Spatial distribution of settlement of Diadema antillarum around Saba, Dutch Caribbean.

The mass mortality event of the herbivorous sea urchin Diadema antillarum in 1983-1984 has been a major contributor to the diminished resilience of coral reefs throughout the Caribbean. The reduction in grazing pressure resulted in algae proliferation, which inhibited coral recruitment after disturbances such as disease, hurricanes, pollution and climatic change induced marine heat waves. Natural recovery of D. antillarum after the 1983-1984 die-off has been slow. However, the few locations with recovered populations exhibit signs of improvement in coral reef health, prompting interest in D. antillarum restoration. Current restoration strategies include translocation of wild individuals, the restocking of juveniles that are either cultured from gametes or collected as settlers and head-started in a nursery, and assisted natural recovery by providing suitable settlement substrate. Both the collection of wild settlers and assisted natural recovery necessitate an understanding of the local, spatiotemporal trends in settlement. In this study, which was carried out on the Dutch Caribbean Island of Saba, artificial turf settlement collectors were deployed at nine locations around the island and monitored from June 2019 till July 2020 (13 months). The primary objective was to identify trends in larval settlement in space and time, to be able to optimize restoration efforts. Additionally, the small size of Saba allowed us to deploy settlement collectors around the island and compare D. antillarum settlement between windward and leeward sides. Our study showed that on Saba, D. antillarum settlement peaked in June and July, following similar seasonal trends observed around other islands in the Northeastern Caribbean. By far the most settlement occurred at the leeward side of the island, suggesting that hydrodynamic forces entrained D. antillarum larvae in the lee of Saba and/or calmer waters facilitated settlement. Limited settlement occurred on the more exposed windward locations. The identified high settlement locations are candidates for settler collection and restoration attempts. Continued monitoring of D. antillarum settlement, especially in light of the 2022 D. antillarum die-off, holds significance as it can provide insights into the potential of natural recovery.

Genetic Landscape of Hearing Loss in the Caribbean: A Narrative Review.

The Caribbean region has a diverse population of about 40 million people, spread over 13 sovereign states. This review aims to describe the existing studies on hereditary hearing loss (HL) in the Caribbean population. We systematically reviewed scientific articles on HL prevalence, genetic causes, technology use, and environmental effects in Caribbean nations and the Caribbean diaspora in the United States. Key findings show that HL rates, with diverse genetic variables, vary across Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic. Local resources and technology have been used to diagnose HL, particularly in rural areas. Environmental factors tend to affect HL prevalence in various regions. This literature review of Caribbean-focused studies helps guide future research and healthcare strategies, particularly concerning genetic drift caused by migration to the United States. Understanding these factors can help diagnose and treat HL in America's diverse population.

Addressing the burden of cervical cancer for Indigenous women in Latin America and the Caribbean: a call for action.

Cervical cancer, primarily caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, poses a significant global health challenge. Due to higher levels of poverty and health inequities, Indigenous women worldwide are more vulnerable to cervical cancer than their non-Indigenous counterparts. However, despite constituting nearly 10% of the population in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), the true extent of the burden of cervical cancer among Indigenous people in this region remains largely unknown. This article reviews the available information on cervical cancer incidence and mortality, as well as HPV infection prevalence, among Indigenous women in LAC. The limited existing data suggest that Indigenous women in this region face a heightened risk of cervical cancer incidence and mortality compared to non-Indigenous women. Nevertheless, a substantial knowledge gap persists that must be addressed to comprehensively assess the burden of cervical cancer among Indigenous populations, especially through enhancing cancer surveillance across LAC countries. Numerous structural, social and cultural barriers hindering Indigenous women's access to HPV vaccination and cervical cancer screening worldwide have been identified and are reviewed in this article. The discussion highlights the critical role of culturally sensitive education, community engagement, and empowerment strategies in overcoming those barriers. Drawing insights from the success of targeted strategies in certain high-income countries, the present article advocates for research, policies and healthcare interventions tailored to the unique context of LAC countries.

Heteroptera research in Latin America and the Caribbean (Insecta, Hemiptera): status and perspectives in the 21st century.

Latin American and the Caribbean regions (LAC) harbor one of the most biodiverse areas of the world, the Neotropics. True bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) are a diverse lineage of insects, with more than 45,000 species, particularly speciose in the Neotropical region. True bugs are fundamental in the dynamics of natural and modified ecosystems, with several species critical to agriculture and public health. We compiled Heteroptera research in LAC from 1998-2022 using bibliographic databases. Productivity, collaborative networks, and the main topics studied were analyzed. A total of 1,651 Heteroptera studies from LAC were found, with continuous growth being 2021 the most prolific. Four categories (Taxonomy of extant species, Faunistic inventories and new records, Pest species biology, and Community ecology) represent most of the published research. About 60 percent of the records evaluated correspond to five families (Pentatomidae, Reduviidae, Coreidae, Miridae, and Rhyparochromidae). We emphasize the need to keep working on Heteroptera taxonomy because it will allow further advances in other areas such as phylogenetic analyses, biogeography, ecology, and natural history, among others. The results of our analyses characterize the current state of heteropterology in the region, establishing a baseline for future studies and efforts to broaden the knowledge of the group.

Regional Update, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. Epidemiological Week 18 (10 May 2024)

