ABSTRACT
Retrieving the pristine chemical or isotopic composition of archaeological bones is of great interest for many studies aiming to reconstruct the past life of ancient populations (i.e. diet, mobility, palaeoenvironment, age). However, from the death of the individual onwards, bones undergo several taphonomic and diagenetic processes that cause the alteration of their microstructure and composition. A detailed study on bone diagenesis has the double purpose to assess the preservation state of archaeological bones and to understand the alteration pathways, thus providing evidence that may contribute to evaluate the reliability of the retrieved information. On these bases, this research aims to explore the effectiveness of Raman hyperspectral imaging to detect types, extent and spatial distribution of diagenetic alteration at the micro-scale level. An early-Holocene bone sample from the Al Khiday cemetery (Khartoum, Sudan) was here analysed. Parameters related to the collagen content, bioapatite crystallinity and structural carbonate content, and to the occurrence of secondary mineral phases were calculated from Raman spectra. The acquired data provided spatially-resolved information on both the preservation state of bone constituents and the diagenetic processes occurring during burial. Given the minimal sample preparation, the easy and fast data acquisition and the improvement of system configurations, micro-Raman spectroscopy can be extensively applied as a screening method on a large set of samples in order to characterise the preservation state of archaeological bones. This technique can be effectively applied to identify suitable and well preserved portions of the analysed sample on which perform further analyses.
Subject(s)
Archaeology/instrumentation , Bone and Bones/diagnostic imaging , Fossils/diagnostic imaging , Spectrum Analysis, Raman/methods , Apatites/chemistry , Apatites/history , Archaeology/methods , Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology , Bone and Bones/chemistry , Bone and Bones/ultrastructure , Carbonates/chemistry , Carbonates/history , Collagen/chemistry , Collagen/history , Collagen/ultrastructure , Fossils/anatomy & histology , Fossils/history , History, Ancient , Humans , Reproducibility of ResultsSubject(s)
Carbonates/adverse effects , Lead Poisoning/etiology , Lead/adverse effects , Skin Lightening Preparations/adverse effects , Skin Pigmentation/drug effects , Carbonates/history , History, 16th Century , History, 18th Century , Humans , Lead/history , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors , Skin Lightening Preparations/historyABSTRACT
At the turn of the 19th century, Minas Gerais Botanist Friar Veloso worked intensely on the publication of books to promote among settlers from the Portuguese empire techniques for improving agricultural production and from the incipient chemistry industry. This article analyzes the first volume of the "Alographia dos alkalis fixos...", a work that includes articles, book chapters, letters and patents from ten authors, particularly French and English, about the scientific and technical knowledge needed for the production of potassium carbonate from the ash of native plants. Some concepts and definitions used at the time of the Chemical Revolution are discussed, considering that Veloso translated them to Portuguese and introduced them to Brazil through his work.
Subject(s)
Agriculture/history , Carbonates/history , Chemical Industry/history , Crops, Agricultural/history , Information Dissemination/history , Potassium/history , Brazil , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , Information Dissemination/methods , Portugal , Publishing/history , TranslationsABSTRACT
Na virada para o século XIX, o botânico mineiro frei Veloso desenvolveu intensa atividade de publicação de livros com intuito de divulgar aos colonos do império português técnicas para o melhoramento da produção agrícola e da incipiente indústria química. Este artigo aborda o primeiro tomo da Alographia dos alkalis fixos..., obra que contém artigos, capítulos de livros, cartas e patentes coligidos de uma dezena de autores, especialmente franceses e ingleses, sobre o conhecimento científico e técnico necessário para produção de carbonato de potássio a partir de cinza de plantas autóctones. Alguns conceitos e definições da época da Revolução Química são discutidos, levando em conta como Veloso os traduziu para o português e os introduziu no Brasil por meio de sua obra.
At the turn of the 19th century, Minas Gerais Botanist Friar Veloso worked intensely on the publication of books to promote among settlers from the Portuguese empire techniques for improving agricultural production and from the incipient chemistry industry. This article analyzes the first volume of the "Alographia dos alkalis fixos...", a work that includes articles, book chapters, letters and patents from ten authors, particularly French and English, about the scientific and technical knowledge needed for the production of potassium carbonate from the ash of native plants. Some concepts and definitions used at the time of the Chemical Revolution are discussed, considering that Veloso translated them to Portuguese and introduced them to Brazil through his work.
