[Differences by sex and income level in mortality from causes directly related to alcohol in Navarre, 1993-2017]. / Diferencias por sexo y nivel de renta en la mortalidad por causas directamente relacionadas con el alcohol en Navarra, 1993-2017.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol consumption is a risk factor for many health problems. Mortality from causes of death wholly attributable to alcohol consumption by sex and income level was studied and trends in the 1993-2017 period were analyzed in Navarre (Spain). METHODS: Deaths due to alcohol-induced mental disorders, dependence and abuse, alcoholic cardiomyopathy, alcoholic cirrhosis and other alcoholic liver diseases, and accidental alcohol poisoning were selected through codes ICD-9 and ICD-10. Annual income that determines copayment level was used as an indicator of socioeconomic status. Mortality rates adjusted to the European standard population were calculated using the direct method and joinpoint regression was used to evaluate the temporal trend. RESULTS: A total of 441 deaths were recorded in the population aged 35-79 years. It highlights liver cirrhosis as the most common cause (77,5%). Death rates in men were ten and five times higher than in women in 1993-1997 and 2013-2017 periods, respectively. Compared to men with incomes above 18,000 €, mortality rates were five times higher in the population with incomes below 18,000 €. No statistically significant changes were observed in the trend of mortality rates throughout the period studied. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality by causes of death wholly attributable to alcohol has not decreased in Navarre in the last three decades, it is higher in men than in women and in the population with lower incomes.

National trends in hospitalizations and outcomes in patients with alcoholic cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have shown conflicting results regarding the natural history and outcomes with alcoholic cardiomyopathy (AC). HYPOTHESIS: Determining the trends in hospitalization among patients with AC and associated outcomes will facilitate a better understanding of this disease. METHODS: We conducted our analysis on discharge data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project-Nationwide Inpatient Sample (HCUP-NIS) from 2002 through 2014. We obtained data from patients aged ≥18 years with diagnosis of "Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy." Death was defined within the NIS as in-hospital mortality. By using International Classification of Disease-9th edition-Clinical Modification (ICD-9CM) diagnoses and diagnosis-related groups different comorbidities were identified. RESULTS: We studied a total of 45 365 admissions among patients with AC. The absolute number of admissions decreased from 2002 to 2014 (3866-2834 admissions). In-hospital mortality was variable throughout study duration without a clinically relevant trend (Mean 4.5%, range 3.6%-5.6%). The patients were mostly male (87%) and Caucasian (50.5%). Commonest age groups involved were 45-59 years (46.7%) followed by 60-74 years (29.2%). Trends in associated comorbidities such as smoking, drug abuse, depression, and hypertension increased over the same time period. Among all admissions, almost half were for cardiovascular etiologies (48.9%) and heart failure (≈24%) was the commonest reason for hospital admission. CONCLUSION: While the overall admissions among patients with AC decreased over time, the proportion of patients with high-risk characteristics such as smoking, depression, and drug abuse increased. Patients aged 45 and older were largely affected and cardiovascular etiologies predominated among causes for admission.

The Prognostic Factors of Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy: A single-center cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Alcoholic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is considered one of the main causes of left ventricular dysfunction and is the leading cause of nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in developed countries. However, very few studies have investigated the relationship between clinical characteristics and prognosis in ACM. AIMS: This study aimed to identify risk factors related to a poor outcome in ACM patients. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: This study included 321 patients with ACM admitted to our hospital between 2003 and 2013. This study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics and outcomes of the patients with ACM, and the primary endpoint of the study was all-cause mortality, which was assessed through patient medical records (review of patient hospital records and periodic examination of patients in the outpatient clinic) and medical follow-up calls with trained personnel. All-cause mortality was assessed using Kaplan-Meier survival curves, and the risk factors were assessed using Cox regression. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to optimize the cutoff point for discriminating between the 2 risk groups. RESULTS: After a median follow-up period of 3.78 years (interquartile range: 2.08-6.52 years), 83 (27.7%) patients were dead. The independent predictors of all-cause mortality due to ACM were the QRS duration (HR: 1.014; 95% CI: 1.004-1.019; P = .003), systolic blood pressure (HR: 0.980; 95% CI: 0.963- 0.997; P = .020), and New York Heart Association classification (HR: 1.595; 95% CI: 1.110-2.290; P = .011) at admission. CONCLUSION: Our study indicated that the QRS duration, systolic blood pressure, and New York Heart Association classification at admission provided independent prognostic information in patients with ACM.