[WEEKLY SUMMARY]. Regional Situation: Over the past four epidemiological weeks (EWs), low activity levels of Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) have been noted across the Americas, exhibiting a declining trend primarily linked to North America. Simultaneously, there has been a reduction in Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) activity, which also remains low. These trends are largely associated with confirmed cases of influenza and, to a lesser extent, SARS-CoV-2. Regionally, SARS-CoV-2 activity has decreased to low levels compared to previous epidemic waves. Moreover, there has been a slight decline in seasonal influenza activity and a decrease in Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) activity, both of which are currently low. North America: Over the last four EWs, ILI cases have continued to decline, predominantly due to influenza, resulting in intermediate-low activity levels. Hospitalizations due to respiratory viruses have also followed a downward trend, remaining low. While influenza has maintained epidemic circulation levels, there has been a notable decrease during this period. The most common influenza viruses have been type B/Victoria, with lesser circulation of influenza A(H3N2) and A(H1N1)pdm09. RSV activity has similarly decreased, stabilizing at low levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained at low levels. By country: Canada SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained at low levels over the last four EWs. Influenza activity has sustained epidemic levels but has gradually decreased, and RSV activity has continued to decline, remaining low. In Mexico, influenza circulation has stayed fluctuating at epidemic levels, while SARS-CoV-2 activity has decreased to low levels. In the United States, influenza activity has decreased over the last four EWs but remains above the epidemic threshold. Both RSV and SARSCoV- 2 activities have continued their decline to low levels. ILI cases have decreased and are now at intermediate-low levels. Hospitalization rates for influenza, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2 have followed a decreasing trend, maintaining low levels. Caribbean: ILI and SARI cases have maintained a downward trend over the last four weeks, primarily involving influenza and, to a lesser extent, SARS-CoV-2. Influenza activity has been low but fluctuating during the last four EWs. The predominant viruses have been type A(H3N2), with concurrent circulation of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and to a lesser extent, B/Victoria. Both RSV and SARS-CoV-2 activities have remained low. By country: Influenza activity was noted in Belize, Jamaica, Guyana, and the Cayman Islands, while SARS-CoV-2 activity was observed in Barbados, Guyana, and Trinidad and Tobago. Central America: Over the last four epidemiological weeks (EWs), both ILI and SARI cases have maintained low activity levels, though with a slight increase, predominantly attributed to influenza cases. During this period, influenza activity has seen a slight rise, remaining at intermediate-low levels. The most prevalent influenza viruses have been type A(H3N2) along with concurrent circulation of A(H1N1)pdm09. Both Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and SARS-CoV-2 have consistently exhibited low levels of activity. By country: In El Salvador, SARI activity has been around epidemic levels, with SARS-CoV-2 maintaining low circulation and influenza activity fluctuating near the epidemic threshold. Guatemala has experienced stable ILI and SARI activities at epidemic levels throughout the last four EWs, associated with influenza cases at moderate circulation levels. Honduras has seen variable SARI activity around epidemic levels, connected to declining influenza cases at similar levels. In Nicaragua, RSV, influenza, and SARS-CoV-2 activities have all been low. Panama has reported an uptick in both ILI and SARI cases during this period, with influenza activity reaching epidemic levels. Andean Region: ILI activity has remained consistently low across the last four EWs. SARI cases have also been stable at low levels, although there has been a notable increase in RSV-positive cases and, to a lesser extent, influenza. The influenza activity has been low but fluctuating throughout this period, with type A(H3N2) and A(H1N1)pdm09 being the predominant viruses. RSV activity, while still low, has been on an upward trend. SARS-CoV-2 activity has continued to decline, maintaining low levels. By country: In Colombia, RSV, despite being at low levels, has shown an upward trend over the last four EWs, while SARS-CoV- 2 activity has decreased, staying at low levels, with influenza activity slightly increasing but remaining below the epidemic threshold. SARI activity has fluctuated around the epidemic threshold, primarily involving cases attributable to RSV and influenza. In Ecuador, following a significant increase in RSV activity in earlier EWs, there has been a reduction to medium levels; SARS-CoV-2 has also decreased to low levels, and influenza activity has exceeded the epidemic threshold. SARI activity in Ecuador is at epidemic levels, with most cases predominantly due to RSV and, to a lesser extent, influenza. In Peru, influenza activity has oscillated around the epidemic threshold, and SARS-CoV-2 activity has dropped to low levels. In Venezuela, influenza activity has been variable but generally around the epidemic threshold over the last four EWs. Brazil and the Southern Cone: In the last four EWs, there has been an increase in both ILI and SARI activities, achieving intermediate levels, with the majority of cases attributed to influenza. During this period, influenza activity has escalated to epidemic levels in most of these countries. The primary influenza viruses have been type A(H3N2) and, less frequently, A(H1N1)pdm09. RSV activity has remained low, though it has slightly increased. SARS-CoV-2 activity has persistently declined, staying at low levels. By country: In Argentina, both ILI and SARI levels have stayed below the epidemic threshold. However, influenza activity has risen above these levels, while SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates continue to decline, reaching low levels with a slight uptick in RSV positivity observed. In Brazil, SARS-CoV-2 activity has maintained low levels, and influenza activity remains below the epidemic threshold. In Chile, the last four EWs have seen a significant increase in both ILI and SARI cases, achieving extraordinary and epidemic levels respectively, predominantly driven by high levels of influenza activity. In Paraguay, SARI activity has crossed the epidemic threshold, though ILI activity continues to stay below it. Influenza activity is around the epidemic threshold, with the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 and RSV maintaining stable low levels. In Uruguay, SARI activity has exceeded the epidemic threshold, largely due to SARS-CoV-2 and influenza, both of which have also surpassed the epidemic levels.

