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1.
Sci Transl Med ; 15(726): eadg8105, 2023 12 13.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38091410

ABSTRACT

Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, affects millions of people in the Americas and across the world, leading to considerable morbidity and mortality. Current treatment options, benznidazole (BNZ) and nifurtimox, offer limited efficacy and often lead to adverse side effects because of long treatment durations. Better treatment options are therefore urgently required. Here, we describe a pyrrolopyrimidine series, identified through phenotypic screening, that offers an opportunity to improve on current treatments. In vitro cell-based washout assays demonstrate that compounds in the series are incapable of killing all parasites; however, combining these pyrrolopyrimidines with a subefficacious dose of BNZ can clear all parasites in vitro after 5 days. These findings were replicated in a clinically predictive in vivo model of chronic Chagas disease, where 5 days of treatment with the combination was sufficient to prevent parasite relapse. Comprehensive mechanism of action studies, supported by ligand-structure modeling, show that compounds from this pyrrolopyrimidine series inhibit the Qi active site of T. cruzi cytochrome b, part of the cytochrome bc1 complex of the electron transport chain. Knowledge of the molecular target enabled a cascade of assays to be assembled to evaluate selectivity over the human cytochrome b homolog. As a result, a highly selective and efficacious lead compound was identified. The combination of our lead compound with BNZ rapidly clears T. cruzi parasites, both in vitro and in vivo, and shows great potential to overcome key issues associated with currently available treatments.


Subject(s)
Chagas Disease , Parasites , Trypanocidal Agents , Trypanosoma cruzi , Animals , Humans , Cytochromes b , Trypanocidal Agents/adverse effects , Chagas Disease/drug therapy , Chagas Disease/chemically induced , Chagas Disease/parasitology
2.
Toxicol Lett ; 377: 71-82, 2023 Mar 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36775077

ABSTRACT

Benznidazole is the drug of choice for the treatment of Chagas disease, but its metabolism in humans is unclear. Here, we identified and characterized the major benznidazole metabolites and their biosynthetic mechanisms in humans by analyzing the ionic profiles of urine samples from patients and untreated donors through reversed-phase UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS and UHPLC-ESI-QqLIT-MS. A strategy for simultaneous detection and fragmentation of characteristic positive and negative ions was employed using information-dependent acquisitions (IDA). Selected precursor ions, neutral losses, and MS3 experiments complemented the study. A total of six phase-I and ten phase-II metabolites were identified and structurally characterized in urine of benznidazole-treated patients. Based on creatinine-corrected ion intensities, nitroreduction to amino-benznidazole (M1) and its subsequent N-glucuronidation to M5 were the main metabolic pathways, followed by imidazole-ring cleavage, oxidations, and cysteine conjugations. This extensive exploration of benznidazole metabolites revealed potentially toxic structures in the form of glucuronides and glutathione derivatives, which may be associated with recurrent treatment adverse events; this possibility warrants further exploration in future clinical trials. Incorporation of this knowledge of the benznidazole metabolic profile into clinical pharmacology trials could lead to improved treatments, facilitate the study of possible drug-drug interactions, and even mitigation of adverse drug reactions.


Subject(s)
Chagas Disease , Nitroimidazoles , Humans , Mass Spectrometry , Chagas Disease/drug therapy , Chagas Disease/chemically induced , Nitroimidazoles/therapeutic use , Ions , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
3.
Microbiol Spectr ; 10(4): e0135722, 2022 08 31.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35938810

