Objective assessment of obstetrics residents' surgical skills in caesarean: Development and evaluation of a specific rating scale.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a modified version of Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skill (OSATS) rating scale for evaluation of surgical skills specific to caesarean and to assess its relevance in documenting the residents' learning curve during their training. Secondarily, to verify the scale's stability to caesarean's level of difficulty and comparing self-assessment to hetero-assessment in order to propose a practical application of this rating scale during residency. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a multicentre observational prospective study, from May 2018 to November 2018. All residents at that time could participate and fill in the rating scale after caesarean. Senior surgeons had to fill in the same rating scale. We analysed correlation between self-assessments and hetero-assessments and sensitivity to change of the rating scale. Analysis of feature's relevance was performed by principal component analysis, factor analysis and reliability analysis. RESULTS: In total, 234 rating scales were completed evaluating 18 residents. Our study demonstrated that our rating scale could be used to evaluate surgical skills of residents during caesarean and distinguish their year of residency (p < 0.001) with a high correlation between self and hetero-assessment (Intraclass Correlation coefficient for global score: 0.78; 95% CI 0.68-0.86). The principal component analysis revealed two dimensions corresponding to the two parts of the rating scale and the factorial analysis allowed us to confirm distribution of features according to these two dimensions. Cronbach's alpha allowed us to highlight the percentage of representation of the scale's features in relation to all potential theoretical features (0.93, 95% CI 0.82-0.95). CONCLUSION: Our rating scale could be used for self-assessment during residency and as a hetero-assessment tool for validating defined stages of the internship.

Task shifting of emergency caesarean section in south Ethiopia: are we repeating the brain drain.

INTRODUCTION: preventable mortality from complications which arise during pregnancy and childbirth continue to claim more than a quarter of million women´s lives every year, almost all in low- and middle-income countries. However, lifesaving emergency obstetric services, including caesarean section (CS), significantly contribute to prevention of maternal and newborn mortality and morbidity. Between 2009 and 2013, a task shifting intervention to train caesarean section (CS) teams involving 41 CS surgeons, 35 anesthetic nurses and 36 scrub nurses was implemented in 13 hospitals in southern Ethiopia. We report on the attrition rate of those upskilled to provide CS with a focus on the medium-term outcomes and the challenges encountered. METHODS: a cross-sectional study involving surveys of focal persons and a facility staff audit supplemented with a review of secondary data was conducted in thirteen hospitals. Mean differences were computed to appreciate the difference between numbers of CSs conducted for the six months before and after task shifting commenced. RESULTS: from the trained 112 professionals, only 52 (46.4%) were available for carrying out CS in the hospitals. CS surgeons (65.9%) and nurse anesthetists (71.4%) are more likely to have left as compared to scrub nurses (22.2%). Despite the loss of trained staff, there was an increase in the number of CSs performed after the task shifting (mean difference=43.8; 95% CI: 18.3-69.4; p=0.003). CONCLUSION: our study, one of the first to assess the medium-term effects of task shifting highlights the risk of ongoing attrition of well-trained staff and the need to reassess strategies for staff retention.

Simulation-based teaching and models for caesarean sections: a systematic review to evaluate the tools for the 'See One, Practice Many, Do One' slogan.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Caesarean sections are the most commonly performed procedure globally. Simulation-based training for caesarean sections can provide healthcare practitioners a safe and controlled environment to develop this life-saving skill. We systematically reviewed the use of simulation-based training for caesarean section and its effectiveness. Embase, Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science were searched from inception to June 2019, without language restriction, for studies that included methods of simulation for caesarean section. Studies were selected and data extracted in duplicate. Synthesis analysed common themes on simulation-based training strategies. RECENT FINDINGS: There were 19 relevant studies including the following simulation-based methods: simulators (high and low fidelity), scenario-based drills training, e-learning and combinations. A common theme was simulation for rare events such as perimortem caesarean, impacted foetal head and uterine rupture. Combination studies appeared to provide a more comprehensive training experience. Studies rarely adequately assessed the educational or clinical effectiveness of the simulation methods. SUMMARY: There are different types of simulator models and manikins available for caesarean section training. Simulation-based training may improve technical skills and nontechnical skills, in a risk-free environment. More research is needed into simulation training effectiveness and its efficient incorporation into practice for improving outcomes.

Transfer of an interprofessional emergency caesarean section training program: using questionnaire combined with outcome data of newborn.