[RESUMEN SEMANAL]. Situación regional: Durante las últimas cuatro semanas epidemiológicas (SE) se han observado niveles bajos en la actividad de la Enfermedad Tipo Influenza (ETI) en la región de las Américas, con una tendencia decreciente. Ésta se ha relacionado principalmente con la actividad observada en Norteamérica. A su vez se ha observado una disminución en la actividad de Infección Respiratoria Aguda Grave (IRAG), actualmente en niveles bajos. En ambos casos la actividad observada se ha asociado a casos positivos de influenza y en menor medida de SARS-CoV-2. En cuanto a la circulación de virus respiratorios, a nivel regional la actividad de SARS-CoV-2 ha descendido a niveles bajos en comparación con olas epidémicas previas. Asimismo, se ha observado una actividad epidémica de influenza para esta época del año que se mantiene en ligero descenso, y una actividad en descenso del Virus Respiratorio Sincitial (VRS) que se encuentra actualmente en niveles bajos. América del Norte: Los casos de ETI, se han mantenido en descenso durante las cuatro últimas SE, presentando niveles intermedio-bajos y siendo la mayoría de los casos atribuibles a influenza. Las hospitalizaciones asociadas a virus respiratorios se han mantenido en descenso y en niveles bajos. La actividad de influenza se ha mantenido en niveles epidémicos de circulación, mostrando un descenso durante las cuatro últimas SE. Durante este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido del tipo B/Victoria, con circulación en menor medida de influenza A(H3N2) y A(H1N1)pdm09. La actividad del VRS ha mostrado un descenso en las últimas cuatro SE, manteniéndose en niveles bajos. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. Por países: En Canadá, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad de influenza se ha mantenido en niveles epidémicos con un descenso paulatino, y la actividad del VRS ha permanecido en descenso encontrándose en niveles bajos. En México, la circulación de influenza se ha mantenido fluctuante en niveles epidémicos en las cuatro últimas SE, y la circulación del SARS-CoV-2 ha presentado un descenso hasta niveles bajos. En Estados Unidos, la actividad de influenza ha mostrado un descenso en las cuatro últimas SE, aunque se mantiene por encima del umbral epidémico. Tanto el VRS como el SARS-CoV-2 han mantenido una actividad en descenso hasta niveles bajos. Los casos de ETI han mostrado un descenso y se mantienen en niveles medio-bajos. Las tasas de hospitalización por influenza, VRS y SARSCoV- 2 han presentado una tendencia decreciente en las cuatro últimas SE, con niveles bajos. Caribe: Los casos de ETI y de IRAG han permanecido en descenso durante las cuatro últimas semanas, siendo la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a influenza y en menor medida SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de influenza se ha mantenido fluctuante en niveles bajos durante las últimas cuatro SE. Durante este periodo, los virus predominantes han sido de tipo A(H3N2), con circulación concurrente de influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 y en menor medida B/Victoria. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha permanecido en niveles bajos. Por países: Se ha observado actividad de influenza las últimas cuatro SE en Belice, Jamaica, Guyana y las Islas Caimán. Se ha observado actividad de SARS-CoV-2 en Barbados, Guyana y Trinidad y Tobago. América Central: Durante las cuatro últimas SE la actividad tanto de ETI como de IRAG se ha mantenido baja, aunque presentando un ligero incremento, con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a influenza. La actividad de influenza ha presentado un ligero incremento durante este periodo situándose en niveles intermedio-bajos. En las cuatro últimas SE, los virus influenza predominantes han sido de tipo A(H3N2) con circulación concurrente de A(H1N1)pdm09. La actividad del VRS y del SARS-CoV-2 ha permanecido en niveles bajos. Por países: En El Salvador, la actividad de IRAG se encuentra en torno a niveles epidémicos con una circulación de SARS-CoV-2 en niveles bajos y una actividad de influenza fluctuando en torno al umbral epidémico. En Guatemala durante las cuatro últimas SE, se ha observado una actividad de ETI e IRAG estable en niveles epidémicos, asociada a casos positivos de influenza, cuya circulación se encuentra en niveles moderados. En Honduras, en las cuatro últimas SE, se ha observado una actividad fluctuante de IRAG en torno a niveles epidémicos, asociada a casos positivos de influenza, cuya actividad se encuentra en niveles epidémicos y en descenso. En Nicaragua, la actividad tanto del VRS, influenza y SARS-CoV-2 se encuentra en niveles bajos. En Panamá los casos de ETI e IRAG han mostrado un incremento en las cuatro últimas SE, y la actividad de influenza se encuentra en niveles epidémicos. Andina: La actividad de ETI se ha mantenido estable en niveles bajos durante las cuatro últimas SE. Los casos de IRAG se han mantenido estables con niveles bajos, sin embrago se ha observado un ascenso en la proporción de casos positivos a VRS y en menor medida influenza. La actividad de influenza ha permanecido en niveles bajos en las cuatro últimas SE con una tendencia fluctuante. Durante este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido de tipo A(H3N2) con circulación concurrente de A(H1N1)pdm09. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos, aunque con una tendencia creciente. La actividad de SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en descenso con niveles bajos. Por países: En Colombia, el VRS aunque en niveles bajos ha presentado un incremento e las cuatro últimas SE, la actividad de SARS-CoV-2 ha presentado un descenso situándose en niveles bajos y la actividad de influenza se ha mantenido por debajo del umbral epidémico con un ligero incremento. La actividad de IRAG se ha mantenido en torno al umbral epidémico durante este periodo, con los casos positivos atribuibles a VRS e influenza. En Ecuador, tras el marcado incremento en la actividad de VRS observado en SE previas, se ha detectado un descenso hasta niveles medios, el SARS-CoV-2 ha presentado un descenso situándose en niveles bajos y la actividad de influenza se ha ascendido superando el umbral epidémico. La actividad de IRAG se encuentra en niveles epidémicos y los casos positivos han sido atribuibles en su mayoría a VRS y en menor medida influenza. En Perú la actividad de influenza se encuentra oscilante en torno al umbral epidémico y la actividad de SARS-CoV-2 ha descendido a nieves bajos. En Venezuela, durante las últimas cuatro SE, se ha observado un una actividad fluctuante de influenza en torno al umbral epidémico. Brasil y el Cono Sur: La actividad de ETI e IRAG ha presentado un incremento en las cuatro últimas SE situándose en niveles intermedios, con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a influenza. La actividad de influenza ha presentado un incremento en las últimas cuatro SE con niveles epidémicos en la mayoría de los países. En este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido de tipo A(H3N2) y en menor medida A(H1N1)pdm09. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos, aunque con un ligero incremento. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en descenso con niveles bajos de actividad. Por países: En Argentina, los niveles de ETI e IRAG han permanecido por debajo del umbral epidémico. La actividad de influenza ha presentado un incremento con niveles por encima del umbral epidémico y el porcentaje de positividad de SARSCoV- 2, se ha mantenido en descenso situándose en niveles bajos. A su vez se ha observado un ligero incremento en el porcentaje de positividad de VRS. En Brasil, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha permanecido en descenso, con niveles bajos, y la actividad de influenza se mantiene por debajo del umbral epidémico. En Chile, tanto los casos de ETI como de IRAG han presentado un ascenso en las cuatro últimas SE situándose en niveles extraordinarios y epidémicos respectivamente; la mayoría de los casos positivos son atribuibles a influenza que circula con niveles extraordinarios. En Paraguay, la actividad de IRAG ha superado el umbral epidémico y la actividad de ETI se ha mantenido por debajo este umbral. La actividad de influenza se encuentra en torno al umbral epidémico; la circulación del SARS-CoV-2 y del VRS se encuentra estable en niveles bajos. En Uruguay, la actividad de IRAG ha superado el umbral epidémico, con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2 e influenza, cuya actividad ha superado umbral epidémico.