ABSTRACT

Dermatitis is the most common adverse event during treatment with benznidazole in chronic Chagas disease and is probably mediated by T cells. A set of molecules representative of the different type IV hypersensitivity reactions was evaluated in the circulation and skin biopsies of Trypanosoma cruzi-infected subjects presenting dermatitis during benznidazole administration. Through cytometric bead assays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay capture techniques, the serum levels of cytokines, chemokines, proapoptotic molecules, and mediators of the activation and migration of eosinophils and T cells were measured in subjects infected with Trypanosoma cruzi who exhibited skin adverse events (n = 22) and compared with those without adverse events (n = 37) during benznidazole therapy. Serum levels of interleukin- 5 (IL-5), soluble Fas cell surface death receptor ligand (FAS-L), and interferon γ-induced protein (IP-10) significantly increased at 7 to 30 days posttreatment with benznidazole and decreased thereafter in subjects with dermatitis but not in those without dermatitis. Circulating eotaxin levels were lower in subjects with dermatitis than in those without. Two patterns emerged in the skin biopsies: a T helper 1/T cytotoxic profile and a T helper 2/T cytotoxic profile with the presence of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL), glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), uremia, and T cell activation emerged as risk factors for the development of dermatitis during benznidazole administration. These results support a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to benznidazole, involving CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and eosinophils, and a mixed cytokine profile. This study provides new insights for better management of adverse drug reactions to benznidazole. IMPORTANCE This study identified the risk factors for the development of adverse reactions to benznidazole and identified a set molecule to monitor the appearance of these reactions. This knowledge might improve the safety of benznidazole administration.


Subject(s)
Chagas Disease , Dermatitis , Nitroimidazoles , Trypanosoma cruzi , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes , Chagas Disease/chemically induced , Chagas Disease/drug therapy , Dermatitis/drug therapy , Humans , Nitroimidazoles/adverse effects
4.
Br J Clin Pharmacol ; 88(2): 383-402, 2022 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33314266

ABSTRACT

Chagas disease (CD) is a worldwide problem, with over 8 million people infected in both rural and urban areas. CD was first described over a century ago, but only two drugs are currently available for CD treatment: benznidazole (BZN) and nifurtimox (NF). Treating CD-infected patients, especially children and women of reproductive age, is vital in order to prevent long-term sequelae, such as heart and gastrointestinal dysfunction, but this aim is still far from being accomplished. Currently, the strongest data to support benefit-risk considerations come from trials in children. Treatment response biomarkers need further development as serology is being questioned as the best method to assess treatment response. This article is a narrative review on the pharmacology of drugs for CD, particularly BZN and NF. Data on drug biopharmaceutical characteristics, safety and efficacy of both drugs are summarized from a clinical perspective. Current data on alternative compounds under evaluation for CD treatment, and new possible treatment response biomarkers are also discussed. Early diagnosis and treatment of CD, especially in paediatric patients, is vital for an effective and safe use of the available drugs (i.e. BZN and NF). New biomarkers for CD are urgently needed for the diagnosis and evaluation of treatment efficacy, and to guide efforts from academia and pharmaceutical companies to accelerate the process of new drug development.


Subject(s)
Chagas Disease , Trypanosoma cruzi , Biomarkers , Chagas Disease/chemically induced , Chagas Disease/diagnosis , Chagas Disease/drug therapy , Child , Female , Humans , Nifurtimox/adverse effects , Treatment Outcome
7.
Am J Dermatopathol ; 34(6): e84-9, 2012 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22814327

ABSTRACT

Chagas disease is a zoonosis caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. It presents as a chronic evolution and produces high morbidity and mortality in countries where the disease is endemic, as in ours. The skin disease is very rare and results from the reactivation of latent disease as a result of immunosuppression, presenting with acute, atypical, and severe lesions. We describe the case of a patient who was unaware of being a carrier of Chagas disease and presented reactivation after immunosuppressive therapy instituted to treat her systemic lupus erythematosus.


Subject(s)
Azathioprine/adverse effects , Azathioprine/therapeutic use , Chagas Disease/chemically induced , Immunosuppressive Agents/adverse effects , Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy , Adult , Biopsy , Chagas Disease/diagnosis , Chagas Disease/drug therapy , Female , Humans , Nitroimidazoles/therapeutic use , Skin/parasitology , Skin/pathology , Treatment Outcome , Trypanocidal Agents/therapeutic use , Trypanosoma cruzi/isolation & purification
8.
Rio de Janeiro; s.n; 2011. xvii,186 p. ilus, tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-746877