PUPROSE: An emergency caesarean section is a potentially life-threatening situation both for the mother and the newborn. Non-technical skills can be improved by simulation training and are necessary to manage this urgent situation successfully. The objective of this study was to investigate, if training of emergency caesarean section can be transferred into daily work to improve the outcome parameters pH an APGAR of the newborn. METHODS: In this pre-post study, 141 professionals took part in a training for emergency caesarean section. Participants received a questionnaire, based on the tools "Training Evaluation Inventory" and "Transfer Climate Questionnaire" 1 year after training. Outcome data of the newborn were collected from the hospitals information system. RESULTS: Except the scale "extinction", Cronbach's alpha was higher than 0.62. All scales were rated lower than 2.02 on a 5-point Likert Scale (1 = fullest approval; 5 = complete rejection). "Negative reinforcement" was rated with 2.87 (SD 0.73). There were no significant differences in outcome data prior. The questionnaire fulfils criteria for application except the scale "extinction". CONCLUSION: The presented training course was perceived as useful by the professionals and attitudes toward training were positive; the content was positively reinforced in practice 1 year after training. Parameters of the newborn did not change. It is conceivable that other outcome parameters (e.g. posttraumatic stress disorder) are addressed by the training. The development of relevant outcome parameters for the quality of emergency sections needs further investigation.

Resident and Program Director Confidence in Resident Surgical Preparedness in Obstetrics and Gynecologic Training Programs.

OBJECTIVE: To assess self-reported readiness of U.S. obstetrics and gynecology residents to perform surgical procedures compared with the perceptions of their program directors. METHODS: The 2019 Council on Resident Education in Obstetrics and Gynecology Survey assessed resident self-confidence and perceived readiness to independently perform common surgical procedures. Concurrently, obstetrics and gynecology residency program directors were surveyed about the readiness of their graduating residents to independently perform the same procedures. RESULTS: The overall response rate was 99.3% for residents (5,473/5,514 examinees attempted to complete the survey) and 83% for program directors (241/292 returned surveys). There were no significant differences in graduating residents and program directors' assessments of graduating residents' surgical confidence in performing cesarean delivery (99.6% [95% CI 98.9-99.9] vs 100% [95% CI 98.2-100.0]), vacuum delivery (96.5% [95% CI 95.2-97.4] vs 98.6% [95% CI 95.9-99.7]), abdominal hysterectomy (95.1% [95% CI 93.6-96.2] vs 96.7% [95% CI 93.3-98.7]) or operative hysteroscopy (99.5% [95% CI 98.9-99.9] vs 100% [95% CI 98.2-100.0]). Ninety percent, 86%, and 69% of graduating residents felt that they could independently perform an abdominal hysterectomy, laparoscopic hysterectomy, and vaginal hysterectomy, respectively, in the event of an emergency. Ninety-seven percent (95% CI 93.3-98.7) of program directors reported their residents could perform a laparoscopic hysterectomy by graduation, as did 93% of graduating resident respondents (95% CI 90.8-94.0). Ninety percent (95% CI 85.3-93.8) of program directors felt their residents could perform vaginal hysterectomies by graduation, compared with 79% (95% CI 76.9-81.8) of fourth-year residents. CONCLUSION: Graduating obstetrics and gynecology residents and their program directors are confident in their abilities to perform the majority of core surgical procedures by graduation. By the second year, more than 90% of residents and their program directors were confident in their ability to perform cesarean deliveries and operative hysteroscopy. Sixty-nine percent and 86% of graduating residents felt comfortable performing vaginal and laparoscopic hysterectomies, respectively.

Graduate Midwifery Education in Uganda Aiming to Improve Maternal and Newborn Health Outcomes.