Regional Update, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. Epidemiological Week 19 (17 May 2024)

[WEEKLY SUMMARY]. Regional Situation: Over the past four epidemiological weeks (EWs), low activity levels of Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) have been noted across the Americas. Simultaneously, there has been a reduction in Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) activity, which also remains low. These trends are largely associated with confirmed cases of influenza and, to a lesser extent, SARSCoV- 2. Regionally, SARS-CoV-2 activity has decreased to low levels compared to previous epidemic waves. Additionally, influenza epidemic activity has been observed for this time of year, while Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) activity is declining and currently at low levels. North America: ILI cases have continued to decline over the past four EWs, reaching intermediate-low levels, with most cases attributed to influenza. Hospitalizations associated with respiratory viruses have also declined and remain low. Influenza activity has stayed at epidemic levels, showing a decrease over the last four EWs. During this period, the predominant influenza viruses have been B/Victoria, with lesser circulation of influenza A(H3N2) and A(H1N1)pdm09. RSV activity has decreased over the past four EWs, remaining at low levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained low, though with a slight increase. By country: In Canada, SARS-CoV-2 activity has stayed low. Influenza activity has remained at epidemic levels but is gradually declining, and RSV activity has continued to decrease, remaining low. In Mexico, influenza circulation has fluctuated at epidemic levels over the past four EWs, and SARS-CoV-2 circulation has decreased to low levels. In the United States, influenza activity has decreased to low levels over the past four EWs. Both RSV and SARS-CoV-2 have remained at low levels. ILI cases have shown a decline and remain at medium-low levels. Hospitalization rates for influenza, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2 have shown a decreasing trend over the past four EWs, reaching low levels. Caribbean: ILI and SARI cases have continued to decline over the past four weeks, with most positive cases attributed to influenza and, to a lesser extent, SARS-CoV-2. Influenza activity has fluctuated at low levels over the past four EWs. During this period, the predominant viruses have been type A(H3N2), with concurrent circulation of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and, to a lesser extent, B/Victoria. RSV activity has remained low. SARS-CoV-2 activity has shown a marked increase over the past two weeks. By country: Influenza activity has been observed over the past four EWs in Belize, Guyana, and the Cayman Islands. SARS-CoV- 2 activity has been noted in Barbados and the Cayman Islands. Central America: Over the past four EWs, both ILI and SARI activity has remained low, though with a slight increase, with most positive cases attributed to influenza. Influenza activity has shown a slight increase during this period, reaching intermediate levels. Over the past four EWs, the predominant influenza viruses have been A(H3N2) with concurrent circulation of A(H1N1)pdm09. RSV and SARS-CoV-2 activity have remained low. By country: In El Salvador, SARI activity is around epidemic levels with low circulation of SARS-CoV-2 and fluctuating influenza activity around the epidemic threshold. In Guatemala, during the past four EWs, ILI and SARI activity has been stable at epidemic levels, associated with positive influenza cases circulating at moderate levels. In Honduras, during the past four EWs, SARI activity has fluctuated around epidemic levels, associated with positive influenza cases circulating at epidemic levels and in decline. In Nicaragua, RSV, influenza, and SARS-CoV-2 activity are at low levels. In Panama, ILI and SARI cases have shown an increase over the past four EWs, with influenza activity at epidemic levels. Andean Region: ILI activity has remained stable at low levels over the past four EWs. SARI cases have remained stable at low levels; however, there has been an increase in the proportion of positive cases for RSV and, to a lesser extent, influenza. Influenza activity has remained at low levels over the past four EWs with a fluctuating trend. During this period, the predominant influenza viruses have been type A(H3N2) with concurrent circulation of type A(H1N1)pdm09. RSV activity has remained at low levels, though with an increasing trend. SARS-CoV-2 activity has continued to decline, remaining at low levels. By country: In Colombia, RSV activity, although low, has increased over the past four EWs; SARS-CoV-2 activity has decreased to low levels, and influenza activity has remained below the epidemic threshold with a slight increase. SARI activity has hovered around the epidemic threshold during this period, with positive cases attributed to RSV and influenza. In Ecuador, following a marked increase in RSV activity in previous EWs, there has been a decline to medium levels; SARS-CoV-2 activity has decreased to low levels, and influenza activity has risen above the epidemic threshold. SARI activity is at epidemic levels, with most positive cases attributed to RSV and, to a lesser extent, influenza. In Peru, influenza activity is fluctuating around the epidemic threshold, and SARS-CoV-2 activity has decreased to low levels. In Venezuela, during the past four EWs, influenza activity has fluctuated around the epidemic threshold. Brazil and the Southern Cone: ILI and SARI activity have increased over the past four EWs to intermediate-high levels, with most positive cases attributed to influenza. Influenza activity has increased over the past four EWs, reaching epidemic levels in most countries. During this period, the predominant influenza viruses have been type A(H3N2) and, to a lesser extent, A(H1N1)pdm09. RSV activity has remained low, though with a slight increase. SARS-CoV-2 activity has continued to decline, remaining at low levels. By country: In Argentina, ILI and SARI levels have remained below the epidemic threshold. Influenza activity has increased to levels above the epidemic threshold, and the positivity rate for SARS-CoV-2 has continued to decline, reaching low levels. There has also been a slight increase in the positivity rate for RSV. In Brazil, SARS-CoV-2 activity has continued to decline, reaching low levels, and influenza activity remains below the epidemic threshold. In Chile, both ILI and SARI cases have increased over the past four EWs, reaching extraordinary and epidemic levels, respectively, with most positive cases attributed to influenza circulating at extraordinary levels. In Paraguay, SARI activity has exceeded the epidemic threshold, and ILI activity has remained below this threshold. Influenza activity is at epidemic levels; SARS-CoV-2 and RSV circulation remain stable at low levels. In Uruguay, SARI activity has exceeded the epidemic threshold, with most positive cases attributed to SARS-CoV-2 and influenza, whose activity has exceeded the epidemic threshold.

