ABSTRACT
Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising solution to permanent elimination of cancer. However, nanoparticles themselves lack specificity to tumors. Due to enhanced migration to tumors, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were suggested as cell-mediated delivery vehicles of nanoparticles. In this study, we have constructed a complex composed of photoluminescent quantum dots (QDs) and a photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6) to obtain multifunctional nanoparticles, combining cancer diagnostic and therapeutic properties. QDs serve as energy donors-excited QDs transfer energy to the attached Ce6 via Förster resonance energy transfer, which in turn generates reactive oxygen species. Here, the physicochemical properties of the QD-Ce6 complex and singlet oxygen generation were measured, and the stability in protein-rich media was evaluated, showing that the complex remains the most stable in protein-free medium. In vitro studies on MSC and cancer cell response to the QD-Ce6 complex revealed the complex-loaded MSCs' potential to transport theranostic nanoparticles and induce cancer cell death. In vivo studies proved the therapeutic efficacy, as the survival of tumor-bearing mice was statistically significantly increased, while tumor progression and metastases were slowed down.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/diagnostic imaging , Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/drug therapy , Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism , Multifunctional Nanoparticles/therapeutic use , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/metabolism , Antineoplastic Agents/radiation effects , Cadmium Compounds/chemistry , Cadmium Compounds/metabolism , Cadmium Compounds/radiation effects , Cadmium Compounds/therapeutic use , Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/metabolism , Cell Line, Tumor , Chlorophyllides/chemistry , Chlorophyllides/metabolism , Chlorophyllides/radiation effects , Chlorophyllides/therapeutic use , Female , Humans , Light , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Multifunctional Nanoparticles/chemistry , Multifunctional Nanoparticles/metabolism , Multifunctional Nanoparticles/radiation effects , Photochemotherapy/methods , Photosensitizing Agents/chemistry , Photosensitizing Agents/metabolism , Photosensitizing Agents/radiation effects , Photosensitizing Agents/therapeutic use , Precision Medicine/methods , Quantum Dots/chemistry , Quantum Dots/metabolism , Quantum Dots/radiation effects , Quantum Dots/therapeutic use , Selenium Compounds/chemistry , Selenium Compounds/metabolism , Selenium Compounds/radiation effects , Selenium Compounds/therapeutic use , Singlet Oxygen/metabolism , Sulfides/chemistry , Sulfides/metabolism , Sulfides/radiation effects , Sulfides/therapeutic use , Zinc Compounds/chemistry , Zinc Compounds/metabolism , Zinc Compounds/radiation effects , Zinc Compounds/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Cadmium zinc telluride selenide (Cd1-xZnxTe1-ySey or CZTS) is one of the emerging CdTe-based semiconductor materials for detecting X- and gamma-ray radiation at or near room temperature (i.e., without cryogenic cooling). Potential applications of CZTS sensors include medical imaging, X-ray detection, and gamma-ray spectroscopy. Chemical passivation of CZTS is needed to reduce the conductivity of Te-rich surfaces, which reduces the noise and improves the device performance. In this study, we focus on the effect of surface passivation of CZTS using a 10% aqueous solution of ammonium fluoride. The effects of the chemical treatment were studied on the leakage current, charge transport measured as the electron mobility-lifetime (µτ) product, and the spectral resolution measured as the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of specific peaks. After passivation, the leakage current increased and began to decrease towards pre-passivation levels. The energy resolutions were recorded for eight applied voltages between -35 V and -200 V. The results showed an average of 25% improvement in the detector's energy resolution for the 59.6 keV gamma peak of Am-241. The electron µτ product was unchanged at 2 × 10-3 cm2/V. These results show that ammonium fluoride is effective for chemical passivation of CZTS detectors.
Subject(s)
Ammonium Compounds/chemistry , Cadmium Compounds/isolation & purification , Fluorides/chemistry , Selenium Compounds/isolation & purification , Tellurium/isolation & purification , Zinc/isolation & purification , Cadmium Compounds/chemistry , Cadmium Compounds/therapeutic use , Humans , Monte Carlo Method , Positron-Emission Tomography/methods , Quantum Dots/chemistry , Radiography/methods , Selenium Compounds/chemistry , Selenium Compounds/therapeutic use , Tellurium/chemistry , Tellurium/therapeutic use , Zinc/chemistryABSTRACT
Over the past few years there has been sustained interest in the synthesis, characterization and application of cadmium sulphide (CdS) nanostructures such as nanoparticles, nanowires, nanobelts, nanospheres. The history of CdS, more recent advances in the chemistry and synthesis of CdS nanostructures, and their application as nanoscale devices in diverse technology areas from electronics to targeted drug delivery is described. Although the focus is on CdS, the review provides an excellent overview of the materials, methods, processes and promising solutions that are emerging.
Subject(s)
Cadmium Compounds/therapeutic use , Drug Delivery Systems , Nanotechnology/instrumentation , Nanotechnology/methods , Sulfides/therapeutic use , Animals , Colloids , DNA/chemistry , Humans , Nanoparticles/chemistry , Nanostructures/chemistry , Optics and Photonics , Quantum Theory , SemiconductorsABSTRACT
[Gd@C82(OH)22]n particles (22 nm in a saline solution) of a dose level as low as 10(-7) mol/kg exhibit a very high antineoplastic efficiency ( approximately 60%) in mice. A dose increment of 1 x 10(-7) mol/kg increases the tumor inhibition rate 26%. [Gd@C82(OH)22]n particles have a strong capacity to improve immunity and interfere with tumor invasion in normal muscle cells, nearly without toxicity in vivo and in vitro. Unlike conventional antineoplastic chemicals, the high antitumor efficiency of nanoparticles is not due to toxic effects to cells because they do not kill the tumor cells directly and only about 0.05% of the used dose is found in the tumor tissues. Results suggest that fullerene derivatives with proper surface modifications and sizes may help realize the dream of tumor chemotherapeutics of high-efficacy and low-toxicity.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Cadmium Compounds/toxicity , Fullerenes/therapeutic use , Nanoparticles/therapeutic use , Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage , Antineoplastic Agents/toxicity , Cadmium Compounds/administration & dosage , Cadmium Compounds/therapeutic use , Female , Fullerenes/administration & dosage , Fullerenes/toxicity , Immune System/drug effects , Mice , Mice, Inbred Strains , Nanoparticles/administration & dosage , Nanoparticles/toxicity , Neoplasm Transplantation , Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology , Neoplasms, Experimental/pathologyABSTRACT
This paper explores the treatment of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome following a viral infection in young people. The methodology is based on that of Dr Jan Scholten, Holland, who has systematically described the homeopathic themes of all elements in the periodic table. Three case studies are presented, Cobaltum Phosphoricum, Calcium Phosphoricum and Cadmium Phosphoricum were prescribed. The common themes and the differentiating features of these Phosphate salts are described in detail to show how the homeopathic similimum is found and cure achieved.