Background: Maternal and newborn health outcomes in Uganda have remained poor. The major challenge affecting the implementation of maternal and newborn interventions includes a shortage of skilled midwives. In 2013, Lira University, a Ugandan Public University, in partnership with Seed Global Health, started the first Bachelor of Science in Midwifery (BScM) in Uganda with a vision to develop a Master of Science in Midwifery (MScM) in the future. Objective: Evaluate results of Lira University's Bachelors in Midwifery program to help inform the development of a Masters in Midwifery program, which would expand midwifery competencies in surgical obstetric and newborn care. Methods: Lira University and Ministry of Health records provided data on curriculum content, student enrollment and internships. The internship reports of the graduate midwives were reviewed to collect data on their employment and scope of practice. Interviews were also conducted with the graduates to confirm the added skills they were able to apply and their outcomes. Findings: The critical competences incorporated into the Bachelor in Midwifery curriculum included competences to care for pre- and post-operative caesarian section patients or assist in a caesarean section, newborn care (e.g. resuscitation from birth asphyxia), anesthesia, and theatre techniques, among others. Overall, 356 students (40.2% male, 59.8% female) enrolled in the BScM program over the period 2013-2018. Annual data shows an increasing trend in enrollment. Of the 32 graduates in January 2019, 87.6% were employed in maternal and newborn healthcare facilities, and 12.4% were employed in midwifery private practice. Follow-up interviews revealed that the graduate midwives reported positive maternal and newborn outcomes and the ability to practice advanced obstetrics and newborn care skills they acquired from the training. Conclusion: There is growing interest in a graduate midwifery education program in Uganda for both male and female students. The retention of the graduate midwives in healthcare facilities gives a renewed hope for mothers and newborns, who benefit from their extra obstetrics and newborn care competences in settings where there are neither medical doctors nor obstetricians and gynecologists. Recommendations: Further, larger tracer studies of the graduate midwives to identify the kinds of obstetric surgeries and newborn care services they ably performed and their corresponding maternal and newborn health outcomes is recommended. Also recommended is advocacy for recognition of extra skills of graduate midwives by health authorities in Uganda and the region.

Improving Learners' Comfort With Cesarean Sections Through the Use of High-Fidelity, Low-Cost Simulation.

Introduction: Several studies have demonstrated effective simulation-based training for laparoscopic procedures in OB/GYN, but limited simulation curricula exist for abdominal procedures, particularly cesarean sections (CSs). Methods: We developed a high-fidelity modification of an existing CS model costing about $25 and incorporated it into a 90-minute teaching simulation event for medical students and OB/GYN residents in a single academic program. The simulation included a structured curriculum, pre-/postsimulation surveys, a surgical instrument review, a mannequin with the CS model containing a fetus in breech position, and live video streaming. Our surveys assessed participants' comfort with the procedure and its related components on a 5-point scale, and we used a paired t test to analyze our data. Results: Twenty-two learners (eight third-year medical students, one fourth-year medical student, three first-year residents, four second-year residents, one third-year resident, four fourth-year residents, and one unknown level) participated in this simulation. We found a statistically significant improvement in perceived CS instrument knowledge, suturing skills, and satisfaction with the model among all participants. Only third-year medical students had a statistically significant increase in comfort level in performing a CS after the simulation. Video streaming engaged a wider audience, but poor lighting and audio limited its efficacy. Discussion: Using this simulation model at the end of medical school or early in residency may have the greatest positive effect on resident comfort with CSs. This low-cost and versatile model can be used across educational settings, including OB/GYN interest group activities, intern boot camp, and interprofessional emergency drills.

Study of childbirth education classes and evaluation of their effectiveness.

BACKGROUND: Childbirth education classes are antenatal support services offered to pregnant women or to the couple, aimed at increasing their knowledge regarding pregnancy, labour, delivery, breastfeeding, parenthood and newborn care. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of Birthing Classes through the analysis of the occurrence of C-section, epidural analgesia, behavior during labor and delivery of the women who participated to the course as compared to those who did not attend it. Moreover, the level of satisfaction of pregnant women who attended the course was measured with a questionnaire of 20 items handed out after the delivery. METHODS: To measure the satisfaction level of pregnant women, in the period from February 2017 to October 2017, a questionnaire of 20 items was used. In order to analyze the results of the births the medical records were consulted. RESULTS: In the period of time going from February 2017 to October 2017 there were 147 women who have delivered and who have filled in the questionnaire. According to the multivariable analysis, there were no differences in the frequency of C-sections between the two groups (OR=0.8, 95%CI=0.3-1.7, p=0.503), whereas the frequency of epidural analgesia was lower in women who attended the Birthing Class (OR=0.3, 95%CI=0.1-0.9, p=0.036). We also observed that women who attended the Birthing Class: 1) had a higher likelihood of using breathing techniques during the labor (OR=5.5, 95%CI=1.5-20.0, p=0.009); 2) had a higher likelihood of taking advantage of the visualization exercises during the labor (OR=2.5, 95%CI=1.1-6.0, p=0.039). There was no other relevant difference between the two groups. DISCUSSION: The benefits of perinatal education are difficult to evaluate systematically, and further research would be required to determine real effects and agree upon reliable indicators of effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified several positive factors that confirm the results of other studies indicating that antenatal classes are effective for women giving birth for the first time/nulliparous women, based on an analysis of childbirth outcomes, in order to improve maternal and neonatal health.