[RESUMEN SEMANAL]. Situación regional: Durante las últimas cuatro semanas epidemiológicas (SE) se han observado niveles bajos en la actividad de la Enfermedad Tipo Influenza (ETI) en la región de las Américas, con una tendencia decreciente. A su vez se ha observado una disminución en la actividad de Infección Respiratoria Aguda Grave (IRAG), actualmente en niveles bajos. En ambos casos la actividad observada se ha asociado a casos positivos de influenza y en menor medida de SARS-CoV-2. En cuanto a la circulación de virus respiratorios, a nivel regional la actividad de SARS-CoV-2 ha descendido a niveles bajos en comparación con olas epidémicas previas. Asimismo, se ha observado una actividad epidémica de influenza para esta época del año, y una actividad en descenso del Virus Respiratorio Sincitial (VRS) que se encuentra actualmente en niveles bajos. América del Norte: Los casos de ETI, se han mantenido en descenso durante las cuatro últimas SE, presentando niveles intermedio-bajos y siendo la mayoría de los casos atribuibles a influenza. Las hospitalizaciones asociadas a virus respiratorios se han mantenido en descenso y en niveles bajos. La actividad de influenza se ha mantenido en niveles epidémicos de circulación, mostrando un descenso durante las cuatro últimas SE. Durante este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido del tipo B/Victoria, con circulación en menor medida de influenza A(H3N2) y A(H1N1)pdm09. La actividad del VRS ha mostrado un descenso en las últimas cuatro SE, manteniéndose en niveles bajos. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en niveles bajos, aunque con un ligero incremento. Por países: En Canadá, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad de influenza se ha mantenido en niveles epidémicos con un descenso paulatino, y la actividad del VRS ha permanecido en descenso encontrándose en niveles bajos. En México, la circulación de influenza se ha mantenido fluctuante en niveles epidémicos en las cuatro últimas SE, y la circulación del SARS-CoV-2 ha presentado un descenso hasta niveles bajos. En Estados Unidos, la actividad de influenza ha mostrado un descenso en las cuatro últimas SE hasta niveles bajos. Tanto el VRS como el SARS-CoV- 2 han mantenido niveles bajos. Los casos de ETI han mostrado un descenso y se mantienen en niveles medio-bajos. Las tasas de hospitalización por influenza, VRS y SARS-CoV-2 han presentado una tendencia decreciente en las cuatro últimas SE, con niveles bajos. Caribe: Los casos de ETI y de IRAG han permanecido en descenso durante las cuatro últimas semanas, siendo la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a influenza y en menor medida SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de influenza se ha mantenido fluctuante en niveles bajos durante las últimas cuatro SE. Durante este periodo, los virus predominantes han sido de tipo A(H3N2), con circulación concurrente de influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 y en menor medida B/Victoria. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha presentado un marcado incremento en las dos últimas semanas. Por países: Se ha observado actividad de influenza las últimas cuatro SE en Belice, Guyana y las Islas Caimán. Se ha observado actividad de SARS-CoV-2 en Barbados y las Islas Caimán. América Central: Durante las cuatro últimas SE la actividad tanto de ETI como de IRAG se ha mantenido baja, aunque presentando un ligero incremento, con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a influenza. La actividad de influenza ha presentado un ligero incremento durante este periodo situándose en niveles intermedios. En las cuatro últimas SE, los virus influenza predominantes han sido de tipo A(H3N2) con circulación concurrente de A(H1N1)pdm09. La actividad del VRS y del SARS-CoV-2 ha permanecido en niveles bajos. Por países: En El Salvador, la actividad de IRAG se encuentra en torno a niveles epidémicos con una circulación de SARS-CoV-2 en niveles bajos y una actividad de influenza fluctuando en torno al umbral epidémico. En Guatemala durante las cuatro últimas SE, se ha observado una actividad de ETI e IRAG estable en niveles epidémicos, asociada a casos positivos de influenza, cuya circulación se encuentra en niveles moderados. En Honduras, en las cuatro últimas SE, se ha observado una actividad fluctuante de IRAG en torno a niveles epidémicos, asociada a casos positivos de influenza, cuya actividad se encuentra en niveles epidémicos y en descenso. En Nicaragua, la actividad tanto del VRS, influenza y SARS-CoV-2 se encuentra en niveles bajos. En Panamá los casos de ETI e IRAG han mostrado un incremento en las cuatro últimas SE, y la actividad de influenza se encuentra en niveles epidémicos. Andina: La actividad de ETI se ha mantenido estable en niveles bajos durante las cuatro últimas SE. Los casos de IRAG se han mantenido estables con niveles bajos, sin embrago se ha observado un ascenso en la proporción de casos positivos a VRS y en menor medida influenza. La actividad de influenza ha permanecido en niveles bajos en las cuatro últimas SE con una tendencia fluctuante. Durante este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido de tipo A(H3N2) con circulación concurrente de A(H1N1)pdm09. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos, aunque con una tendencia creciente. La actividad de SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en descenso con niveles bajos. Por países: En Colombia, el VRS aunque en niveles bajos ha presentado un incremento en las cuatro últimas SE, la actividad de SARS-CoV-2 ha presentado un descenso situándose en niveles bajos y la actividad de influenza se ha mantenido por debajo del umbral epidémico con un ligero incremento. La actividad de IRAG se ha mantenido en torno al umbral epidémico durante este periodo, con los casos positivos atribuibles a VRS e influenza. En Ecuador, tras el marcado incremento en la actividad de VRS observado en SE previas, se ha detectado un descenso hasta niveles medios, el SARS-CoV-2 ha presentado un descenso situándose en niveles bajos y la actividad de influenza se ha ascendido superando el umbral epidémico. La actividad de IRAG se encuentra en niveles epidémicos y los casos positivos han sido atribuibles en su mayoría a VRS y en menor medida influenza. En Perú la actividad de influenza se encuentra oscilante en torno al umbral epidémico y la actividad de SARS-CoV-2 ha descendido a nieves bajos. En Venezuela, durante las últimas cuatro SE, se ha observado un una actividad fluctuante de influenza en torno al umbral epidémico. Brasil y el Cono Sur: La actividad de ETI e IRAG ha presentado un incremento en las cuatro últimas SE situándose en niveles intermedio-altos, con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a influenza. La actividad de influenza ha presentado un incremento en las últimas cuatro SE con niveles epidémicos en la mayoría de los países. En este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido de tipo A(H3N2) y en menor medida A(H1N1)pdm09. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos, aunque con un ligero incremento. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en descenso con niveles bajos de actividad. Por países: En Argentina, los niveles de ETI e IRAG han permanecido por debajo del umbral epidémico. La actividad de influenza ha presentado un incremento con niveles por encima del umbral epidémico y el porcentaje de positividad de SARSCoV- 2, se ha mantenido en descenso situándose en niveles bajos. A su vez se ha observado un ligero incremento en el porcentaje de positividad de VRS. En Brasil, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha permanecido en descenso, con niveles bajos, y la actividad de influenza se mantiene por debajo del umbral epidémico. En Chile, tanto los casos de ETI como de IRAG han presentado un ascenso en las cuatro últimas SE situándose en niveles extraordinarios y epidémicos respectivamente; la mayoría de los casos positivos son atribuibles a influenza que circula con niveles extraordinarios. En Paraguay, la actividad de IRAG ha superado el umbral epidémico y la actividad de ETI se ha mantenido por debajo este umbral. La actividad de influenza se encuentra en niveles epidémicos; la circulación del SARS-CoV-2 y del VRS se encuentra estable en niveles bajos. En Uruguay, la actividad de IRAG ha superado el umbral epidémico, con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a SARSCoV- 2 e influenza, cuya actividad ha superado umbral epidémico.

