Deletion of ghrelin alters tryptophan metabolism and exacerbates experimental ulcerative colitis in aged mice.

A major component of aging is chronic, low-grade inflammation, attributable in part by impaired gut barrier function. We previously reported that deletion of ghrelin, a peptidergic hormone released mainly from the gut, exacerbates experimental muscle atrophy in aged mice. In addition, ghrelin has been shown to ameliorate colitis in experimental models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), although the role of endogenous ghrelin in host-microbe interactions is less clear. Here, we showed that 22-month-old global ghrelin knockout (Ghrl-/-) mice exhibited significantly increased depressive-like behaviors, while anxiety levels and working memory were similar to littermate wild-type (WT) mice. Furthermore, old Ghrl-/- mice showed significantly increased intestinal permeability to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran, significantly higher colonic interleukin (IL-1ß) levels, and trends for higher colonic IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) compared to WT mice. Interestingly, young Ghrl-/- and WT mice showed comparable depressive-like behavior and gut permeability, suggesting age-dependent exacerbation in gut barrier dysfunction in Ghrl-/- mice. While fecal short-chain fatty acids levels were comparable between old Ghrl-/- and WT mice, serum metabolome revealed alterations in metabolic cascades including tryptophan metabolism. Specifically, tryptophan and its microbial derivatives indole-3-acetic acid and indole-3-lactic acid were significantly reduced in old Ghrl-/-mice. Furthermore, in an experimental model of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, Ghrl-/- mice showed exacerbated disease symptoms, and higher levels of chemoattractant and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the colon. Overall, these data demonstrated that ghrelin deficiency is associated with gut barrier dysfunction, alterations in microbially derived tryptophan metabolites, and increased susceptibility to colitis. These data suggested that endogenous ghrelin contributes to maintaining a healthy host-microbe environment, ultimately impacting on brain function.

Carrot juice ingestion attenuates high fructose-induced circulatory pro-inflammatory mediators in weanling Wistar rats.

BACKGROUND: Adipose tissue, an endocrine organ, plays a vital role not only in energy homeostasis, but also in the development and/or progression of various metabolic diseases, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), via several factors and mechanisms, including inflammation. This study tested, whether carrot juice administration affected the adipose tissue development and its inflammatory status in a high fructose diet-induced rat model. For this purpose, male weanling Wistar rats were divided into four groups and fed either control or high fructose diet of AIN-93G composition with or without carrot juice ingestion for an 8 week period. RESULTS: Administration of carrot juice did not affect the adiposity and cell size of visceral fat depot; retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (RPWAT), which was corroborated with unaltered expression of genes involved in adipogenic and lipogenic pathways. However, it significantly reduced the high fructose diet-induced elevation of plasma free fatty acid (FFA) (P ≤ 0.05), macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) (P ≤ 0.01) and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) (P ≤ 0.05) levels. CONCLUSION: Carrot juice administration attenuated the high fructose diet-induced elevation of levels of circulatory FFA and pro-inflammatory mediators; MCP1 and hsCRP without affecting the adiposity and cell size of visceral fat depot; RPWAT. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effects of iron oxide nanoparticles: cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, developmental toxicity, and neurotoxicity.

Iron oxide nanoparticles (ION) with superparamagnetic properties hold great promise for use in various biomedical applications; specific examples include use as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging, in targeted drug delivery, and for induced hyperthermia cancer treatments. Increasing potential applications raise concerns over their potential effects on human health. Nevertheless, very little is currently known about the toxicity associated with exposure to these nanoparticles at different levels of biological organization. This article provides an overview of recent studies evaluating ION cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, developmental toxicity and neurotoxicity. Although the results of these studies are sometimes controversial, they generally indicate that surface coatings and particle size seem to be crucial for the observed ION-induced effects, as they are critical determinants of cellular responses and intensity of effects, and influence potential mechanisms of toxicity. The studies also suggest that some ION are safe for certain biomedical applications, while other uses need to be considered more carefully. Overall, the available studies provide insufficient evidence to fully assess the potential risks for human health related to ION exposure. Additional research in this area is required including studies on potential long-term effects.

Imaging inflammation with 99Tcm-labeled chemotactic peptides: analogues with reduced neutropenia.