ABSTRACT

A infecção pelo Trypanosoma cruzi promove alterações em órgãos linfóides. O timo apresenta-se atrofiado com depleção de células CD4+CD8+ (DP) na fase aguda. Em órgãos linfóides periféricos, os linfonodos subcutâneos (LSC) e o baço apresentam-se hipertrofiados com aumento de células T e B, enquanto os linfonodos mesentéricos (LM) apresentam-se atrofiados devido à morte dessas células. Nesse trabalho estudamos os efeitos da infecção pelo T. cruzi sobre células epiteliais tímicas (TEC) e timócitos, bem como o papel do timo no comportamento de órgãos linfóides periféricos. Em experimentos de infecção in vitro, avaliamos TEC, abordando a expressão de ligantes e receptores da matriz extracelular (ECM), e ainda, as possíveis conseqüências desse aumento de ECM sobre a interação de TEC/timócitos ou TEC/parasita. Nossos resultados demonstram que a infecção promove diminuição do número de TEC, alterações morfológicas e aumento de ECM em culturas infectadas. Observamos também que componentes da ECM são requeridos na interação entre TEC/parasita. [...] No que se refere à interação TEC/timócitos, observamos que a adesão foi maior nas culturas infectadas, especialmente sobre TEC parasitadas. Esse aumento de adesão entre TEC/timócitos corrobora a hipótese descrita anteriormente pelo nosso grupo que a infecção favorece a migração de timócitos para periferia. Estendendo nossa análise ao compartimento linfóide do timo, investigamos a apoptose de timócitos na infecção. Observamos que a celularidade do timo diminui viii durante a infecção, juntamente com aumento de apoptose de timócitos CD4-CD8- (DN), DP, CD4 e CD8.


Procurando entender a via envolvida na apoptose desses timócitos, demonstramos que a atividade de caspases total, caspase 8, caspase 9 e caspase 3 estão aumentadas na infecção. Observamos que ambas caspases iniciadoras caspase 8 (via extrínseca, Fas, TNF, TRAIL) e caspase 9 (via intrínseca, privação de fatores) parecem estar envolvidas na depleção desses timócitos. [...] Além disso, animais infectados e tratados com zVAD apresentaram a celularidade do timo parcialmente recuperada, mais especificamente em timócitos DN e DP. Finalmente, procurando entender o papel do timo na resposta imune regional de órgãos linfóides periféricos na infecção, camundongos foram timectomizados antes da infecção para avaliação da celularidade dos LSC, LM e baço. Nossos dados demonstram que, mesmo com a ausência do timo, a hipertrofia dos LSC e a atrofia dos LM permaneciam inalterados, entretanto, encontramos significativo acúmulo de linfócitos T e B no baço de animais infectados. Em conjunto, nossos resultados demonstram que as alterações observadas no componente epitelial do microambiente tímico, assim como em timócitos de animais infectados favorecem a migração e morte destes timócitos e a atrofia desse tecido. Além disso, demonstramos que células do timo possuem papel imunoregulatório no baço durante a infecção.


Trypanosoma cruzi infection promotes lymphoid organ alterations. The thymusis atrophied with CD4+CD8+(DP) thymocyte depletion in the acute phase of infection.In peripheral lymphoid organs, subcutaneous lymph nodes (LSC) and spleen presenthypertrophy, with increase of T and B cells, whereas mesenteric lymph nodes (LM)are atrophied due to the death of these cells. In this work, we studied the effects of T.cruzi infection in thymic epithelial cells (TEC) and thymocytes, as well as the role ofthymus in the behavior of peripheral lymphoid organs. In experiments of in vitro infection, we evaluated TEC, concerning the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM)ligands and receptors, and also the possible consequences of ECM increase inTEC/thymocyte or TEC/parasite interactions. Our data demonstrate that T. cruziinfection promotes a decrease of TEC number, morphological alterations and ECMincrease in infected cultures. We observed that ECM components are required in theinteraction between TEC and parasites. [...] ConcerningTEC/thymocyte interactions, we observed that adhesion was greater in infectedcultures, especially on parasitized TEC. This increase in TEC/thymocyte adhesioncorroborates the hypothesis previously described by our group that the infectionfavors migration of thymocytes to the periphery. Extending our analysis to thymiclymphoid compartment, we investigated thymocyte apoptosis following infection. We observed that thymus cellularity decreases during infection, together with theincrease of apoptosis in CD4-CD8-(DN), DP, CD4 and CD8 thymocytes.