A before and after study of the impact on obstetric and perinatal outcomes following the introduction of an educational package of fetal heart rate monitoring education coupled with umbilical artery lactate sampling in a low resource setting labor ward in South Africa.

INTRODUCTION: Rates of cesarean section (CS) are increasing and abnormal fetal heart rate tracing and concern about consequent acidosis remain one of the most common indications for primary CS. Umbilical artery (UA) lactate sampling provides clinicians with point of care feedback on CTG interpretation and intrapartum care and may result in altered future practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 3rd March - 12th November 2014 we undertook a before and after study in Pretoria, South Africa, to determine the impact of introducing a clinical package of fetal heart rate monitoring education and prompt feedback with UA cord lactate sampling, using a hand-held meter, on maternal and perinatal outcomes. RESULTS: Nine hundred thirty-six consecutive samples were analyzed (pre n = 374 and post n = 562). There was no difference in mean lactate (4.6 mmol/L [95%CI 4.4-4.8] compared with 4.9 mmol/L [95%CI 4.7-5.1], p = 0.089). Suspected fetal compromise was reduced in the post-intervention period: 30·2% vs 22·1%, aOR 0·71, 95% CI 0·52-0·96, p = 0·027. Cesarean section rates were significantly reduced in the univariate analysis: pre- 40·3% vs post-intervention 31·6% (p = 0·007). This reduction remained significant when adjusted for previous cesarean section, primiparity, maternal HIV infection and preterm birth (aOR 0·72, 95%CI 0·54-0·98, p = 0·035). Neonatal outcomes did not differ between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The introduction of a clinical practice package of fetal heart rate monitoring education combined with routine UA cord lactate sampling has the potential to reduce the cesarean section rate without increasing adverse neonatal outcomes in a low-resource setting.

Acquisition of Surgical Skills by Final-Year Medical Students in State-Owned Medical Schools of Cameroon: Are We Doing Any Good?

INTRODUCTION: World Health Organization recommends that basic surgical care be administered at the district level. In the absence of qualified surgeons, general practitioners are sometimes proposed to bridge the gap. Medical curricula in low- and middle-income countries must be designed accordingly. The aim of this study was to assess the achievements of training of undergraduate medical students in Cameroon towards meeting this objective. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in the four state-owned medical schools in Cameroon. All students who had completed all clinical rotations were assessed with a self-administered questionnaire for their exposure and self-perceived comfort in conducting some selected basic surgical skills and procedures. RESULTS: A total of 304 (87.6%) students returned filled questionnaires. Their self-perceived comfort in surgical skills ranged from 25% (manual node tying) to 86% (surgical scrubbing). Adequate exposure to selected surgical procedures was 87% for repair of perineal tear complicating vaginal delivery, above 80% for caesarean section and incision and drainage of abscess, 73% for cast immobilization of extremity fracture and just above 50% for hernia repair and appendectomy. It was as low as 3% for bowel resection and anastomosis. The choice to perform extra-curricular activity for skills improvement was significantly associated with adequate exposure (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Overall, the mastery of practical surgical skills and basic surgical interventions by final-year medical students in Cameroon is insufficient. There is need to reinforce the training and assessment by creating the conditions for an appropriate exposure of medical students during surgical rotations.

Simulation of an impacted fetal head extraction during cesarean section: description of the creation and evaluation of a new training program.

Background Although cesarean sections at full dilatation are increasing, training in delivering a deeply impacted fetal head is lacking among obstetricians. The purpose of the study was to implement and evaluate a theoretical and simulation-based training program for this obstetrical emergency. Methods We developed a training program consisting of a theoretical introduction presenting a clinical algorithm, developed on the basis of the available literature, followed by a simulation session. We used the Kirkpatrick's framework to evaluate the program. A questionnaire was distributed, directly before, immediately and 6 weeks after the training. Self-perceived competencies were evaluated on a 6-point Likert scale. Pre- and post-test differences in the Likert scale were measured with the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Additionally, the training sessions were video recorded and rated with a checklist in relation to how well the algorithm was followed. Results Eleven residents and eight senior physicians took part to the training. More than 40% of participants experienced a comparable situation after the course during clinical work. Their knowledge and self-perceived competencies improved immediately after the training program and 6 weeks later. Major improvements were seen in the awareness of the algorithm and in the confidence in performing the reverse breech extraction (14.3% of the participants felt confident with the maneuver in the pre-training assessment compared with 66.7% 6 week post-training). Conclusion Our theoretical and simulation-based training program was successful in improving knowledge and confidence of the participants in delivering a deeply impacted fetal head during a cesarean section performed at full dilation.