Two 99Tcm-labelled analogues of the chemotactic peptide ForMLF were evaluated as potential agents for imaging inflammation and infection, in the hope that they would be simple to use and would give diagnostically useful images shortly after injection. The peptides differed in the chelation site for 99Tcm and the presence of a hydrophilic spacer. The sequences of RP050 and RP056 were ForNleLFNleYK(G)G-C(Acm)-GPic and ForNleLFNleYKK(DG)GC(Acm)SPic respectively, where Pic is picolinic acid. In in vitro tests of binding to the ForMLF receptor on polymorphonuclear neutrophils and potency for release of myeloperoxidase, RP056 was similar in potency to ForMLF, whereas RP050 was 10 times more potent. When administered in 5-nmol doses to rats, RP050 produced less extensive neutropenia than ForMLF, whereas RP056 produced very little neutropenia. Following labelling by ligand exchange from tartrate or glucoheptonate at 100 degrees C and purification using a C-18 solid-phase extraction cartridge, 4-MBq doses were administered to rats bearing infectious (Escherichia coli) or sterile (zymosan) inflammation sites in the thigh. The inflammation-to-normal muscle ratios at 30 min after injection were 3.9 +/- 0.4 for RP050 and 4.7 +/- 0.3 for RP056 (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 4), and the ratios were maintained for up to 3 h. These peptides are promising agents for imaging inflammation and infection.

Inflamación y asma bronquial / Inflammation and bronchial asthma

En la reacción asmática inmediata, la liberación de mediadores del mastocito, produce una alteración tisular limitada de corta duración (2 horas), controlable con Beta2 adrenérgicos o Teofilina y prevenible con cromoglicato o similares. Más de la mitad de los asmáticos tienen una respuesta tardía al factor provocador de la reacción, que alcanza su máxima intensidad unas ocho horas después y puede mantenerse durante varios días. A nivel de los tejidos se ha producido una infiltración celular, de neutrófilos y eosinófilos primero y células mononucleares luego. Este proceso se produce por acción de alergenos, infección viral o sustancias químicas y determina manifiesta hiperirritabilidad bronquial, siendo más afectada la pequeña vía aérea. Están involucrados en la inflamación del bronquio, mastocitos, basófilos, neutrófilos, eosinófilos, linfocitos, plaquetas y macrófagos-monocitos. Se liberan mediadores de origen celular, plasmático o neurógeno que provocan edema, contracción del músculo bronquial, hipersecreción mucosa con discrinia y quimiotaxis. PAF parece ocupar un lugar central entre los mediadores, su efecto es potente y prolongado y recluta plaquetas, neurotrófilos y eosinófilos en el pulmón. Todo esto contribuye al daño epitelial con pérdida de colgajos. Fibras nerviosas aferentes liberan SP y otros neuropéptidos localmente, contribuyen a la inflamación e interactúan con los otros mediadores. La terapéutica implica evitar la exposición a alergenos, inmunoterapia, esteroides, teofilina y cromoglicato o similares

Inflamación y asma bronquial / Inflammation and bronchial asthma

En la reacción asmática inmediata, la liberación de mediadores del mastocito, produce una alteración tisular limitada de corta duración (2 horas), controlable con Beta2 adrenérgicos o Teofilina y prevenible con cromoglicato o similares. Más de la mitad de los asmáticos tienen una respuesta tardía al factor provocador de la reacción, que alcanza su máxima intensidad unas ocho horas después y puede mantenerse durante varios días. A nivel de los tejidos se ha producido una infiltración celular, de neutrófilos y eosinófilos primero y células mononucleares luego. Este proceso se produce por acción de alergenos, infección viral o sustancias químicas y determina manifiesta hiperirritabilidad bronquial, siendo más afectada la pequeña vía aérea. Están involucrados en la inflamación del bronquio, mastocitos, basófilos, neutrófilos, eosinófilos, linfocitos, plaquetas y macrófagos-monocitos. Se liberan mediadores de origen celular, plasmático o neurógeno que provocan edema, contracción del músculo bronquial, hipersecreción mucosa con discrinia y quimiotaxis. PAF parece ocupar un lugar central entre los mediadores, su efecto es potente y prolongado y recluta plaquetas, neurotrófilos y eosinófilos en el pulmón. Todo esto contribuye al daño epitelial con pérdida de colgajos. Fibras nerviosas aferentes liberan SP y otros neuropéptidos localmente, contribuyen a la inflamación e interactúan con los otros mediadores. La terapéutica implica evitar la exposición a alergenos, inmunoterapia, esteroides, teofilina y cromoglicato o similares

Mediators in exercise-induced asthma.