Searching to understand what death pathway is involved in thymocyte apoptosis, wedemonstrated that the activity of total caspases, caspase-8, caspase-9 and caspase-x3 (effector caspase) are increased in infection. We observed that both initiatorcaspase-8 (extrinsic pathway, Fas, TNF, TRAIL) and caspase-9 (intrinsic pathway,factor deprivation) seem to be involved in thymocyte depletion. [...] Moreover, infected animalstreated with zVAD showed a partial recovery of thymus cellularity, more specifically inDN and DP thymocytes. Finally, searching to understand the role of the thymus in theregional immune response of peripheral lymphoid organs in infection, mice werethymectomized prior to infection to evaluation of LSC, LM and spleen cellularity. Ourdata demonstrated that, even in the absence of the thymus, LSC hypertrophy and LMatrophy were not altered; however, we found a significant accumulation of T and Blymphocytes in the spleen of infected animals. Conjointly, our results show that thealterations observed in the epithelial component of the thymus microenvironment, aswell as in thymocytes of infected animals favor the migration and death ofthymocytes and the atrophy of this tissue. Besides that, we demonstrated that thymiccells have an immunoregulatory role in the spleen during infection.


Subject(s)
Apoptosis , Caspases , Chagas Disease/chemically induced , Extracellular Matrix , Thymus Gland/cytology
9.
Botucatu; s.n; 2011. 71 p. ilus, tab.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-673774

ABSTRACT

Receptores Toll-like (TLRs), em células apresentadoras de antígenos, têm importante papel no reconhecimento microbiano e no desenvolvimento da resposta imune adaptativa. Na infecção por T. cruzi, a imunidade celular, medida pela atividade de citocinas pró-inflamatórias, como IL-12 e IFN-γ, do perfil Th1, associadas ao TNF-α, reduz a carga parasitária na fase crônica. Simultaneamente, a IL-4 e a IL-10, do perfil Th2, são responsáveis por amortecer os fortes efeitos da ação pró-inflamatória. Características do parasita, como variação antigênica e diversidade genética das linhagens de T. cruzi, também têm influência na resposta imune do hospedeiro. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivos, em infecção experimental com cepas de diferentes origens de T. cruzi: fazer a caracterização molecular das cepas; determinar os momentos evolutivos da infecção (curva de parasitemia e sobrevida) e verificar a expressão gênica relativa de TLR 2, TLR 4, IL-12p40, IFN-γ,TNF-α, IL-10 e IL-4 em cada momento da infecção. Para isso, foram utilizadas duas cepas de T. cruzi isoladas de pacientes chagásicos crônicos, ZMC e JLP, e a cepa Y de T. cruzi. Camundongos machos Balb/C foram infectados com 104 tripomastigotas/animal e distribuídos em: G1, infectados com a cepa Y; G2, infectados com a cepa ZMC; e G3, infectados com a cepa JLP de T. cruzi. Os momentos para a determinação da expressão gênica das variáveis estudadas foram definidos segundo curva de parasitemia e de sobrevida previamente realizadas: M1: 24 h p.i.; M2: início da fase aguda; M3: fase aguda; M4:momento da queda importante e de manutenção da parasitemia e M5: momento final, determinado pela curva de sobrevida.


Toll-like receptors (TLRs), in antigen-presenting cells, play an important role in microbial recognition and adaptive immune response development. In T. cruzi infection, cellular immunity, mediated by the activity of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-12 and IFN-γ, of the Th1 profile, associated with TNF-α, reduces parasite load in the chronic phase. Simultaneously, IL-4 and IL-10, of the Th2 profile, are responsible for controlling the strong proinflammatory effects of Th1 profile. Parasite characteristics, such as antigen variation and genetic diversity of T. cruzi strains, also influence host immune response. Hence, by using experimental infection with T. cruzi strains of different origins, this study aimed at: performing the molecular characterization of the strains; determining the evolutive moments of the infection (parasitemia and survival curve) and analyzing the relative gene expression of TLR 2, TLR 4, IL-12p40, IFN-γ,TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-4 at each moment of infection. To that end, two T. cruzi strains, ZMC and JLP, isolated from chronic chagasic patients, and the Y strain of T. cruzi were used. Male Balb/C mice were infected with 104 trypomastigotes/animal and distributed into: G1, infected with the Y strain; G2, infected with the ZMC strain; and G3, infected with the JLP of T. cruzi. The moments for determination of gene expression of the studied variables were defined according to the curve of parasitemia and survival that was previously performed: M1: 24 h p.i.; M2: beginning of the acute phase; M3: acute phase; M4: moment of important decrease and maintenance of parasitemia and M5: final moment, determined by the survival curve.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Mice , Cytokines , Chagas Disease/chemically induced , Gene Expression , Toll-Like Receptors , Trypanosoma cruzi/genetics , Mice, Inbred BALB C
10.
Belo Horizonte; s.n; 2007. 265 p. ilus.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS, Coleciona SUS | ID: biblio-938319