Genetic diversity of the banana Fusarium wilt pathogen in Cuba and across Latin America and the Caribbean.

Fusarium wilt of bananas (FWB) is a severe plant disease that leads to substantial losses in banana production worldwide. It remains a major concern for Cuban banana cultivation. The disease is caused by members of the soil-borne Fusarium oxysporum species complex. However, the genetic diversity among Fusarium species infecting bananas in Cuba has remained largely unexplored. In our comprehensive survey, we examined symptomatic banana plants across all production zones in the country, collecting 170 Fusarium isolates. Leveraging genotyping-by-sequencing and whole-genome comparisons, we investigated the genetic diversity within these isolates and compared it with a global Fusarium panel. Notably, typical FWB symptoms were observed in Bluggoe cooking bananas and Pisang Awak subgroups across 14 provinces. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that F. purpurascens, F. phialophorum, and F. tardichlamydosporum are responsible for FWB in Cuba, with F. tardichlamydosporum dominating the population. Furthermore, we identified between five and seven distinct genetic clusters, with F. tardichlamydosporum isolates forming at least two subgroups. This finding underscores the high genetic diversity of Fusarium spp. contributing to FWB in the Americas. Our study sheds light on the population genetic structure and diversity of the FWB pathogen in Cuba and the broader Latin American and Caribbean regions.

Caribbean red snapper fishing performance indicators in Brazilian amazon shelf: Is it the beginning of the end of a fishing system?

Red snapper fishing (Lutjanus purpureus) is an important fishing activity for the Brazilian economy due to its export. The scarcity of up-to-date information on this system's ecology, economy, and social characteristics contributes to inefficient management. We analyze whether the commercial snapper fishery on the Amazon continental shelf is socioecologically sustainable. For this, an assessment tool was used that can be applied to fishing systems with little data, the Fisheries Performance Indicators (FPI). The results showed that the critical points of this activity are mainly related to the Ecological indicator (2.3) and the Economic indicator (2.8). The best indicator was the Community (3.8). The problems that put at risk the permanence of the activity and its maintenance are: (i) fishing for juveniles; (ii) illegal vessels; (iii) lack of collaboration of the fishing sector with science, and (iv) unreliability of data supplied. All the points mentioned make the snapper fishery on the north coast of Brazil socio-ecologically unsustainable in the long term.

Protecting Caribbean patients diagnosed with cancer from compounding disasters.

Caribbean small island developing states are becoming increasingly vulnerable to compounding disasters, prominently featuring climate-related hazards and pandemic diseases, which exacerbate existing barriers to cancer control in the region. We describe the complexities of cancer prevention and control efforts throughout the Caribbean small island developing states, including the unique challenges of people diagnosed with cancer in the region. We highlight potential solutions and strategies that concurrently address disaster adaptation and cancer control. Because Caribbean small island developing states are affected first and worst by the hazards of compounding disasters, the innovative solutions developed in the region are relevant for climate mitigation, disaster adaptation, and cancer control efforts globally. In the age of complex and cascading disaster scenarios, developing strategies to mitigate their effect on the cancer control continuum, and protecting the health and safety of people diagnosed with cancer from extreme events become increasingly urgent. The equitable development of such strategies relies on collaborative efforts among professionals whose diverse expertise from complementary fields infuses the local community perspective while focusing on implementing solutions.

Persistent inequities in maternal mortality in Latin America and the Caribbean, 1990-2019.

BACKGROUND: Despite the resources and personnel mobilized in Latin America and the Caribbean to reduce the maternal mortality ratio (MMR, maternal deaths per 100 000 live births) in women aged 10-54 years by 75% between 2000 and 2015, the region failed to meet the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) due to persistent barriers to access quality reproductive, maternal, and neonatal health services. METHODS: Using 1990-2019 data from the Global Burden of Disease project, we carried out a two-stepwise analysis to (a) identify the differences in the MMR temporal patterns and (b) assess its relationship with selected indicators: government health expenditure (GHE), the GHE as percentage of gross domestic product (GDP), the availability of human resources for health (HRH), the coverage of effective interventions to reduce maternal mortality, and the level of economic development of each country. FINDINGS: In the descriptive analysis, we observed a heterogeneous overall reduction of MMR in the region between 1990 and 2019 and heterogeneous overall increases in the GHE, GHE/GDP, and HRH availability. The correlation analysis showed a close, negative, and dependent association of the economic development level between the MMR and GHE per capita, the percentage of GHE to GDP, the availability of HRH, and the coverage of SBA. We observed the lowest MMRs when GHE as a percentage of GDP was close to 3% or about US$400 GHE per capita, HRH availability of 6 doctors, nurses, and midwives per 1,000 inhabitants, and skilled birth attendance levels above 90%. CONCLUSIONS: Within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) agenda, health policies aimed at the effective reduction of maternal mortality should consider allocating more resources as a necessary but not sufficient condition to achieve the goals and should prioritize the implementation of new forms of care with a gender and rights approach, as well as strengthening actions focused on vulnerable groups.

Puzzling parrotfishes: Radiocarbon age validation and updated longevity estimates for western Atlantic species in support of sustainable fisheries management.

