Differences in the Limits of Stability Between Older Rolling Walker Users and Older Single-Tip-Cane Users - A Preliminary Study.

PURPOSE: To identify the differences in the limits of stability (LOS) between older rolling walker and single-tip-cane users. DESIGN: This was a matched paired t-test design with repeated measure. METHODS: Eighteen older subjects were matched based on age, gender, and functional level. The subjects were assessed using the multidirectional reach test initially and 5-month later in four directions: forward, backward, leftward, and rightward. FINDINGS: Initially, there were no differences between cane users and rolling walker users in the LOS in all directions. However, 5-month later, the cane users who held their canes in their right hand had significantly better stability in forward and rightward reach than the walker users (p < .05). Further, the walker users demonstrated significantly decreased functional reach in forward reach (p < .05). CONCLUSION: Cane users might have better stability than walker users in the forward direction and in the direction toward the side holding the cane. This study may provide guide for clinicians including nurses for selecting appropriate rehabilitative interventions for older adults using walkers and canes.

Comparison of Two Methods for Estimating Adjustable One-Point Cane Length in Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Our aim is to estimate inter-observer reliability, test-retest reliability, anthropometric and biomechanical adequacy and minimal detectable change when measuring the length of single-point adjustable canes in community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: There are 112 participants in the study. They are men and women, aged 60 years and over, who were attending an outpatient community health centre. An exploratory study design was used. Participants underwent two assessments within the same day by two independent observers and by the same observer at an interval of 15-45 days. Two measures were used to establish the length of a single-point adjustable cane: the distance from the distal wrist crease to the floor (WF) and the distance from the top of the greater trochanter of the femur to the floor (TF). Each individual was fitted according to these two measures, and elbow flexion angle was measured. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Inter-observer reliability and the test-retest reliability were high in both TF (ICC3.1 = 0.918 and ICC2.1 = 0.935) and WF measures (ICC3.1 = 0.967 and ICC2.1 = 0.960). Only 1% of the individuals kept an elbow flexion angle within the standard recommendation of 30° ± 10° when the cane length was determined by the TF measure, and 30% of the participants when the cane was determined by the WF measure. The minimal detectable cane length change was 2.2 cm. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that, even though both measures are reliable, cane length determined by WF distance is more appropriate to keep the elbow flexion angle within the standard recommendation. The minimal detectable change corresponds to approximately a hole in the cane adjustment. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Interventions improve gait regularity in patients with peripheral neuropathy while walking on an irregular surface under low light.

OBJECTIVES: To determine which, if any, of three inexpensive interventions improve gait regularity in patients with peripheral neuropathy (PN) while walking on an irregular surface under low-light conditions. DESIGN: Observational. SETTING: University of Michigan Biomechanics Research Laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-two patients with PN (20 women), mean age+/-standard deviation=64.5+/-9.7. INTERVENTIONS: A straight cane, touch of a vertical surface, or semirigid ankle orthoses. MEASUREMENTS: Step-width variability and range, step-time variability, and speed. RESULTS: Subjects demonstrated significantly less step-width variability (mean=41.0+/-1.5, 36.9+/-1.6, 37.2+/-1.3, and 35.9+/-1.5 mm for baseline, cane, orthoses, and vertical surface, respectively; P<.0001) and range (182.7+/-7.4, 163.7+/-8.3, 164.3+/-7.4, 154.3+/-6.9 mm for baseline, cane, orthoses and vertical surface, respectively; P=.0006) with each of the interventions than under baseline conditions. Step-time variability significantly decreased with use of the orthoses and vertical surface but not the cane (P=.0001). Use of a cane, but not orthoses or vertical surface, was associated with decreased speed (0.79+/-0.03, 0.73+/-0.03, 0.79+/-0.03, 0.80+/-0.03 m/s for baseline, cane, orthoses, and vertical surface, respectively; P=.0001). CONCLUSION: Older patients with PN demonstrate improved spatial and temporal measures of gait regularity with the use of a cane, ankle orthoses, or touch of a vertical surface while walking under challenging conditions. The decreased speed and stigma associated with the cane and uncertain availability of a vertical surface suggest that the ankle orthoses may be the most practical intervention.

Ambulation aid use during the rehabilitation of people with lower limb amputations.

Our objective was to describe the progression of ambulation aid use by people with lower limb amputations during their initial rehabilitation. We prospectively studied 37 people with recent lower limb amputations and a mean (SD) age of 68 (13) years. Subjects were evaluated each weekday during gait-training physiotherapy sessions, and the type and order of ambulation aids used during ambulation training were documented. The total number of gait-training sessions that we observed was 605, with a mean (SD) of 16.4 (7.7) sessions per participant and a range of 5-47. Of the 37 participants, 33 (89%) were discharged with prostheses. The mean (SD) number of aids per person was 2.9 (1.0). The percentage of participants who used each aid (presented in the mean order in which they were first used) were 76% parallel bars, 60% four-footed walkers, 81% two-wheeled walkers, 11% two crutches, 8% four-wheeled walkers, 46% two canes, and 14% one cane. People with lower limb amputations generally use a number of ambulation aids in a fairly consistent order as they progress through their initial rehabilitation. These findings have implications for the process of providing ambulation aids and provide a foundation for further study.

Relationships among cane fitting, function, and falls.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Although canes are among the most commonly used mobility aids, little is known about the relationship between cane prescription and effectiveness. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among cane fitting (ie, cane fitter, cane band, and cane length), reported improvements in function, and reduction in falls. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Cane users living in the community (86 women and 58 men with a median age distribution of 61 to 80 years) and sampled from seven urban shopping centers in British Columbia, Canada, participated in the study. The primary reasons cited for using a cane were joint problems (39%), general balance difficulties (30%), and a combination of joint and balance problems (15%). Measures included appropriateness of cane length and responses to closed-ended questions related to qualifications of the cane fitter, cane band, functional ability with a cane, and falling frequency. RESULTS: Overall, cane use was associated with improved confidence and functional ability. Canes fitted by health care workers approximated the clinically recommended length compared with canes fitted by non-health care workers, which tended to be greater than this length. There was no relationship, however, between cane fitting (cane fitter, cane hand, and appropriateness of cane length) and functional ability with a cane and falling frequency [corrected]. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: We concluded that health care workers may need to reconsider the variables for optimal cane prescription and their specifications for a given individual. The notion of a correct length and cane hand, for example, may be less important than factors such as the indications for cane use, comfort, and enhanced confidence.

Canes, crutches and walkers.

Canes, crutches and walkers are safe and effective but generally underutilized therapeutic tools. These aids are most helpful to patients who have an unstable gait, whose muscles are weak or who require a reduction in the load on weight-bearing structures. An understanding of the biomechanics of ambulation aids provides insights into how and when these devices should be prescribed. The patient must have sufficient strength, balance and coordination to master the aid and should be trained to use it correctly.