ABSTRACT

As espécies estudadas neste trabalho foram selecionadas a partir de um estudo de triagem intitulado “Bioprospecção da Biodiversidade Mineira e Desenvolvimento de Novas Drogas em Minas Gerais”, em que extratos de espécies vegetais e fungos basidiomicetos, coletados em ecossistemas locais, foram submetidos a diversos ensaios biológicos. O extrato acetato em etila do meio líquido do fungo Lentinus strigosus inibiu a enzima tripanotiona redutase (TR) de Trypanosoma cruzi e seu fracionamento biomonitorado levou ao isolamento de quatro substâncias; neopanepoxidol, 6,7-epóxi-4(15)-hirsuteno-1,5-diol, hipnofilina e panepoxidona, sendo as duas últimas responsáveis pelas atividades biológicas do extrato. Esses dois metabólitos terpênicos apresentaram atividade citotóxica para três linhagens tumorais humanas (UACC-62 -melanoma; TK-10 - renal e MCF-7 - mama; CI de 3,2 μM a 11,0 μM), inibiram a proliferação de linfócitos induzidos por. fitohemaglutinina (CI de 5,9 μM e 10,0 μM), a enzima TR (CI de 48,5 μM a 1,0 μM) e o crescimento de formas amastigotas de T. cruzi (CI de 6,0 μM e 2,5 μM). Panepoxidona e hipnofilina já foram descritas anteriormente, porém, é a primeira vez que se relata o isolamento desses metabólitos em L. strigosus.


O extrato bruto etanólico de Habenaria petalodes (Orquidaceae) apresentou atividade citotóxica para três linhagens tumorais humanas a 20 μg/ mL (UACC-62 - melanoma; TK-10 -renal e MCF-7 - mama). O extrato etanólico bruto de toda a planta foi extraído com diclorometano (fração apolar) e metanol/água (fração polar) por extração líquidolíquido. A fração diclorometânica apresentou actividade citotóxica para as três linhagens de células tumorais a 20 μg/ mL e foi selecionada para posterior fracionamento biomonitorado devido a sua baixa massa e complexidade química. Devido à ausência de relatos sobre os constituintes químicos, as frações polares de Habenaria petalodes (Orquidaceae) foram priorizadas para estudo fitoquímico. A fração polar foi extraída em cartucho Sep-Pak C e forneceu as subfrações, metanólica e aquosa que foram fracionadas por técnicas cromatográficas, obtendose três derivados do ácido succínico; loroglossina, militarina e dactilorina acetilada no anel 2 e, três flavonóides: isoquercitrina, isoramnetina 3-O-β-glicopiranosídeo e 50 50 50 50. 18 isoramnetina 3,7-di-O-β-glicopiranosídeo, isolados pela primeira vez nesta espécie vegetal


Subject(s)
Humans , Biological Factors , Basidiomycota/isolation & purification , Chagas Disease/chemically induced , Chemistry/methods , Trypanosoma cruzi/chemistry
11.
Belo Horizonte; s.n; 2007. 265 p. ilus.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-664651