Training Cesarean Section: A Scoping Review.

STATEMENT: This study is a scoping review that reviews the existing literature on educational strategies in training of cesarean section. A systematic search was carried out in relevant databases, identifying 28 studies for inclusion. Thematic analysis revealed the following training strategies: simulation-based training (team training, in situ training, technical training), simulators (low-fidelity simulators, high-fidelity simulators), clinical training, e-learning or videos, classroom-based learning (lectures, small groups), and assessment (assessment programs/interventions, assessment of learners). Simulation-based training provides a unique milieu for training in a safe and controlled environment. Simulation-based team training is widely accepted and used in obstetrics and improves nontechnical skills, which are important in emergency cesarean section. High-fidelity simulators are advanced and realistic, but because of the expense, low-fidelity simulators may provide a reasonable method for training surgical skills. The literature in training and assessment of surgical skills in relation to cesarean section is sparse, and more studies are warranted.

Simulation-based educational package to improve delivery of the deeply impacted fetal head at caesarean section.

Deeply impacted fetal head at caesarean section at full dilation is a rare obstetric emergency, and exposure for trainees can be limited. We aimed to pilot and evaluate a hospital-based training program incorporating mastery learning principles for trainees performing caesarean section at full dilation. We demonstrated improvements in knowledge, skills and self-confidence, and feel that this educational package shows promise as an important component of obstetric training, and warrants further exploration in the future.

A Standardized Approach to Cesarean Surgical Technique and Its Effect on Operative Time and Surgical Morbidity.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of a standardized surgical technique for primary cesarean deliveries (CDs) on operative time and surgical morbidity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two-year retrospective chart review of primary CD performed around the implementation of a standardized CD surgical technique. The primary outcome was total operative time (TOT). Secondary outcomes included incision-to-delivery time (ITDT), surgical site infection, blood loss, and maternal and fetal injuries. RESULTS: When comparing pre- versus postimplementation surgical times, there was no significant difference in TOT (76.5 vs. 75.9 minutes, respectively; p = 0.42) or ITDT (9.8 vs. 8.8 minutes, respectively; p = 0.06) when the entire cohort was analyzed. Subgroup analysis of CD performed early versus late in an academic year among the pre- and postimplementation groups showed no significant difference in TOT (79.3 early vs. 73.8 minutes late; p = 0.10) or ITDT (10.8 early vs. 8.8 minutes late; p = 0.06) within the preimplementation group. In the postimplementation group, however, there was significant decrease in TOT (80.5 early vs. 71.3 minutes late; p = 0.02) and ITDT (10.6 early vs. 6.8 minutes late; p < 0.01). Secondary outcomes were similar for both groups. CONCLUSION: A standardized surgical technique combined with surgical experience can decrease TOT and ITDT in primary CD without increasing maternal morbidity.

Dando um Google na qualidade das informações sobre cesárea, para leigos, no Brasil em 2018 / Googling the quality of information for lay people on caesarean sections in Brazil, 2018

