Predicting Clinical Outcome After Mechanical Thrombectomy: The GADIS (Gender, Age, Diabetes Mellitus History, Infarct Volume, and Current Smoker [corrected]) Score.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate predictive factors and develop an outcome assessment tool to determine clinical outcome after endovascular mechanical thrombectomy (EMT) in patients presenting with large vessel occlusion (LVO). METHODS: A retrospective analysis was carried out of a prospective cohort of patients presenting with LVO who underwent EMT after adoption of an expanded time window of ≤24 hours. Final cerebral infarction volume (CIV) after EMT was estimated using magnetic resonance imaging segmentation software. Stepwise linear regression models were used to identify factors that determined clinical outcome and to develop a predictive scale. RESULTS: Ninety patients underwent EMT over 19 months (68 within 6 hours and 22 between 6 and 24 hours). Clinical outcome determined using modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at discharge and 3 months was no different among these subcohorts. A threshold of 16.99 mL of CIV, using the Youden index, resulted in a sensitivity of 90.5% and specificity of 58.1% for predicting mRS score of 0-2. A regression model identified gender, age, diabetes mellitus status, CIV, and smoking status as outcome determinants, which were used to develop the GADIS (Gender, Age, Diabetes Mellitus History, Infarct Volume, and Sex) scoring system to predict good clinical outcome. Using the GADIS score, <6 predicted mRS score 0-2 at discharge with a sensitivity of 83.3% and specificity of 80.6%. CONCLUSIONS: The GADIS score for patients with LVO-related acute ischemic stroke includes CIV after EMT and helps in early short-term prognostication. It is not intended to predict preintervention patient selection or outcome prediction.

Cyclooxygenase-2-derived prostacyclin regulates arterial thrombus formation by suppressing tissue factor in a sirtuin-1-dependent-manner.

BACKGROUND: Selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 increase the risk of myocardial infarction and thrombotic events, but the responsible mechanisms are not fully understood. METHODS AND RESULTS: We found that ferric chloride-induced arterial thrombus formation was significantly greater in COX-2 knockout compared with wild-type mice. Cross-transfusion experiments excluded the likelihood that COX-2 knockout platelets, despite enhanced aggregation responses to collagen and thrombin, are responsible for increased arterial thrombus formation in COX-2 knockout mice. Importantly, we observed that COX-2 deletion decreased prostacyclin synthase and production and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- and sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) expression, with consequent increased upregulation of tissue factor (TF), the primary initiator of blood coagulation. Treatment of wild-type mice with a prostacyclin receptor antagonist or a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ antagonist, which predisposes to arterial thrombosis, decreased SIRT1 expression and increased TF activity. Conversely, exogenous prostacyclin or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ agonist completely reversed the thrombotic phenotype in COX-2 knockout mice, restoring normal SIRT1 levels and reducing TF activity. Furthermore, inhibition of SIRT1 increased TF expression and activity and promoted generation of occlusive thrombi in wild-type mice, whereas SIRT1 activation was sufficient to decrease abnormal TF activity and prothrombotic status in COX-2 knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS: Modulation of SIRT1 and hence TF by prostacyclin/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ pathways not only represents a new mechanism in controlling arterial thrombus formation but also might be a useful target for therapeutic intervention in the atherothrombotic complications associated with COX-2 inhibitors.

