance pro-inflammatory cytokine production whereas mutation of some others would enhance anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion. We mutated six such residues, which were previously showed to participate in CD40L function. Here, we report that the mutant CD154 129E→V was superior to the wild-type CD154 in killing of Leishmania donovani, induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and production of IL-12 and relative phosphorylation of p38MAPK and ERK-1/2 in PBMC-derived macrophages. By contrast, 128S→V promoted L. donovani survival, reducing iNOS, but increasing IL-10 expression and predominant ERK-1/2 phosphorylation. The mutant 144G→V did not have significant effects. Other mutants (142E→V, 143K→A, 145Y→F) mimicked the wild-type CD154. Molecular dynamics simulation suggested that these mutations induced differential conformational changes in the CD40-CD154 complex. Therefore, assortment of the contrasting messages encrypted in a given ligand performing counteractive functions presents a novel fundamental biological principle that can be used for devising various therapies.

Involvement of the cytoplasmic cysteine-238 of CD40 in its up-regulation of CD23 expression and its enhancement of TLR4-triggered responses.

CD40, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, plays a key role in both adaptive and innate immunity. Engagement of CD40 with its natural trimeric ligand or with cross-linked antibodies results in disulfide-linked CD40 (dl-CD40) homodimer formation, a process mediated by the cysteine-238 residues of the cytoplasmic tail of CD40. The present study was designed to elucidate the biological relevance of cysteine-238-mediated dl-CD40 homodimers to the expression of CD23 on B cells and to investigate its possible involvement in the innate response. Our results indicate that cysteine-238-mediated dl-CD40 homodimerization is required for CD40-induced activation of PI3-kinase/Akt signaling and the subsequent CD23 expression, as inhibition of dl-CD40 homodimer formation through a point mutation-approach specifically impairs these responses. Interestingly, cysteine-238-mediated dl-CD40 homodimers are also shown to play a crucial role in Toll-like receptor 4-induced CD23 expression, further validating the importance of this system in bridging innate and adaptive immune responses. This process also necessitates the activation of the PI3-kinase/Akt cascade. Thus, our results highlight new roles for CD40 and cysteine-238-mediated CD40 homodimers in cell biology and identify a potential new target for therapeutic strategies against CD40-associated chronic inflammatory diseases.

The human agonistic CD40 antibody ADC-1013 eradicates bladder tumors and generates T-cell-dependent tumor immunity.

PURPOSE: Local administration of immune-activating antibodies may increase the efficacy and reduce the immune-related adverse events associated with systemic immunotherapy of cancer. Here, we report the development and affinity maturation of a fully human agonistic CD40 antibody (IgG1), ADC-1013. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We have used molecular engineering to generate an agonistic antibody with high affinity for CD40. The functional activity of ADC-1013 was investigated in human and murine in vitro models. The in vivo effect was investigated in two separate bladder cancer models, both using human xenograft tumors in immune deficient NSG mice and using a syngeneic bladder cancer model in a novel human CD40 transgenic mouse. RESULTS: Activation of dendritic cells (DC) by ADC-1013 results in upregulation of the costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, and secretion of IL12. ADC-1013 also activates DCs from human CD40 transgenic mice, and peptide-pulsed and ADC-1013-stimulated DCs induce antigen-specific T-cell proliferation in vitro. In vivo, treatment with ADC-1013 in a syngeneic bladder cancer model, negative for hCD40, induces significant antitumor effects and long-term tumor-specific immunity. Furthermore, ADC-1013 demonstrates significant antitumor effects in a human bladder cancer transplanted into immunodeficient NSG mice. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that ADC-1013 induces long-lasting antitumor responses and immunologic memory mediated by CD40 stimulation. To the best of our knowledge, ADC-1013 represents the first immunomodulatory antibody developed for local immunotherapy of cancer.

Enhancement of Rituximab-induced cell death by the physical association of CD20 with CD40 molecules on the cell surface.