Introdução: No Brasil, a maioria dos nascimentos é por cirurgia cesárea (CC), sendo amplamente utilizada no setor privado, mesmo com pesquisas indicando que quando as taxas de CC ultrapassam10-15%, os riscos adicionais superam os benefícios. A informação sobre benefícios e riscos das intervenções é fundamental para uma assistência segura e efetiva. É considerável o aumento de busca na web durante a gestação, no entanto, a qualidade das informações é questionável. Objetivo: avaliar a qualidade e abrangência das informações disponíveis sobre cesariana para leigos, em português, após um conjunto de políticas públicas para regular esta prática (2014/2015), na internet em geral e no site da Federação Brasileira de Associações de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia (FEBRASGO). Métodos: Trata-se de estudo documental observacional, transversal e analítico. A palavra "cesárea" e 25 sinônimos foram submetidos no campo de procura do site da FEBRASGO e em cinco motores de pesquisa para avaliar a preferência dos termos de busca. Os links catalogados foram analisados por dois pesquisadores independentes utilizando dois checklists: o DISCERN e um checklist específico para conteúdo. Adicionalmente, apresentou-se um debate sobre o sentido do nascimento, o ciberativismo e as políticas público no Brasil. Optou-se pela apresentação da tese no formato de três publicações, sendo duas já submetidas. Resultados: A palavra "cesaria" é a forma mais frequente, seguida de "cesarea". Na análise do conteúdo geral da internet, a produção de dado proveniente do Google.com.br representou apenas 45,5% (n = 235, 2018), sendo que este buscador tem a preferência de 94,5% dos brasileiros. Um terço do conteúdo esteve associado com informações relativas à recuperação da CC, resultado similar ao apontado pelo Google Trends com termos preferencias de busca na internet. As páginas Web foram melhor avaliadas em 2018 que em 2013, principalmente no critério de confiabilidade. O número páginas Web obtídos em 2018 foi 33% maior que em 2013, sendo que 93% eram inéditas. No site da FEBRASGO, foram observadas três fases distintas: 1) sem informação para leigos sobre CC, até 2014; 2) momento defensivo, onde os conteúdos estavam associados às medidas de redução de CC; 3) informativo, melhor redigido e autoral em 2018, porém, sem debater indicações, riscos e seu uso abusivo, no qual a CC é apenas citada dentro de outros temas. O debate sobre os ritos, mitos e as narrativas utilizadas no nascimento institucionalizado do Brasil traçou um paralelo teórico dos estudos entre o interacionismo simbólico de Mead e Blumer, com Davis Floyd e Diniz. Conclusões: Comparando os períodos de 2013 e 2018, nota-se melhora na confiabilidade da informação, porém, com uma queda do número de indicações e danos potenciais, e mais informação sobre recuperação. A cesárea é tratada frequentemente como fato consumado, tema que as gestantes estão mais interessadas. As associações médicas profissionais não tem promovido a devida informação sobre gravidez e parto, em linguagem apropriada para leigos, a Febrasgo poderia ocupar um lugar de referência na apomediação da relação médico-paciente, através de uma área dedicada a pacientes. O questionamento à epidemia de cesáreas se beneficiou da participação de iniciativas coletivas que representam narrativas independentes, como de grupos organizados de usuárias. Para a oferta de informações úteis à promoção de melhores resultados maternos e infantis, é necessária a mobilização em todas esferas sociais, públicas e privadas, e entre movimentos sociais, para a produção de conteúdo sobre CS com bases científicas, e uma orientação aos profissionais de saúde em recomendar páginas Web de qualidade às gestantes

Introduction: In Brazil, the majority of births are due to cesarean surgery (CC), being widely used in the private sector, even with research indicating that when CC rates exceed 10-15%, the additional risks outweigh the benefits. Information on benefits and risks of interventions is critical to safe and effective care. There is a growing trend for web research during pregnancy; however, the quality of information found is questionable. Objectives: This research aims to evaluate the quality and comprehensiveness of available information on CC for laypeople in Portuguese, following implementation of a set of public policies aimed at regulating this practice (2014/2015), on the internet in general and on the website of the Brazilian Federation of Associations of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FEBRASGO). Methods: An observational, transversal, analytical documentary research. The word "cesarean" and 25 synonyms were submitted in the search field of the FEBRASGO website and in five search engines to evaluate the preference of search terms.Two independent researchers using checklists to analyze the cataloged links: the DISCERN and a specific checklist for content.In addition, a debate was presented on the meaning of birth, cyberpolitics and public policies in Brazil.The thesis is presented in the article format, of the three publications, two already submitted.Results:The preliminary results on Internet search shows that the word "cesaria" is the most frequent form of the internet, followed by "cesarea". In the analysis of the general content of the internet, the production of data from Google.com.br represented only 45.5% (n = 235, 2018), and this search engine has the preference of 94.5% of Brazilians.One-third of the content was associated with CC recovery, a similar result to the one pointed out by Google Trends as preferences for internet search terms.The webpage (WP) number collected in 2018 was 33% higher than in 2013, and 93% of the previous were unpublished before. In 2018, WP were better endorsed than 2013 ones, particularly concerning the reliability criterion. On the FEBRASGO's website, analysis went through three phases: 1) no information for lay people about CC in 2014; 2) defensive texts associated with the CC reduction measures, in 2016; 3) a more informative, better written and authorial content in 2018, but with no debate on indications and abusive use of CC, only mentioned in other topic CC. The debate about the rites, myths and narratives used in the institutionalized birth of Brazil drew a theoretical parallel between the symbolic interactionism by Mead and Blumer and those by Davis Floyd and Diniz. Conclusions: When comparing the two periods, there is an improvement in the quality of information on CS, but with a decrease in the number of texts on indications and potential damages, as well as a rise on information about recovery from the surgery - often treated as a fait accompli - which is also a theme of great interest to pregnant women. Medical corporations have not promoted adequate information on pregnancy and childbirth in language appropriate for laypeople and need to be a reference in apomediation the physician-patient relationship through an area dedicated to patients. The questioning of the CS epidemy has benefited from the participation of collective initiatives that represent independent narratives, such as organized groups of healthcare consumers. To provide useful information that will improve the lives of mothers and infants, it's necessary to act in all social spheres, such as the public and the private, and across different social movements, producing CS related content based on scientific evidence, and guide healthcare professionals to recommending quality PW to pregnant women

The potential value of surrogate performance markers at caesarean section for the assessment of surgical competence.