Parent vessel size and curvature strongly influence risk of incomplete stent apposition in enterprise intracranial aneurysm stent coiling.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Flexible microstents, such as the closed-cell EN, have facilitated adjunctive coiling of intracranial aneurysms. Little data are available on the ability of the stent struts to maintain vessel-wall apposition once deployed in the tortuous cerebral vasculature and the prevalence of ISA. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between geometric features of the parent vessel at the stent deployment site and prevalence of ISA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Postprocedural 3T-MRA was performed in a cohort of 39 patients undergoing EN stent-assisted intracranial aneurysm coiling. 3T-MRA was analyzed for the presence of ISA and supplemented by angiographic C-arm FPCT (DynaCT). Parent vessel diameter, curvature radius, and stent-subtended arc angle were measured at the site of deployment and analyzed for prediction of ISA in the ICA. RESULTS: 3T-MRA uncovered a unique crescent flow pattern (CS) outside the EN struts, which was confirmed by FPCT to indicate ISA resulting from EN crimping. ISA was detected on 3T-MRA in 19/39 patients (49%). Univariate analysis revealed ISA in the ICA to correlate with a large stent-subtended angle, a small curvature radius, and a large diameter but not stent length or jailing versus a sequential technique. Multivariate analysis identified ISA to correlate with vessel-curvature radius (OR, 253; P = .009), stent-subtended angle (OR, 225; P = .005), and parent vessel diameter (OR, 8.49; P = .044). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, ISA was detectable by 3T-MRA in a significant proportion of patients undergoing EN stent-assisted coiling of ICA aneurysms in a vessel geometry- and stent-deployment location-dependent manner. This characteristic of EN coiling at this potentially tortuous location should be taken into account when selecting an endovascular strategy.

Long-term follow-up of patients with asymptomatic occlusion of the internal carotid artery with good and impaired cerebral vasomotor reactivity.

BACKGROUND: Cerebral hemodynamic status might be prognostic for either the symptomatic or asymptomatic course of carotid occlusive disease. It is determined by evaluating cerebral vasomotor reactivity (VMR). We assessed VMR in asymptomatic patients with total occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) and followed them to evaluate the role of impaired VMR in predicting ischaemic stroke (IS). METHODS: Thirty-five patients (21 men, mean age ± SD 68 ± 7.5 years) with unilateral asymptomatic ICA occlusion were studied by transcranial Doppler and the Diamox test (intravenous 1.0 g acetazolamide) and followed for 48 months or until reaching the end-points of IS, transient ischaemic attack, or vascular death. VMR% was evaluated by recording the percent differences in peak systolic blood flow velocities in each middle cerebral artery at baseline and after Diamox administration. RESULTS: Based on VMR% calculations, 14 (40%) patients had good VMRs and 21 (60%) had impaired VMRs. The global annual risk of ipsilateral ischaemic events was 5.7%. The annual ipsilateral ischaemic event risk was 1.8% in patients with good VMRs, whilst it was 7.1% in patients with impaired VMRs. An impaired VMR was significantly correlated with ipsilateral IS (Kaplan-Meier log rank statistic, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the value of VMR assessment for identifying asymptomatic patients with carotid occlusion who belong to a high-risk subgroup for IS. New trials using extracranial-to-intracranial bypass surgery in patients with asymptomatic ICA occlusion and impaired VMRs are warranted.

Trombosis arteriales y venosas en la infancia (y II): profilaxis y tratamiento / Arterial and venous thrombosis in childhood (II): prophylaxis and treatment

El tratamiento antitrombótico en los pacientes pediátricos se realiza utilizando guías extrapoladas de adultos, a pesar de su diferente condición hemostática. En el tratamiento con heparinas,la heparina no fraccionada (HNF) se utiliza en perfusión continua en dosis adecuada a la edad y el peso corporal (en niños menores de un año 28 UI/kg/h, y en los mayores de dos años 20 UI/kg/h). En las heparinas de bajo peso molecular(HBPM), a veces alternativas a los anticoagulantes orales, la dosis varía en función de la edad, el peso corporal y el tipo de heparina, con el objetivo terapéutico de conseguir un nivel de anti-Xa entre 0,5 y 1 UI/mL a las 4 horas de administración. En cuanto al tratamiento anticoagulante oral, su aplicación es problemática debido a las diferentes condiciones hemostáticas de los niños; en un 2% de los casos las complicaciones son las hemorragias graves; la duración es variable según sea una tromboembolia por trombofilia (6 meses) o secundaria a una enfermedad(mínimo 3 meses). En las trombosis venosas agudas se debe iniciar el tratamiento con HNF seguido de tratamiento anticoagulante oral. En el tratamiento antiagregante, utilizado en los procesos tromboembólicos arteriales, el fármaco más utilizado es el ácido acetil salicílico (1-5 mg/kg/día), seguido del dipiridamol en dosis de 2-5 mg/kg/día. La utilización de trombolíticos requiere una evaluación escrupulosa de los riesgos potenciales debido a la disminución de la capacidad total del sistema fibrinolítico; los dos más utilizados son la urocinasa y el activador tisular del plasminógeno (AU)