National, regional and global mortality due to alcoholic cardiomyopathy in 2015.

OBJECTIVES: (1) A comprehensive mortality assessment of alcoholic cardiomyopathy (ACM) and (2) examination of under-reporting using vital statistics data. METHODS: A modelling study estimated sex-specific mortality rates for each country, which were subsequently aggregated by region and globally. Input data on ACM mortality were obtained from death registries for n=91 countries. For n=99 countries, mortality estimates were predicted using aggregate alcohol data from WHO publications. Descriptive additional analyses illustrated the scope of under-reporting. RESULTS: In 2015, there were an estimated 25 997 (95% CI 17 385 to 49 096) global deaths from ACM. This translates into 6.3% (95% CI 4.2% to 11.9%) of all global deaths from cardiomyopathy being caused by alcohol. There were large regional variations with regard to mortality burden. While the majority of ACM deaths were found in Russia (19 749 deaths, 76.0% of all ACM deaths), for about one-third of countries (n=57) less than one ACM death was found. Under-reporting was identified for nearly every second country with civil registration data. Overall, two out of three global ACM deaths might be misclassified. CONCLUSIONS: The variation of ACM mortality burden is greater than for other alcohol-attributable diseases, and partly may be the result of stigma and lack of detection. Misclassification of ACM fatalities is a systematic phenomenon, which may be caused by low resources, lacking standards and stigma associated with alcohol-use disorders. Clinical management may be improved by including routine alcohol assessments. This could contribute to decrease misclassifications and to provide the best available treatment for affected patients.

Inferolateral early repolarization among non-ischaemic sudden cardiac death victims.

Aim: Inferolateral early repolarization (ER) has been associated with an increased risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD). However, this association is thought to be mainly due to ischaemic SCD. The association of ER and non-ischaemic SCD has not been studied. The aim was to evaluate whether inferolateral ER is associated with non-ischaemic SCD. Methods and results: Study population consists of 275 consecutive victims of non-ischaemic SCD with 12-lead ECG and control group of general population cohort with 10 864 subjects. Sudden cardiac deaths were verified as non-ischaemic by medicolegal autopsy. Hypertensive cardiomyopathy (HTCMP) (25%), alcohol related dilated cardiomyopathy (ACMP) (24%), obesity associated cardiomyopathy (OCMP) (23%), and idiopathic myocardial fibrosis (IMF) (15%) were the most common causes of non-ischaemic SCD. A structurally normal heart was seen in only 1.5%. The prevalence of inferolateral ER was 20.7% among patients with non-ischaemic SCD compared to 5.3% in the general population (P < 0.001). The ECG pattern was accompanied with a horizontal/descending ST segment in 95% of the cases. The prevalence of inferolateral ER was slightly higher in the HTCMP group (26%) and the ACMP group (24%) than in the IMF group (20%) and the OCMP group (13%). The history of previously diagnosed cardiac diseases was not higher among subjects with ER (55%) than those without (59%, P = 0.59). Conclusion: The prevalence of inferolateral ER among non-ischaemic SCD victims is high. Almost all ER patterns are accompanied with the malignant horizontal/descending ST segment morphology suggesting that inferolateral ER is not only associated with an ischaemic SCD but also a non-ischaemic SCD.