OBJECTIVES: We hypothsised that surrogate markers of competence (procedure time and estimated surgical blood loss) could be of value when assessing competence for trainees learning to undertake lower segment caesarean section (LSCS). The study aim was to investigate differences in surrogate markers of surgical competence at LSCS between different training grades of primary surgeon and for different grades of surgical assistant; to assess the potential value of using these surrogate markers in overall assessments of surgical competence. STUDY DESIGN: Operating records for elective LSCS were reviewed from January 2007 to January 2015. Uncomplicated LSCS where a junior trainee (ST2/ST3) or a senior trainee (ST6+) was the primary surgeon were included. Inclusion criteria were LSCS with body mass index less than 35, singleton pregnancy, greater than 34 weeks' gestation, no more than one previous caesarean section and no low-lying placenta. Procedure time, estimated blood loss and the effect of the grade of surgical assistant (consultant or trainee) on these were compared overall for all surgeons at ST2 level, ST3 level and senior level (ST6+) using Student's t test and effect size calculation (Cohen test). RESULTS: During the study period 3099 uncomplicated LSCS were performed by 60 trainees: 1367 by ST2, 1085 by ST3 and 646 by senior trainees (ST6+). Mean procedure times and recorded estimated blood loss decreased significantly for each level of training (p < 0.05). The degree of experience of the surgical assistant was also associated with reduced procedure times and blood loss, this was significant for trainees in ST2 when assisted by a consultant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Training progression is associated with a reduction in procedure time and estimated blood loss, which are both surrogate markers of competence at LSCS. Current objective structured assessments of technical competence for trainees (OSATS) do not take these metrics into account when assessing performance. An enhanced assessment of trainees undertaking LSCS is suggested, reviewing both objective structured assessments of technical performance (OSATS) and surrogate markers of performance recorded in a surgical logbook to provide a more comprehensive assessment of overall competence.

Teaching and performing audits on caesarean delivery reduce the caesarean delivery rate.

AIM: To assess the factors associated with lower rate of caesarean deliveries in the South of France, based on the characteristics and organisation of the region's 40 maternity facilities and the characteristics of the practitioners in these facilities. METHOD: A retrospective study from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2015. Data were collected by the Mediterranean network and a declarative survey was completed by each maternity facility in the region to study factor which could be associated with lower caesarean rate by univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: 250 564 women gave birth during this period, of which 55 097 by caesarean section. The mean caesarean delivery rate over the four years was 22.0%. The rate was significantly higher in private maternity facilities [23.9% (21.9%- 25.8%), p<0.05] and type III (maximum care level) maternity facilities [24.2% (21.3%- 27.1%), p<0.05]. After a stepwise regression, the factors associated with a decrease in the caesarean delivery rate were audits concerning caesarean delivery (19.83%, ß = - 2.48, p = 0.03 over the four years) and the provision of training to trainee doctors at the maternity facility (20.28%, ß = - 1.08, p = 0.04 over the four years). CONCLUSION: Performing audits in relation to caesarean deliveries could affect the caesarean. Teaching trainee doctors could be an indicator of quality of caesarean practices. They should be encouraged in maternity facilities to reduce the rate of caesareans.

Women's and communities' views of targeted educational interventions to reduce unnecessary caesarean section: a qualitative evidence synthesis.