The antithrombotic therapy in paediatric patients is carried out using guides extrapolated from adults, in spite of their different haemostatic condition. In the treatment with heparins, the unfractionated heparin (UH) is used in a continuous infusion in a dose suitable to the patient’s age and body weight (in children under the age of one 28 U/kg/h and in children over the age of two 20 U/kg/h). In low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH), sometimes alternatives to oral anticoagulants, the dose varies according to the age, body weight and type of heparin with the therapeutic objective of achieving an anti-Xa level of between 0.5-1 U/mL 4 hours after administration. As regards the oral anticoagulant therapy, its application is problematic because of the different haemostatic conditions of children, with serious hemorrhagic complications accounting for 2% of the cases; the duration varies depending on whet herit is a thromboembolism because of thrombophilia (6 months)or whether it is secondary to a disease (minimum 3 months). In acute venous thrombosis a therapy with UH must be started followed by an OAT. In the antiplatelet therapy, used in the arterial thromboembolic processes, the most commonly used drug is aspirin (1-5 mg/kg/day), followed by dipiridamol in doses of 2-5 mg/kg/day. The use of thrombolytics requires a detailed evaluation of the potential risks due to the decrease of the total capacity of the fibrinolytic system. The two most commonly used thrombolytics are urokinase and the tissue plasminogen activator (AU)

Trombosis arteriales y venosas en la infancia (I): incidencia, etiopatogenia y diagnóstico / Arterial and venous thromboses in childhood (I): incidence, etiopathogeny and diagnosis

La incidencia de las trombosis en la población infantil es de 0,07/10.000, en el 5,3/10.000 de los casos, durante el ingreso hospitalario, y en el 2,4 de los casos durante la admisión en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. En el primer año de vida, la prevalencia de tromboembolia venosa es 40 veces superior a la de otras edades de la infancia. La trombosis espontánea, sin causa etiológica que la justifique, precisa uno o más factores de riesgo protombóticos para su aparición. Existen factores de riesgo congénitos, debidos a alteraciones de la hemostasia, que suponen un riesgo mayor si se asocian a otros factores genéticos. El correcto diagnóstico mediante el estudio de los signos clínicos y de las técnicas de diagnóstico no invasivas e invasivas, así como de las pruebas de laboratorio, en las que el dimero-D ha demostrado una alta sensibilidad, son imprescindibles antes de iniciar cualquier tipo de tratamiento antitrómbico(AU)

The incidence of thromboses among the childhoos population is 0.07/10,000, in 5.3/10,000 of the cases during the stay in hospital and in 2.4% of the cases of admissions to the Intensive Care Unit. During the first year of life, the prevalence of venous thromboembolism is 40 items higher that at other childhood ages. Spontaneous thrombosis, without a justifying etiological cause, requires one or more prothombotic risk factors for its onset. There are certain congenital risk factors, due to alterations of the haemostasis, that imply a greater risk if they are associated with other genetic factors. The correct diagnosis through a study of the clinical signs and of the non-invasive and invasive diagnostic techniques, as well as the laboratory tests, in which the D. dimer has proven to be highly sensitive, are indispensable before starting any type of antithrombotic treatment(AU)

Free-floating thrombus of the carotid artery: literature review and case reports.