For management efforts to succeed in Caribbean fisheries, local fishers must support and be willing to comply with fishing regulations. This is more likely when fishers are included in a stock assessment process that utilizes robust scientific evidence, collected in collaboration with fishers, to evaluate the health of fish stocks. Caribbean parrotfishes are important contributors to coral reef ecosystem health while also contributing to local fisheries. Scientifically robust stock assessments require regional species-specific information on age-based key life history parameters, derived from fish age estimates. Evaluation of the accuracy of age estimation methods for fish species is a critical initial step in managing species for long-term sustainable harvest. The current study resulted from a collaborative research program between fish biologists and local fishers investigating age, growth, and reproductive biology of the seven parrotfish species landed in U.S. Caribbean fisheries; specifically, we validated age estimation for stoplight parrotfish Sparisoma viride and queen parrotfish Scarus vetula. This is the first study to directly validate age estimation for any parrotfish species through analysis of Δ14C from eye lens cores. Our age estimation validation results show that enumeration of opaque zones from thin sections of sagittal otoliths for a Sparisoma and a Scarus species provides accurate age estimates. The oldest stoplight parrotfish and queen parrotfish in the Δ14C age estimation validation series were 14 y and 16 y; while the oldest stoplight parrotfish and queen parrotfish we aged to-date using the Δ14C validated age estimation method were 20 y and 21 y, respectively. Fish longevity (maximum age attained/life span) is a key life history parameter used for estimation of natural mortality, survivorship, and lifetime reproductive output. Past reviews on parrotfishes from the Pacific and Atlantic concluded that most Caribbean/western Atlantic parrotfish species are relatively short-lived with estimated maximum ages ranging from 3-9 y. However, information from our collaborative research in the U.S. Caribbean combined with recently published age estimates for Brazilian parrotfish species indicate that many western Atlantic parrotfishes are relatively long-lived with several species attaining maximum ages in excess of 20 y.

Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Latin America and the Caribbean: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally, causing bacteremic pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis, and other invasive pneumococcal diseases. Evidence supports nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage as a reservoir for transmission and precursor of pneumococcal disease. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the pneumococcal nasopharyngeal burden in all age groups in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) before, during, and after the introduction of pneumococcal vaccine conjugate (PVC). METHODS: Systematic literature review of international, regional, and country-published and unpublished data, together with reports including data from serotype distribution in nasopharyngeal carriage in children and adults from LAC countries following Cochrane methods. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO database (ID: CRD42023392097). RESULTS: We included 54 studies with data on nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage and serotypes from 31,803 patients. In children under five years old, carriage was found in 41% and in adults over 65, it was 26%. During the study period, children under five showed a colonization proportion of 34% with PCV10 serotypes and 45% with PCV13 serotypes. When we analyze the carriage prevalence of PCV serotypes in all age groups between 1995 and 2019, serotypes included in PCV10 and those included in PCV13, both showed a decreasing trend along analysis by lustrum. CONCLUSION: The data presented in this study highlights the need to establish national surveillance programs to monitor pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage to monitor serotype prevalence and replacement before and after including new pneumococcal vaccines in the region. In addition, to analyze differences in the prevalence of serotypes between countries, emphasize the importance of approaches to local realities to reduce IPD effectively.

Stony coral tissue loss disease indirectly alters reef communities.

Many Caribbean coral reefs are near collapse due to various threats. An emerging threat, stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD), is spreading across the Western Atlantic and Caribbean. Data from the U.S. Virgin Islands reveal how SCTLD spread has reduced the abundance of susceptible coral and crustose coralline algae and increased cyanobacteria, fire coral, and macroalgae. A Caribbean-wide structural equation model demonstrates versatility in reef fish and associations with rugosity independent of live coral. Model projections suggest that some reef fishes will decline due to SCTLD, with the largest changes on reefs that lose the most susceptible corals and rugosity. Mapping these projected declines in space indicates how the indirect effects of SCTLD range from undetectable to devastating.

Primary health care as a tool to promote equity and sustainability; a review of Latin American and Caribbean literature.

Primary health care (PHC) has increased in global relevance as it has been demonstrated to be a useful strategy to promote community access to health services. Multilateral organizations and national governments have reached a consensus regarding the basic principles of PHC, but the application of these varies from country to country due to the particularities of local health systems.This article aims to review and summarize PHC strategies and the configuration of health networks in Latin American and Caribbean countries.The review was carried out using keywords in at least 9 databases. Papers in languages other than English, Portuguese, and Spanish were excluded, while non-refereed articles and regional gray literature were incorporated. As a result, 1,146 papers were identified. After three instances of analysis, 142 articles were selected for this investigation. Data were analyzed according to an analysis by theme.The evidence collected on health reforms in the region reflects the need to intensify care strategies supported by PHC and care networks. These must be resilient to changes in the population's needs and must be able to adapt to contexts of epidemiological accumulation.

Risk factors associated with severe COVID-19 outcomes in Jamaica: a cross-sectional study of national surveillance data / Factores de riesgo asociados a la COVID-19 grave en Jamaica: estudio transversal de datos nacionales de vigilancia / Fatores de risco associados a desfechos graves da COVID-19 na Jamaica: estudo transversal de dados de vigilância nacional

[ABSTRACT]. Objectives. To describe the characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 cases in Jamaica and to explore the risk factors associated with severe COVID-19 from 9 March to 31 December 2020. Methods. A cross-sectional analysis of national surveillance data was conducted using confirmed COVID-19 cases in Jamaica. Definitions of a confirmed case, disease severity, and death were based on World Health Organization guidelines. Chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used to determine association with outcomes. Logistic regression models were used to determine predictors of severe COVID-19. Results. This analysis included 12 169 cases of COVID-19 (median age, 36 years; 6 744 females [ 55.4%]) of which 512 cases (4.2%) presented with severe disease, and of those, 318 patients (62.1%) died (median age at death, 71.5 years). Severe disease was associated with being male (OR 1.4; 95% CI, 1.2-1.7) and 40 years or older (OR, 6.5; 95% CI, 5.1-8.2). COVID-19 death was also associated with being male (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-1.7), age 40 years or older (OR, 17.9; 95% CI, 11.6-27.7), and in the Western versus South East Health Region (OR 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2-2.3). Conclusions. The findings of this cross-sectional analysis indicate that confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Jamaica were more likely to be female and younger individuals, whereas COVID-19 deaths occurred more frequently in males and older individuals. There is increased risk of poor COVID-19 outcomes beginning at age 40, with males disproportionately affected. COVID-19 death also varied by geographic region. This evidence could be useful to other countries with similar settings and to policymakers charged with managing outbreaks and health.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivos. Describir las características y los resultados de los casos de COVID-19 en Jamaica y explorar los factores de riesgo asociados a la COVID-19 grave desde el 9 de marzo hasta el 31 de diciembre del 2020. Métodos. Se realizó un análisis transversal de datos nacionales de vigilancia a partir de los casos confirma- dos de COVID-19 en Jamaica. Las definiciones de caso confirmado, gravedad de la enfermedad y muerte se basaron en las directrices de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Para determinar la asociación con los criterios de valoración se utilizó la prueba de χ2 y la prueba exacta de Fisher. Se usaron modelos de regresión logística para determinar los factores predictivos de la COVID-19 grave. Resultados. Se incluyeron en el análisis 12 169 casos de COVID-19 (mediana de edad, 36 años; 6 744 mujeres [55,4%]), de los que 512 (4,2%) fueron de enfermedad grave. De estos pacientes, 318 (62,1%) fall- ecieron (mediana de edad al morir, 71,5 años). Se observó una asociación de la enfermedad grave con el sexo masculino (OR de 1,4; IC del 95 %, 1,2-1,7) y con la edad igual o superior a 40 años (OR de 6,5; IC del 95 %, 5,1-8,2). La muerte por COVID-19 también mostró una asociación con el sexo masculino (OR de 1,4; IC del 95%, 1,1-1,7), con la edad igual o superior a 40 años (OR de 17,9; IC del 95%, 11,6-27,7) y con la Región de Atención de Salud Occidental en comparación con la Sudoriental (OR de 1,7; IC del 95%, 1,2-2,3). Conclusiones. Los resultados de este análisis transversal indican que los casos confirmados de COVID-19 en Jamaica correspondieron una mayor probabilidad a mujeres y personas más jóvenes, mientras que las muertes por COVID-19 fueron más frecuentes en varones y personas de mayor edad. Hay un mayor riesgo de evolución desfavorable de la COVID-19 a partir de los 40 años, que afecta de manera desproporcionada a los varones. Las muertes por COVID-19 también variaron según la región geográfica. Esta evidencia podría ser de utilidad para otros países con entornos similares y para los responsables de la formulación de políticas en materia de gestión de brotes y salud.