Quantifying the global contribution of alcohol consumption to cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: The global impact of alcohol consumption on deaths due to cardiomyopathy (CM) has not been quantified to date, even though CM contains a subcategory for alcoholic CM with an effect of heavy drinking over time as the postulated underlying causal mechanism. In this feasibility study, a model to estimate the alcohol-attributable fraction (AAF) of CM deaths based on alcohol exposure measures is proposed. METHODS: A two-step model was developed based on aggregate-level data from 95 countries, including the most populous (data from 2013 or last available year). First, the crude mortality rate of alcoholic CM per 1,000,000 adults was predicted using a negative binomial regression based on prevalence of alcohol use disorders (AUD) and adult alcohol per capita consumption (APC) (n = 52 countries). Second, the proportion of alcoholic CM among all CM deaths (i.e., AAF) was predicted using a fractional response probit regression with alcoholic CM crude mortality rate (from Step 1), AUD prevalence, APC per drinker, and Global Burden of Disease region as predictions. Additional models repeated these steps by sex and for the wider Global Burden of Disease study definition of CM. RESULTS: There were strong correlations (>0.9) between the crude mortality rate of alcoholic CM and the AAFs, supporting the modeling strategy. In the first step, the population-weighted mean crude mortality rate was estimated at 8.4 alcoholic CM deaths per 1,000,000 (95% CI: 7.4-9.3). In the second step, the global AAFs were estimated at 6.9% (95% CI: 5.4-8.4%). Sex-specific figures suggested a lower AAF among females (2.9%, 95% CI: 2.3-3.4%) as compared to males (8.9%, 95% CI: 7.0-10.7%). Larger deviations between observed and predicted AAFs were found in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. CONCLUSIONS: The model proposed promises to fill the gap to include AAFs for CM into comparative risk assessments in the future. These predictions likely will be underestimates because of the stigma involved in all fully alcohol-attributable conditions and subsequent problems in coding of alcoholic CM deaths.

[Alcohol and arrhythmias]. / Alkohol und Rhythmusstörungen.

The effects of alcohol on induction of arrhythmias is dose-dependent, independent of preexisting cardiovascular diseases or heart failure and can affect otherwise healthy subjects. While the probability of atrial fibrillation increases with the alcohol dosage, events of sudden cardiac death are less frequent with low and moderate consumption but occur more often in heavy drinkers with alcoholic cardiomyopathy. Men are first affected at higher dosages of alcohol but women can suffer from arrhythmias at lower dosages. Thromboembolisms and ischemic stroke can occur less often at lower dosages of alcohol; however, hemorrhagic stroke and subarachnoid hemorrhage are increased with higher alcohol dosages. Recognizable protective mechanisms of alcohol with respect to cardiovascular diseases only occur with lower amounts of alcohol of less than 10 g per day. Underlying mechanisms explain these controversial effects. Specific therapeutic options for alcohol-related arrhythmias apart from abstinence from alcohol consumption are not known.

Surveillance of US Death Rates from Chronic Diseases Related to Excessive Alcohol Use.

AIMS: To assess the utility of multiple-cause (MC) death records for surveillance of US mortality rates from chronic causes related to excessive alcohol use. METHODS: The Alcohol-Related Disease Impact (ARDI) resource produced estimates of the population 'alcohol attributable fraction' (AAF) due to excessive drinking for each alcohol-related (AAF > 0%) cause of death, and used AAFs to estimate numbers of alcohol-related deaths from alcohol-related underlying causes (UC) in adults age 20-64 and 65+ years in 2006-2010. For surveillance, this study used MC death file to identify individual deaths (2006-2010) with an 'alcohol-induced' cause (AAF = 100%) anywhere on the certificate, and to obtain US rates of premature death (ages 15-64 and 65-74 years) for 1999-2012. RESULTS: Using the selected MC records, numbers of deaths from alcohol-related chronic UC (2006-2010) were 81% of ARDI estimates for age 20-64, but only 40% for 65+ years. The MC records identified substantial numbers of deaths from causes (e.g. certain infectious diseases) not included as alcohol-related in ARDI, but included in surveillance of premature death rates for chronic UC. Also, premature death rates for chronic alcohol-induced causes using only the UC (as in routine mortality statistics) were only about half the rates based on MC; all rates increased in recent years but some reached statistical significance only by using MC. CONCLUSIONS: Using MC records underestimated total US deaths from alcohol-related chronic causes as the UC, but enhanced surveillance of rates for premature deaths involving chronic causes that may be related to excessive alcohol use.

