Sepsis-Induced Channelopathy in Skeletal Muscles is Associated with Expression of Non-Selective Channels.

Skeletal muscles (∼50% of the body weight) are affected during acute and late sepsis and represent one sepsis associate organ dysfunction. Cell membrane changes have been proposed to result from a channelopathy of yet unknown cause associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and muscle atrophy. We hypothesize that the channelopathy might be explained at least in part by the expression of non-selective channels. Here, this possibility was studied in a characterized mice model of late sepsis with evident skeletal muscle atrophy induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). At day seven after CLP, skeletal myofibers were found to present de novo expression (immunofluorescence) of connexins 39, 43, and 45 and P2X7 receptor whereas pannexin1 did not show significant changes. These changes were associated with increased sarcolemma permeability (∼4 fold higher dye uptake assay), ∼25% elevated in intracellular free-Ca concentration (FURA-2), activation of protein degradation via ubiquitin proteasome pathway (Murf and Atrogin 1 reactivity), moderate reduction in oxygen consumption not explained by changes in levels of relevant respiratory proteins, ∼3 fold decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MitoTracker Red CMXRos) and ∼4 fold increased mitochondrial superoxide production (MitoSox). Since connexin hemichannels and P2X7 receptors are permeable to ions and small molecules, it is likely that they are main protagonists in the channelopathy by reducing the electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane resulting in detrimental metabolic changes and muscular atrophy.

Taquicardia ventricular polimórfica catecolaminérgica / Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia

La taquicardia ventricular polimórfica catecolaminérgica es una canalopatía caracterizada por la inducción de arritmias ventriculares polimórficas en presencia de catecolaminas. Deberá sospecharse en todo paciente joven, en especial niño o adolescente, que presente síncopes relacionados con el ejercicio físico o el estrés emocional, que no tenga cardiopatía estructural y que su electrocardiograma muestre un intervalo QT normal. Es poco frecuente, pero importante por el riesgo elevado de muerte súbita, que en ocasiones puede ser el debut. Las arritmias ventriculares son polimórficas o bidireccionales, fácilmente inducibles con el ejercicio físico y con infusión de isuprel, tienen un umbral predecible y una complejidad progresiva. Los antecedentes patológicos familiares de muerte súbita se observan entre el 30 y 40 pociento de los pacientes. Se han identificado 2 mutaciones genéticas causantes de la entidad (receptores de rianodina 2, con herencia autosómica dominante y calsecuestrina 2, con herencia autosómica reseciva); pero solo entre 50-55 porciento de los enfermos se ha testado una mutación causal. Las mutaciones condicionan la fuga de Ca2+ del retículo sarcoplásmico que favorece el origen de posdespolarizaciones tardías, las que inducirán la actividad ectópica ventricular. Los Ô-bloqueadores son el tratamiento de elección. El desfibrilador automático implantable está indicado en los pacientes recuperados de un evento de muerte súbita y en los sintomáticos a pesar del tratamiento farmacológico. La denervación simpática cardíaca izquierda, el verapamilo, la flecainida y la propafenona, son opciones alternativas en los sintomáticos a pesar del uso de β-bloqueadores(AU)

Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia is a channelopathy characterized by the induction of polymorphic ventricular arrhythmias in the presence of catecholamines. It should be suspected in any young patient, especially a child or adolescent, presenting with syncope associated with physical exercise or emotional stress, with no structural heart disease and an ECG showing a normal QT interval. It is a rare disease, its importance lying in the high risk of sudden death, which may sometimes be its debut. Ventricular arrhythmias may be polymorphic or bidirectional. They are highly inducible by physical exercise and Isuprel infusion, their threshold is predictable and their complexity progressive. A family history of sudden death is reported in 30 to 40 percent of patients. Two genetic mutations have been identified as causes of the condition (ryanodine receptor 2 with autosomal dominant inheritance and calsequestrin 2, with autosomal recessive inheritance). However, a causal mutation has been found in only 50-55 percent of patients. Mutations influence sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ leak, facilitating the appearance of late post-depolarisations, which will in turn induce ventricular ectopic activity. Beta-blockers are the treatment of choice. The automatic implantable defibrillator is indicated in patients recovered from a sudden death event and in those who remain symptomatic despite medical therapy. Left cardiac sympathetic denervation, verapamil, flecainide and propafenone are alternative options for patients who remain symptomatic despite the use of beta-blockers(AU)

Taquicardia ventricular polimórfica catecolaminérgica / Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia

La taquicardia ventricular polimórfica catecolaminérgica es una canalopatía caracterizada por la inducción de arritmias ventriculares polimórficas en presencia de catecolaminas. Deberá sospecharse en todo paciente joven, en especial niño o adolescente, que presente síncopes relacionados con el ejercicio físico o el estrés emocional, que no tenga cardiopatía estructural y que su electrocardiograma muestre un intervalo QT normal. Es poco frecuente, pero importante por el riesgo elevado de muerte súbita, que en ocasiones puede ser el debut. Las arritmias ventriculares son polimórficas o bidireccionales, fácilmente inducibles con el ejercicio físico y con infusión de isuprel, tienen un umbral predecible y una complejidad progresiva. Los antecedentes patológicos familiares de muerte súbita se observan entre el 30 y 40 pociento de los pacientes. Se han identificado 2 mutaciones genéticas causantes de la entidad (receptores de rianodina 2, con herencia autosómica dominante y calsecuestrina 2, con herencia autosómica reseciva); pero solo entre 50-55 porciento de los enfermos se ha testado una mutación causal. Las mutaciones condicionan la fuga de Ca2+ del retículo sarcoplásmico que favorece el origen de posdespolarizaciones tardías, las que inducirán la actividad ectópica ventricular. Los Ô-bloqueadores son el tratamiento de elección. El desfibrilador automático implantable está indicado en los pacientes recuperados de un evento de muerte súbita y en los sintomáticos a pesar del tratamiento farmacológico. La denervación simpática cardíaca izquierda, el verapamilo, la flecainida y la propafenona, son opciones alternativas en los sintomáticos a pesar del uso de β-bloqueadores

Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia is a channelopathy characterized by the induction of polymorphic ventricular arrhythmias in the presence of catecholamines. It should be suspected in any young patient, especially a child or adolescent, presenting with syncope associated with physical exercise or emotional stress, with no structural heart disease and an ECG showing a normal QT interval. It is a rare disease, its importance lying in the high risk of sudden death, which may sometimes be its debut. Ventricular arrhythmias may be polymorphic or bidirectional. They are highly inducible by physical exercise and Isuprel infusion, their threshold is predictable and their complexity progressive. A family history of sudden death is reported in 30 to 40 percent of patients. Two genetic mutations have been identified as causes of the condition (ryanodine receptor 2 with autosomal dominant inheritance and calsequestrin 2, with autosomal recessive inheritance). However, a causal mutation has been found in only 50-55 percent of patients. Mutations influence sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ leak, facilitating the appearance of late post-depolarisations, which will in turn induce ventricular ectopic activity. Beta-blockers are the treatment of choice. The automatic implantable defibrillator is indicated in patients recovered from a sudden death event and in those who remain symptomatic despite medical therapy. Left cardiac sympathetic denervation, verapamil, flecainide and propafenone are alternative options for patients who remain symptomatic despite the use of beta-blockers