BACKGROUND: Free-floating thrombus (FFT) of the carotid artery is an uncommon entity that usually presents as an acute emergency. Management is based on case reports and series because the natural history and optimal treatment are unknown. This study was conducted to systematically review the world literature in an attempt to better understand FFT, its presentation, distribution, management, and outcome. METHOD: A literature search in all languages was performed of the PubMed database (> or =1950s) and Medline database (1966-November 2004). All relevant articles were reviewed and their references analyzed in a similar manner for further literature. Cases from the authors' institutions were reviewed as well. All cases within the reports were individually assessed for inclusion or exclusion. Inclusion required that the FFT originate or anchor within the carotid artery (ie, excluding emboli, arch thrombi with extensions into the carotid artery), be partially occluding (ie, excluding occlusions, "string-sign," microscopic thrombus), and ideally have an elongated or protrusive morphology, circumferential flow around the distal portion, and cyclical motion with the cardiac cycles. RESULTS: There were 61 reports reviewed, of which 43 contained FFT cases. These reports had 342 cases (including the current series) that were reviewed, of which 145 met our inclusion criteria. A database was created for qualitative and quantitative assessment of all cases. When data were pooled, appropriate statistical analysis was performed. A limitation of the study is that FFT is under-reported and ill defined, which limited the analysis in quantity and quality. In addition, reporting is not uniform, and therefore, significant data were not always present. In attempting to define FFT and include or exclude cases, subjectivity is inherent. CONCLUSIONS: FFT is more frequently reported in men than women, with a ratio of nearly 2:1 (P < .0001), and at a younger age than in most patients with carotid disease (P < .0001 when compared with North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial, European Carotid Surgery Trial, and Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial). Symptoms are present in 92% of patients. There was a trend for patients with FFT to be hypercoagulable (47% of those serologically tested). The internal carotid artery was the most commonly affected (75%), with atherosclerosis being the most common associated pathology. Medical and surgical management have both been used, with neither clearly superior to the other. Medical management for stabilizing neurologic deficits has less risk and less benefit than surgical intervention.

Transient visual loss triggered by scuba diving in a patient with a petrous epidermoid and combined thrombotic risk factors.

A 25-year-old woman who developed transient neurological abnormalities after scuba diving is reported. The subsequent day she experienced transient left-side monocular blindness. Arterial ocular occlusion in apparently healthy young women is unusual, and a search for the cause of this devastating vascular event is mandatory. Occlusion of the left branch retinal artery, total occlusion of the left internal carotid artery, and a petrous apex epidermoid were found, together with a shortened prothrombin time (INR: 0.73), a slightly elevated serum cholesterol level (6.1 mmol/l) and combined thrombophilia (elevated FVIIIC plus type 2 sticky platelet syndrome). This case underlines the complex mechanism of thromboembolic diseases, and the importance of the acquired trigger (in the present case scuba diving) in addition to the long-term anatomical and biochemical risk factors.

Prevalence of complicated carotid atheroma as detected by magnetic resonance direct thrombus imaging in patients with suspected carotid artery stenosis and previous acute cerebral ischemia.

BACKGROUND: It is recognized that complicated plaque largely accounts for the morbidity and mortality from atherosclerosis. Ideally, investigation of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients would identify atheromatous plaques independently of stenosis. We have previously shown that a magnetic resonance direct thrombus imaging (MRDTI) technique demonstrates complicated atheroma as high signal within the carotid arterial wall. We used this technique to examine the prevalence of complicated carotid plaque in vivo in the ipsilateral arteries of recently symptomatic patients with suspected carotid artery stenosis and to compare this with their contralateral arteries and with those of healthy age- and sex-matched controls. METHODS AND RESULTS: The carotid arteries of 120 patients with suspected severe carotid artery stenosis and previous acute cerebral ischemia were imaged using MRDTI, as were 28 control arteries. High signal was not seen in any control artery. However, there was a 60% prevalence of high signal, suggestive of complicated plaque in the patients' ipsilateral arteries. The prevalence of high signal was significantly greater in the patients' ipsilateral vessels compared with the contralateral, asymptomatic side (60% versus 36%, chi2 P<0.001), particularly for vessels of only moderate stenosis. CONCLUSIONS: MRDTI high signal suggestive of complicated plaque is prevalent in the ipsilateral carotid arteries of patients with carotid stenosis and recent cerebral ischemic events. MRDTI has a potential role in identifying "at risk" plaque, studying atherogenesis and the effects of plaque-modifying strategies.

Carotid Doppler microembolic signals in patients one year after heart valve surgery.