[Forensic medical expertise of sudden cardiac death from alcoholic cardiomyopathy in the subjects having a low ethanol concentration in the blood and urine].

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the cases of sudden cardiac death from alcoholic cardiomyopathy of the subjects having a low ethanol concentration in the blood and urine; the second objective was the statistical analysis of the data thus obtained. It was shown that sudden cardiac death from alcoholic cardiomyopathy occurs in the men more frequently than in the women despite rather low ethanol levels in the blood and urine of both genders or even in the cases of complete absence of ethanol in these fluids. It is concluded that ethanol concentration in the blood and urine of the subjects who died from the alcohol-induced heart injury depends on their age and sex.

Alcohol increases circulatory disease mortality in Russia: acute and chronic effects or misattribution of cause?

BACKGROUND: There is a consensus that the large fluctuations in mortality seen in Russia in the past two decades can be attributed to trends in alcohol consumption. However, the precise mechanisms linking alcohol to mortality from circulatory disease remain unclear. It has recently been argued that a substantial number of such deaths currently ascribed to cardiovascular disorders are misclassified cases of acute alcohol poisoning. METHODS: Analysis of routine mortality data and of a case-control study of mortality among working-age (25-54 years) men occurring in the Russian city of Izhevsk, west of the Ural mountains, 2003-05. Interviews were carried out with proxy informants for both the dead cases (N = 1750) and the controls (N = 1750) selected at random from a population register. Mortality was analysed according to indicators of alcohol problems. RESULTS: Hazardous drinking was associated with an increased risk of death from circulatory diseases as a whole [odds ratio (OR) = 4.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.23, 5.31] adjusted for age, smoking and education. The association with alcoholic cardiomyopathy was particularly strong (OR = 15.7, 95% CI 9.5, 25.9). Although there was no association with deaths from myocardial infarction (MI; OR = 1.17, 95% CI 0.59, 2.32), there was a strong association with the aggregate of all other ischaemic heart disease (IHD; OR = 4.04, 95% CI 2.79, 5.84). Stronger associations for each of these causes (other than MI) were seen with whether or not the man had drunk very heavily in the previous week. However, associations also remained when analyses were restricted to subjects with no evidence of recent heavy drinking, suggesting that misclassification of acute alcohol poisonings is unlikely to explain these overall associations. CONCLUSION: Taken as a whole, the available evidence suggests that the positive association of alcohol with increased cardiovascular disease mortality may be best explained as being the result of a combination of chronic and acute alcohol consumption resulting in alcohol-related cardiac disorders, especially cardiomyopathy, rather than being due to misclassification of acute alcohol poisoning. Further work is required to understand the mechanisms underlying the link between heavy alcohol consumption and deaths classified as being due to IHD (other than MI).

Alcohol use and congestive heart failure: incidence, importance, and approaches to improved history taking.

Alcohol use, abuse, and dependence have the potential to result in alcoholic cardiomyopathy (ACM). This distinct form of congestive heart failure (CHF) is responsible for 21-36% of all cases of nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy in Western society. Without complete abstinence, the 4-year mortality for ACM approaches 50%. Therefore, accurate and detailed assessment of alcohol use in congestive heart failure is essential. The prevalence of problematic alcohol use is unrecognized by many clinicians. Clinical assessment of alcohol intake is often reduced to a simple question such as, "Do you drink?" Denial and minimization are hallmarks of alcohol abuse, with many individuals underreporting their use of alcohol. Clinicians can overcome these hurdles by implementing practical history taking measures to improve the accuracy of self-reported alcohol use. The data regarding the dangers of ongoing alcohol use in individuals with ACM make attempts to engage individuals in treatment to support abstinence essential. Suggestions for detailed and accurate assessment are discussed.