ABSTRACT

As espécies estudadas neste trabalho foram selecionadas a partir de um estudo de triagem intitulado “Bioprospecção da Biodiversidade Mineira e Desenvolvimento de Novas Drogas em Minas Gerais”, em que extratos de espécies vegetais e fungos basidiomicetos, coletados em ecossistemas locais, foram submetidos a diversos ensaios biológicos. O extrato acetato em etila do meio líquido do fungo Lentinus strigosus inibiu a enzima tripanotiona redutase (TR) de Trypanosoma cruzi e seu fracionamento biomonitorado levou ao isolamento de quatro substâncias; neopanepoxidol, 6,7-epóxi-4(15)-hirsuteno-1,5-diol, hipnofilina e panepoxidona, sendo as duas últimas responsáveis pelas atividades biológicas do extrato. Esses dois metabólitos terpênicos apresentaram atividade citotóxica para três linhagens tumorais humanas (UACC-62 -melanoma; TK-10 - renal e MCF-7 - mama; CI de 3,2 μM a 11,0 μM), inibiram a proliferação de linfócitos induzidos por. fitohemaglutinina (CI de 5,9 μM e 10,0 μM), a enzima TR (CI de 48,5 μM a 1,0 μM) e o crescimento de formas amastigotas de T. cruzi (CI de 6,0 μM e 2,5 μM). Panepoxidona e hipnofilina já foram descritas anteriormente, porém, é a primeira vez que se relata o isolamento desses metabólitos em L. strigosus.


O extrato bruto etanólico de Habenaria petalodes (Orquidaceae) apresentou atividade citotóxica para três linhagens tumorais humanas a 20 μg/ mL (UACC-62 - melanoma; TK-10 -renal e MCF-7 - mama). O extrato etanólico bruto de toda a planta foi extraído com diclorometano (fração apolar) e metanol/água (fração polar) por extração líquidolíquido. A fração diclorometânica apresentou actividade citotóxica para as três linhagens de células tumorais a 20 μg/ mL e foi selecionada para posterior fracionamento biomonitorado devido a sua baixa massa e complexidade química. Devido à ausência de relatos sobre os constituintes químicos, as frações polares de Habenaria petalodes (Orquidaceae) foram priorizadas para estudo fitoquímico. A fração polar foi extraída em cartucho Sep-Pak C e forneceu as subfrações, metanólica e aquosa que foram fracionadas por técnicas cromatográficas, obtendose três derivados do ácido succínico; loroglossina, militarina e dactilorina acetilada no anel 2 e, três flavonóides: isoquercitrina, isoramnetina 3-O-β-glicopiranosídeo e 50 50 50 50. 18 isoramnetina 3,7-di-O-β-glicopiranosídeo, isolados pela primeira vez nesta espécie vegetal


Subject(s)
Humans , Basidiomycota/isolation & purification , Chagas Disease/chemically induced , Chemistry/methods , Trypanosoma cruzi/chemistry
14.
Rio de Janeiro; Editora FIOCRUZ; 2000. 366 p. ilus, tab, graf.
Monography in Portuguese | Coleciona SUS | ID: biblio-933255

ABSTRACT

Aborda conceitos modernos, focados nos desafios científicos e em toda a complexidade relacionada com a doença: vetores, transmissao, resposta do hospedeiro à infeccçao, normas de segurança para trabalhar com Trypanosoma cruzi, quimioterapia, doença de Chagas humana e modelos experimentais, bem como protocolos e métodos experimentais utilizados nas investigaçoes sobre a moléstia.


Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Chagas Disease/chemically induced
15.
Rio de Janeiro; Editora FIOCRUZ; 2000. 366 p. ilus, tab, graf.
Monography in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-261759

ABSTRACT

Aborda conceitos modernos, focados nos desafios científicos e em toda a complexidade relacionada com a doença: vetores, transmissao, resposta do hospedeiro à infeccçao, normas de segurança para trabalhar com Trypanosoma cruzi, quimioterapia, doença de Chagas humana e modelos experimentais, bem como protocolos e métodos experimentais utilizados nas investigaçoes sobre a moléstia.


Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Chagas Disease/chemically induced
18.
Rev. bras. ciênc. morfol ; 11(1): 39-44, jan.-jun. 1994. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-168521

ABSTRACT

Estudou-se do ponto de vista histológico e histométrico o comprometimento da glândula sublingual do rato durante a fase aguda da infecçao chagásica. Verificou-seque diferentementeda glândula submandibulara sublingual nao mostrou nenhuma alteraçao histológica ou histométrica quanto às unidades secretoras. A ausência de inervaçao simpática é sugerida como provável causa da nao instalaçao de modificaçoes histológicas.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Catecholamines/blood , Chagas Disease/pathology , Sublingual Gland/pathology , Chagas Disease/chemically induced , Rats, Sprague-Dawley
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