BACKGROUND: There is continued debate about the role of women and communities in influencing rising rates of caesarean section (CS). In settings where CS rates exceed recommended levels, mothers and babies are exposed to potential harms that may outweigh the potential benefits. There is therefore a need to understand how educational interventions targeted at women and communities to reduce unnecessary CS are perceived and used. This qualitative evidence synthesis aimed to explore what women and communities say about the barriers and facilitators to intervention effectiveness for these important groups. METHOD: Seven electronic databases were searched using predefined search terms. Studies reporting qualitative data pertaining to interventions, published between 1985 and March 2017, with no language restriction were sought. Study quality was independently assessed by two authors before qualitative evidence synthesis was undertaken using an interpretive, meta-ethnography approach. Resulting Statements of Findings were assessed using GRADE-CERQual, and summarised thematically. RESULTS: Twelve studies were included. They were published between 2001 and 2016. Eleven were from high-income countries. Twelve Summaries of Findings encompassed the data, and were graded (moderate or high) on CerQual. The Statements of Findings are reported under three final themes: 1) Mutability of women's and communities' beliefs about birth; 2) Multiplicity of individual information needs about birth; 3) Interactions with health professionals and influence of healthcare system on actual birth method. Women and communities value educational interventions that include opportunities for dialogue, are individualised (including acknowledgement of previous birth experiences), and are consistent with available clinical care and the advice of the health professional they come into contact with. CONCLUSION: Women's values and preferences for birth, and for information format and content, vary across populations, and evolves in individual women over time. Interactions with health professionals and health system factors can partly be responsible for changes in views. Educational interventions should take into account these dynamic interactions, as well as the women's need for emotional support and dialogue with professionals alongside information about birth. Further research is required to test these findings and the utility of their practical application, particularly in medium and low income settings. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO 2017 CRD42017059453 .

[Interdisciplinary Simulation of Emergency Caesarean Section to Improve Subjective Competence]. / Subjektiver Kompetenzgewinn zur Durchführung eines Notfallkaiserschnitts mittels interdisziplinärem Simulationstraining.

The emergency caesaran section is a gynecological emergency situation which is potentially life-threatening for mother and child. In the management of these time-critical situations human factors as well as the competence of the crisis resource management team have been shown to be important factors for success. The concept "simulation" has not been validated as a training tool for professional competence of multidisciplinary teams in the delivery suite. The aim of this study was, to assess the competence gain by subjective evaluation of the team members after taking part in an emergency caesarian section training which is integrable into the daily clinic setting. Method 36 members of a multidisciplinary team of a delivery suite took part in a 4-hourly "high-fidelity" simulation training "emergency caesarian section". Scenarios were created around the case setting of eclampsia with bradycardia of the child, uterus rupture, placenta abruption and cord prolapse. Each participant was involved in 2 scenarios as either a spectator or a team member. Using a questionnaire, the course performance and debriefing were evaluated and the subjective professional competence in Crisis Resource Management were recorded. Results In the collective of the trainee (over/equal 5 years), 25% had no experience in any cases of emergency caesarean in practice. On a scale of 1 to 6 (1=very good, 6=fail) the course was given an overall mark of 1.4 and a mark of 1.8 for its relevance to daily work. 6 months after the training, participants rated their competencies in prioritising necessary actions, following treatment plans, communicating among the team members as well as integrating new information as significantly improved. Conclusion The 4-hour simulation training can be easily integrated into everyday clinical practice. The participants marked the course scenarios as realistic and relevant for their clinical practice. The number of years of prior work experience is not significanty related with the experience in rare emergency situations. The interdisciplinary team training is a way to improve individual performance as well as to establish and practise interdisciplinary emergency concepts.

Learning Curve Characteristics for Caesarean Section Among Associate Clinicians: A Prospective Study from Sierra Leone.

BACKGROUND: In response to the high maternal mortality ratio, Sierra Leone has adopted an associate clinician postgraduate surgical task-sharing training programme. Little is known about learning curve characteristics for caesarean sections among associate clinicians. The aim of this study is to evaluate the number of caesarean sections needed to be performed by associate clinicians until there is no further significant reduction in operation time. METHODS: This prospective study evaluates the first 50 caesarean sections performed by trainees between January 2011 and June 2016. Primary outcome was total operating time in minutes (incision to suturing time). Secondary outcomes were length of hospital stay, surgical site infections, estimated operative bloodloss and in-hospital postoperative mortality. RESULTS: A total of 1174 caesarean sections performed by 24 trainees were analysed. Total operation time significantly reduced during the first 15 operations from mean (SD) operation time 72 (27)-51 (18) min after 15 procedures (p < 0.001). Estimated bloodloss did not significantly vary among the first 50 caesarean sections. Surgical site infections were reported in 3.7% of the operations, which was higher during the first 15 operations (6.8%) compared to the following 35 operations (2.3%). Length of stay reduced from median (range) 9 (2-39)-6 (2-127) days after 15 operations, but there was no reduction in maternal mortality. CONCLUSION: While gaining experience, the operation time of associate clinicians significantly reduced during the first 15 caesarean sections. Estimated bloodloss is not related to trainees experience.