Consumo moderado de alcohol y mortalidad por diversas causas / Moderate alcohol consumption and mortality for various reasons

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[Significance of changes in the myocardium for the forensic-medical diagnosis of death as a result of alcoholic cardiomyopathy]. / Znachenie izmenenii miokarda dlia sudebno-meditsinskoi diagnostiki smerti ot alkogol'noi kardiomiopatii.

Significance, of the weight and dimensions of heart as well as of fat dystrophy of cardiomyocytes and of the related detection methods is demonstrated for the diagnosis of alcoholic cardiomyopathy (ACMP). When such patients die in a state of alcoholic intoxication, the diagnosis should be death of acute alcoholic intoxication. Lethality of ACMP can be diagnosed only in those who die in the sober condition or with an insignificant level of alcohol.

[Alcohol, the heart and cardiovascular system]. / Alkohol, Herz und Kreislauf.

Any advice about the consumption of alcohol must take into account not only the relation between alcohol and cardiovascular disease but also the well-known association of heavy consumption of alcohol with a large number of health risks. Numerous observational studies have consistently demonstrated a reduction of coronary heart disease with moderate consumption of alcohol. Consumption of 1 or 2 drinks per day is associated with a reduction in risk of dying from coronary heart disease of approx. 30-50%. A drink equivalent amounts to a 12-ounce bottle of beer, a 4-ounce glass of wine, and a 1.5-ounce shot of 80-proof spirits. It has been repeatedly demonstrated that there is a J-shaped relation between alcohol consumption and total mortality. The lowest mortality occurs in those who consume 1 or 2 drinks per day. A stepwise decline in coronary heart disease death occurs with increasing drinks per day. Because coronary heart disease accounts for 1/3 or more of total death, people with no alcohol consumption have higher total mortality than those drinking 1 to 2 drinks per day. Conversely, mortality due to a large number of other diseases increases with an increasing number of drinks consumed per day. The protective effects of alcoholic against coronary heart disease are mainly related to an increase in HDL cholesterol. A number of other mechanisms have been proposed including effects of alcohol on blood clotting and non-alcoholic components of alcoholic beverages, particularly in red wine and dark beer, which may have antioxidant properties. Harmful effects of alcohol on the cardiovascular system include congestive cardiomyopathy, systemic hypertension and cerebral vascular incidents. There is a direct correlation between the amount of alcohol consumed during lifetime and a reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction.

Comparison of long-term outcome of alcoholic and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.

AIMS: The outcome of alcoholic cardiomyopathy is thought to be better than idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy if patients abstain from alcohol. The aim of this study was to compare the long-term clinical outcome of alcoholic and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. METHODS AND RESULTS: Of 134 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and normal coronary angiography, 50 had alcoholic cardiomyopathy; they were compared serially to 84 patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, left ventricular ejection fraction and cardiac index, severity of ventricular arrhythmias, measurement of heart rate variability and results of signal-averaged ECG were similar in both groups. Although alcohol withdrawal was strongly recommended but observed in only 70% of patients with alcoholic cardiomyopathy, both groups had similar outcome in terms of cardiac death after follow-up treatment of 47+/-40 months. Multivariate analysis in the entire cohort demonstrated that increased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (P=0. 003), alcoholism and lack of abstinence during follow-up (P=0.006) and decreased standard deviation of all normal-to-normal RR intervals (P=0.02) were independent predictors of cardiac death. CONCLUSION: In contrast with previous studies, patients with alcoholic cardiomyopathy did not have a better outcome than patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Alcoholism without abstinence was a strong predictor of cardiac death. This suggests that a more aggressive approach to alcohol cessation is needed in these patients.