[RESUMO]. Objetivos. Descrever as características e os desfechos dos casos de COVID-19 na Jamaica e explorar os fatores de risco associados à COVID-19 grave de 9 de março a 31 de dezembro de 2020. Métodos. Análise transversal de dados de vigilância nacional usando casos confirmados de COVID-19 na Jamaica. As definições de caso confirmado, gravidade da doença e morte foram baseadas nas recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Foram usados testes de qui-quadrado e exato de Fisher para determinar a associação com os desfechos. Modelos de regressão logística foram usados para deter- minar os preditores de COVID-19 grave. Resultados. Esta análise incluiu 12.169 casos de COVID-19 (idade mediana: 36 anos; 6 744 do sexo feminino [55,4%]), dos quais 512 casos (4,2%) apresentaram doença grave; desses, 318 pacientes (62,1%) morreram (idade mediana ao morrer: 71,5 anos). A doença grave estava associada a ser do sexo masculino (razão de chances [RC]: 1,4; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC 95%]: 1,2–1,7) e ter 40 anos ou mais de idade (RC: 6,5; IC 95%: 5,1–8,2). A morte por COVID-19 também estava associada a ser sexo masculino (RC: 1,4; IC 95%: 1,1–1,7), ter 40 anos ou mais (RC: 17,9; IC 95%: 11,6–27,7) e estar na Região Sanitária Oeste em comparação com a Região Sanitária Sudeste (RC: 1,7; IC 95%: 1,2–2,3). Conclusões. Os achados desta análise transversal indicam que a probabilidade de casos confirmados de COVID-19 na Jamaica era maior em indivíduos do sexo feminino e mais jovens, ao passo que as mortes por COVID-19 ocorreram com mais frequência em indivíduos do sexo masculino e mais velhos. Há um risco maior de resultados desfavoráveis em relação à COVID-19 a partir dos 40 anos, e indivíduos do sexo masculino são desproporcionalmente mais afetados. A morte por COVID-19 também variou de acordo com a região geográ- fica. Essas evidências podem ser úteis para outros países com cenários semelhantes e para os formuladores de políticas encarregados de manejar surtos e gerenciar a saúde.

The Genetic Paradigm of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (HBOC) in the Afro-Caribbean Population.

Differences in tumor biology and genetic predisposition have been suggested as factors influencing overall survival and increased mortality in Black breast and ovarian cancer patients. Therefore, it is key to evaluate genetic susceptibilities in Afro-Caribbean patients because the black population in the US is not homogeneous. Identifying a high incidence of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) in Afro-Caribbean countries can lead to understanding the pattern of inherited traits in US-Caribbean immigrants and their subsequent generations. The paucity of projects studying the genetic landscape in these populations makes it difficult to design studies aimed at optimizing screening and prophylaxis strategies, which in turn, improve survival and mortality rates. This scoping review identifies and categorizes current research on the genetic paradigm of HBOC in the Afro-Caribbean population. We performed an evaluation of the evidence and generated a summary of findings according to preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA) Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. We included articles that assessed the incidence and prevalence of pathologic germline mutations and experience/barriers for genetic testing in Afro-Caribbean Countries and US-Caribbean patients. Our results highlight countries where genetic landscapes remain severely understudied and support recommending multigene testing in Caribbean-born patients. They highlight a need for further research on the genetic paradigm of HBOC in the Afro-Caribbean population to improve genetic testing/counseling and the subsequent adoption of early detection and risk reduction strategies.

Microplastics and plastisphere at surface waters in the Southwestern Caribbean sea.

Pollution generated by plastic waste has brought an environmental problem characterized by the omnipresence of smaller pieces of this material known as microplastics (MP). This issue was addresses by collecting samples with 250 µm pore size nets in two marine-coastal sectors of Southwestern Caribbean Sea during two contrasting seasons. Higher concentrations were found in rainy season than in dry season, reaching respectively 1.72 MP/m3 and 0.22 MP/m3. Within each sector, there were differences caused firstly by localities of higher concentrations of semi-closed water bodies localities during rainy season (Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta and La Caimanera marsh), and secondly by lower concentrations of localities with less influenced of flow rates during dry season (Salamanca and Isla Fuerte). Moreover, the lowest concentration in dry season corresponding to La Caimanera marsh reflects how the community environmental management might decrease MP pollution. In both sectors and seasons, the particles of 0.3 mm (0.3-1.4 mm) size class dominated over those of 1.4 mm (1.4-5.0 mm) (reaching each respectively 1.33 MP/m3 and 0.39 MP/m3), with a dominance of fibers, except in the rainy season in Magdalena, where they were films. Using the FTIR technique, polypropylene was identified as the most abundant polymer in both sectors. The composition of the assemblage of microorganisms attached to microplastics presented higher richness and differed from that of free-living planktonic microbes. The most abundant members of the plastisphere were proteobacteria whose major representation was the pathogenic genus Vibrio, while the cyanobacteria dominated in seawater samples.