Circulating concentrations of the mast cell-associated mediators, histamine and neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF) of high molecular weight, were measured in atopic and nonatopic asthmatics after treadmill exercise. Elevations in the concentrations of both mediators accompanied the development of exercise-induced asthma (EIA). Normal individuals did not release mediators or develop bronchoconstriction after an identical exercise. The elaboration of mediators was not due to the onset of airflow obstruction, the postexercise basophilia, or the exercise task per se. A treadmill exercise undertaken while inhaling fully conditioned air inhibited EIA and NCF release; in contrast the same exercise undertaken while breathing cold, dry air elicited EIA and the production of mediators. This suggests that the stimulus for EIA and mediator release may be identical. Late-phase asthmatic reactions occur 3 to 9 hr after exercise in some asthmatics and are accompanied by the appearance of circulating NCF, as previously reported in allergen-induced late responses. In addition to the contribution of mediators to the spasmogenic reaction in EIA, mediators may contribute to bronchial inflammation by activating circulating leukocytes. There was a kinetic increase in the expression of neutrophil C3b receptors in EIA (+) asthmatics for up to 60 min after treadmill exercise. The enhancement of C3b receptors, as evidence of neutrophil activation, was preceded by release of NCF and reductions in peak expiratory flow rates. The prior administration of cromolyn inhibited EIA, NCF release, and enhancement of C3b receptors. These changes were not observed in EIA (-) asthmatics after an identical exercise task. These findings support the view that mediators are released in EIA and may play an important role in its pathogenesis.

Effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents on immune complex- and chemotactic factor-induced inflammation.

Previously we reported that indomethacin and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) inhibited leukocyte infiltration, blood flow, and vascular permeability during E. coli-induced inflammation in rabbit skin. Here we report the kinetics of these responses and the effects of these drugs on them, when a phagocytic stimulus, such as the immune complexes in the reverse Arthus reaction, or a nonphagocytic stimulus, such as the chemotactic factor in zymosan-activated plasma (ZAP, C5a des Arg), initiate inflammation. Both reactions causes infiltration of 51Cr-labeled leukocytes, an increase in blood flow, measured with 86RbC1, and in vascular permeability, measured with 125I-albumin. In both reactions, all three of these parameters were simultaneously inhibited by indomethacin or ASA. The local injection of prostaglandin E2 (0.5 microgram) at doses which, in control (uninflamed) skin increased only the blood flow, reversed all three inhibitory effects of the drugs. These results indicate that the drug-induced inhibition of leukocyte infiltration was secondary to the inhibition of the vascular responses. Furthermore, the vascular responses in both types of lesions were probably mediated, in large part, by vasodilatory prostaglandins. The magnitude and course of the vascular responses and their sensitivity to the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors was similar in the Arthus (phagocytic) and in the ZAP (nonphagocytic) lesions. These results suggest that phagocytosis may not be a prerequisite for the generation of prostaglandins and the vascular responses during polymorphonuclear leukocyte-mediated inflammation in vivo.

Leukocytes in chemotactic-fragment-induced lung inflammation. Vascular emigration and alveolar surface migration.

Lung inflammation was induced in rabbits by intratracheal injections of chemotactic fragments obtained from zymosan-activated serum (CF-ZAS), and the route of vascular emigration and alveolar surface interaction of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and monocytes migrating into the lung was characterized by transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron-microscopic examination. Leukocytes migrated from capillaries and venules into the alveolar wall interstitium by adherence to the vascular endothelium and migration through the endothelial intracellular junction to attain a position between a reapposed endothelial cell junction and the vascular basement membrane. The cells then migrated into the interstitium through a narrow opening in the basement membrane. Leukocyte entrance into the alveolar space from the interstitium appeared to occur through small openings in the epithelial basement membrane at or near the Type I epithelial intercellular junction. Once in the alveolus, PMNs and macrophages demonstrated surface adherence and spreading along with evidence of migration, pseudopod extension, interalveolar pore transit, and retraction fiber formation. This study indicates the leukocyte influx into the alveolus in acute chemotactic-factor-induced inflammation is via a continuum of migrational activity, beginning at the pulmonary capillary endothelial surface and persisting on the alveolar epithelial surface.