Doppler ultrasound has been used to detect microemboli during and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The aim of the present study was to examine the frequency of microembolic signals (MES) in patients one year after heart valve replacement, to look for possible risk factors associated with MES and for any correlation with cerebral events. One hundred patients, 69 male and 31 female, mean age 66.3 +/- 12.4 years, were examined one year after heart valve replacement. Thirty patients, 61% male and 39% female, mean age 62.5 +/- 8.7 years, who had undergone cardiovascular operations without heart valve pathology served as controls. A newly developed microemboli detector, EMEX-25 (Hatteland Instrumentering, Norway) was used to detect MES from both carotid arteries. MES were detected in 61% of the valve patients. A correlation was found between the number of MES, previous cardiovascular operations, emergency surgery and EuroSCORE (p <0.05). There was no correlation between the number of MES and the level of anticoagulation expressed as international normalization ratio (INR), atrial fibrillation, serum-cholesterol, New York heart association (NYHA) class, gender, age, valve type or valve position. The average number of MES was not increased in seven patients who had experienced major (three) or minor (transient, four) cerebral events during follow-up. In the 30 nonvalve controls, MES were detected in 46% of the patients. MES were detected in valve patients as well as in nonvalve patients one year after surgery. In valve patients, a significant correlation was found between MES and previous surgery, emergency surgery and EuroSCORE. There was no correlation between the number of MES and INR level or postoperative cerebral events.

Carotid atherosclerosis and ischemic stroke in young patients.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies indicate a high prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis in elderly patients with ischemic stroke. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of early carotid atherosclerotic lesions in young subjects with ischemic stroke, in the absence of the common atherosclerotic risk factors. METHODS: We studied 98 young patients with first ischemic stroke (54 males and 44 females; mean age 41.2 years; range 32-50) and 96 healthy controls. All subjects underwent ultrasonographic scanning of the carotid arteries according to a standardized protocol. RESULTS: The carotid intima-media thickness was significantly increased in the patient group (p<0.001) compared with controls. In addition, the prevalence of carotid atherosclerotic plaques was greater in the patients than in the controls (p<0.001). In particular, we detected 18 non-occlusive carotid plaques and 16 thrombotic occlusions. In 8 patients, the lesions were bilateral. The echographic pattern of the plaques was hard in 8 cases, soft in 5 cases, and mixed in the remaining 5 cases. CONCLUSIONS: We detected an increased wall thickness of the carotid arteries and an increased prevalence of carotid atherosclerotic lesions and carotid thrombotic occlusions in young patients with ischemic stroke, with a relative low incidence of cardiovascular risk factors. This finding suggests that arterial intima-media thickness per se is an important determinant of vascular disease in young patients. The data also provide indirect support for the potential role of genetic factors in the genesis of atherosclerosis in young patients.

Enfermedad cerebrovascular: doce años de experiencia en el tratamiento quirúrgico de la obstrucción carotídea / Cerebrovascular disease: a 12 year experience in the surgical treatment of carotid obstruction

Introducción: se consideró prudente revisar el tema y la casuística de doce años por los autores en pacientes con infarto cerebral por enfermedad carotídea, por la elevada morbilidad y mortalidad así como la frecuencia de secuelas incapacitantes.Material y método: presentamos nuestra experiencia en el Hospital ABC de junio de 1988 a junio del 2000, en el tratamiento quirúrgico de la obstrucción carotídea en 63 pacientes (33 Fem. y 30 Masc.), con edad promedio de 70 años, que requirieron 68 endarterectomías. Sus factores de riesgo incluían: hipertensión arterial 40 Ptes., tabaquismo 40, cardiopatía isquémica 22, neumopatía 12 y diabetes m. 10. Fueron 40 endarterectomías izquierdas y 28 derechas; 61 por estenosis sintomática y 7 asintomáticas. Los principales síntomas fueron: ataques de isquemia cerebral transitoria 39, infarto cerebral previo 13 y amaurosis fugax 9. El porcentaje promedio de estenosis en las lesiones sintomáticas fue de 86.47 por ciento y en las asintomáticas de 82 por ciento. Resultados: todos los pacientes fueron operados bajo anestesia general endotraqueal, con protección cerebral farmacológica, monitorización electroencefalográfica y de potenciales evocados somatosensoriales. Nueve casos (13.23 por ciento) requirieron la colocación de una derivación (shunt) transoperatoria. El tiempo promedio de pinzamiento carotídeo fue en los pacientes sin derivación 35.8 minutos y con derivación 4 minutos. Siete casos, todos del sexo femenino, requirieron arteriorrafia con parche; 4 con dacrón, 2 con PTFE y 1 con vena safena. El tiempo promedio de cirugía fue de 2 horas 37 minutos. Mortalidad operatoria 1 caso (1.47 por ciento) por fibrilación ventricular secundaria a infarto agudo del miocardio. Morbilidad neurológica central 1 caso. Morbilidad neurológica periférica 2 casos por lesión neuropráxica del recurrente laríngeo y del facial con recuperación completa. Morbilidad no neurológica 9 casos (13.23 por ciento): HTA postoperatoria 4, hipotensión arterial postoperatoria 3, hematoma 1 e IAM 1.El tiempo promedio de estancia hospitalaria fue de 4.52 días. Discusión: los resultados de esta serie de endarterectomías carotídeas con pacientes cuya edad promedio fue la 8a. década de la vida, con ASA III en 47 por ciento de los casos, donde 89.7 por ciento presentaba estenosis sintomáticas de 86.47 por ciento promedio, muestran baja mortalidad operatoria y morbilidad neurológica central, equiparables a los resultados de los estudios NASCET y ACAS.