CD20 is an attractive therapeutic target given the success of its monoclonal antibody, Rituximab, in the treatment of B-cell malignancies and B-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. Treatment with Rituximab causes a rapid depletion of B cells and a decrease in disease symptoms. Despite the clinical efficiency of Rituximab, its mechanism of action is not completely understood. In this study, we aimed at further investigating the Rituximab-induced cell death and the factors affecting such responses. Our results indicate that Rituximab-induced cell death depends on the nature of the cells and levels of CD20 expression on the cell surface. Coexpression of CD20 with CD40, a member of the TNF receptor family that is known to be physically associated with CD20 on the cell surface, enhances the apoptotic response induced by Rituximab. Inhibiting the formation of CD40 disulfide-bound-homodimers, a process required for some CD40 signaling, further enhances Rituximab-induced cell death. Cell death induced by anti-CD40 mAb is also upregulated by the presence of CD20, suggesting a bidirectional influence of the CD20/CD40 association. Moreover, treating cells with both anti-CD20 and anti-CD40 antibodies improves the cell death response induced by a single-agent treatment. These results highlight the role of the CD20/CD40 association in triggering B-cell depletion and may pave the way for an alternative more efficient therapeutic strategy in treating B-cell-mediated disorders.

B-cell regulation and its application to transplantation.

There has been increasing interest in the role played by B cells and their associated antibody in the immune response to an allograft, driven by the need to undertake antibody-incompatible transplantation and evidence suggesting that B cells play a role in acute T-cell-mediated rejection and in acute and chronic antibody-mediated rejection. This review focuses on the molecular events, both activating and inhibitory, which control B-cell activation, and considers how this information might inform therapeutic strategies. Potential targets include the BAFF (B-cell-activating factor belonging to the tumour necrosis factor family) and CD40-CD40L pathways and inhibitory molecules, such as CD22 and FcγRIIB. B cells can also play an immunomodulatory role via interleukin (IL)10 production and may contribute to transplant tolerance. The expansion of allograft-specific IL10-producing B cells may be an additional therapeutic goal. Thus, the treatment paradigm required in transplantation has shifted from that of simple B-cell depletion, to that of a more subtle, differential manipulation of different B-cell subsets.

[Cloning, prokaryotic expression, and antigenicity identification of extracellular domain of mouse CD40].

OBJECTIVE: To construct a prokaryotic expression plasmid for extracellular domain of mouse CD40 (mCD40), express the mCD40/GST recombinant protein in E.coli, purify the mCD40/GST recombinant protein and characterize its antigenicity. METHODS: Extracellular domain of mouse CD40 was amplified by PCR from cell line DC2.4 and then was cloned into prokaryotic expression vector pGEX-6P-1 to construct the recombinant expression vector pGEX-6P-1-mCD40. The expression vector was transformed into E.coli BL21 (DE3) and the fusion protein mCD40/GST was induced by IPTG. The fusion protein was purified through sepharose 4B. Then antigenicity of the purified mCD40/GST protein was verified by Western blotting and ELISA. RESULTS: The PCR product was verified by DNA sequencing to be consistent with the sequence of mouse CD40 on GenBank. The recombinant plasmid was identified by double digestion successfully. SDS-PAGE analysis showed the relative molecular mass of the fusion protein induced by IPTG was 45 000. Western blotting and ELISA demonstrated that the purified mCD40/GST protein had a good antigenicity. CONCLUSION: The prokaryotic expression plasmid pGEX-6P-1-mCD40 was constructed successfully. In E.coli BL21 (DE3) transformed with the plasmid, the mCD40/GST fusion protein was expressed by IPTG induction. The purified mCD40/GST fusion protein had a high antigenicity, which provides a strong support for the future study of CD40.

CD154 is released from T-cells by a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10 (ADAM10) and ADAM17 in a CD40 protein-dependent manner.

CD154 (CD40 ligand) is a type II transmembrane protein that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily. The soluble form of CD154 (sCD154), which results from the shedding of membrane-bound CD154, plays a key role in the production of proinflammatory cytokines and has been linked to various autoimmune and vascular disorders. Therefore, elucidating the mechanisms by which CD154 is released from the cell surface following its interaction with its various receptors is of primordial importance. Using co-culture experiments, we show that CD154 is shed predominantly upon its engagement with CD40. Indeed, only CD40 (both membrane-bound and soluble) and not α5ß1 or αMß2 is involved in the cleavage and release of CD154 from Jurkat E6.1 T-cells. Interestingly, CD154 is cleaved independently of the formation of cell surface CD40 homodimers and independently of its association into lipid rafts. In contrast, we found that the protein kinase C (PKC) signaling family and the matrix metalloproteinases ADAM10 and ADAM17 are intimately involved in this process. In conclusion, our data indicate that CD154 is released from T-cells by ADAM10 and ADAM17 upon CD40 ligation. These findings add significant insights into the mechanisms by which CD154 is down-regulated and may lead to the generation of novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of CD154-associated disorders.