Gender, age and carotid plaque morphology.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the relationship between patients gender, age and the development of different types of internal carotid artery plaque. DESIGN: Prospective open clinical study. METHODS: 455 carotid duplex scans with a greater than 50% stenosis were analysed in terms of gender, age, degree of stenosis symptoms and plaque morphology. RESULTS: There were 238 males (52.3%) and 217 females. Of 120 patients with type I plaque 86 were male (71.7%, chi 2 = 23.4, p = 0.000002). This high incidence of type I (haemorrhagic) plaque in men was accompanied by a higher degree of stenosis (chi 2 = 11.7 p = 0.0006) but was independent of the age of the patients and the presence of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Although this study supports the view that men have more severe carotid artery disease, it does not to affect a younger age group. The higher degree of stenosis and its association with haemorrhagic plaque is not translated into an increase in symptoms in men.

[The value of CW Doppler and Doppler-color-echocardiography in the mass screening for atherosclerotic carotid lesions]. / Apporto del Doppler CW e dell'eco-color-Doppler nello screening di massa della lesione aterosclerotica carotidea.

BACKGROUND: The availability of non invasive ultrasound technologies for the diagnosis of extracranial carotid atherosclerotic disease allowed designing and applying mass screening programmes devoted to uncover and study unknown carotid stenosis in resident populations. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate usefulness and correct application of Continuous Wave Doppler (CWD) and Color Coded Echo Flow Imaging (CCEF) examinations during different levels of the screening programme OPI (Obiettivo Prevenzione Ictus). METHODS: Between January 29th 1990 and March 31st 1992 the screening programme OPI has been applied to 16.379 subjects of both sexes, aged 45 to 75, enrolled in a sanitary district of Lombardia. They underwent first level screening (anamnesis, physical examination, CWD of carotid arteries). 1.661 (10.1%) were suspected of harboring carotid lesions and invited to second level screening (physical examination, biohumoral sampling, CCEF): 1.587 attended. The results of CWD and CCEF examination of 3.174 carotid arteries are discussed. RESULTS: An overall sensitivity and specificity of 63.6% and 66%, respectively, was found as CWD and CCEF were compared for lesions detectable by CWD (i.e. excluding kinkings and aneurysms). Of 1.815 carotid arteries classified as negative at CWD the absence of lesions was confirmed by CCEF for 1.450 (79.9%); CWD failed to reveal 146 (8%) stenosis < 50% and 52 (2.9%) severe lesions, of which only 5 (0.3%) could possibly undergo surgical treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Despite low accuracy, CWD has proven to be useful for the purpose of a mass screening of carotid occlusive disease, that is selection of a contained group of subjects (10.1%), with increased risk for carotid stenosis, for further non invasive examination, with low cost (hardware cost: 1.430 lire per exam v/s 24.000 lire per exam for CCEF) and low risk of missing severe stenosis with possible surgical indication (0.3%).

Antiphospholipid antibodies and arterial thrombosis. Case reports and a review of the literature.

Antiphospholipid antibodies are a relatively heterogeneous mix of immunoglobulins with binding specificities for negatively charged or neutral phospholipids. Currently, the most commonly detected antiphospholipid antibodies include the anticardiolipin antibody, the lupus anticoagulant, and an antibody implicated in false-positive VDRL testing. Recently, a clinical syndrome of vaso-occlusive disorders associated with antiphospholipid antibodies has been identified and may result from immune-mediated disruption of endothelial function. This clinical syndrome encompasses arterial and venous thrombosis, recurrent fetal loss, neurologic dysfunction (eg, migraine, chorea, and encephalopathy), systemic and pulmonary arterial hypertension, and endocardial disease. Although most commonly associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome also has been identified in patients with vaso-occlusive disease without systemic lupus erythematosus. Recently, identification of antiphospholipid antibodies has been facilitated by the development of a more sensitive assay for anticardiolipin antibody. In this article, case histories of three patients with arterial thrombosis and associated anticardiolipin antibodies, including the first associated case of terminal aortic thrombosis, are reviewed and the subject of the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome is discussed.

[Noninvasive follow-up by color-coded Doppler sonography after surgical interventions on the extracranial cerebral arteries]. / Nicht-invasive Verlaufskontrolle mittels farbkodierter Doppler-Sonographie nach operativen Eingriffen an den extrakraniellen hirnversorgenden Arterien.

By means of colour-coded Doppler sonography we studied retrospectively the incidence of postoperative changes in 54 patients following 58 carotid endarterectomies. The interval between operation and ultrasound varied from one to 41 months. The overall incidence of recurrent carotid disease was 50% with a 31% (18 of 58) of hemodynamically insignificant restenoses, a 13.8% (8 of 58) incidence of haemodynamically significant restenoses, and a 5.2% (3 of 58) of occlusions. The segment that had been endarterectomized showed a bulbous dilatation in 24.1% (14 of 58). In all of these cases extensive flow reversal zones could be demonstrated, the possible importance of which is discussed. Examinations in 9 patients with reimplantation of subclavian artery to the common carotid artery and grafting technique between these arteries and in 11 patients with reimplantation of vertebral artery to the common carotid artery demonstrated one occlusion of the ipsilateral vertebral artery.

[The current value of the whipstitch suture following carotid TEA]. / Valore attuale della sutura a sopraggitto dopo TEA carotidea.

There is no consensus of opinion regarding the type of suture to be used followed carotid TEA. The paper reports a study carried out in 123 operated patients who were followed for a variable period ranging from 6 months to 4 years with six-monthly controls using B-mode echotomography, supplemented by digital angiography via a venous route if necessary. A direct suture was used in 92 of the patients, while a venous patch was applied in the remaining 31. Subsequent controls revealed a relative frequency of restenosis of a fundamentally benign nature at a point which was proximal or distal to TEA. In addition, the study showed that continuous suture may be valid in male patients but doubts continue to exist regarding its use in female patients. In the latter, it is therefore preferable to encourage a more widespread use of the venous patch.

[Bilateral internal carotid artery thrombosis (author's transl)].

Nineteen patients with bilateral internal carotid artery thrombosis were analysed with respect to long term clinical course from first onset to admission. The patients comprised 19.3% of all patients with occlusive cerebral disease treated in past three years at our clinic. In reviewing the symptoms and signs associated with bilateral carotid occlusions and the clinical course, several patterns became evident and in this report the patients are divided into 3 types: Apoplectic type, those who had severe neurological deficit acutely after occlusion, whose angiography showed impaired or absent collateral circulation, and whose CT scan demonstrated bilateral diffuse low density areas; Progressing type, those whose neurological signs and symptoms grew progressively serious, whose angiography showed moderate or adequate retrograde filling with collateral circulation through posterior cerebral arteries and whose CT scan demonstrated low density lesions in the bilateral frontal lobes; TIA . RIND repeated type, those who had transient ischemic attacks or reversible ischemic neurological deficits repeatedly, whose angiography showed good normograde filling of bilateral internal carotid artery with collateral circulation through posterior communicating arteries and whose CT scan demonstrated no abnormal low density areas except findings of brain atrophy.