Ectopic cervical thymoma: a rare entity in the anterior neck.

Thymoma is a rare malignancy with usual location in the antero-superior mediastinum. Ectopic cervical thymoma (ECT) is an extremely rare tumor that originates from ectopic tissue, and is caused by the aberrant migration of the embryonic thymus. Our patient was a 56-year-old man who had a nodular lesion in the neck for several years. Computed tomography and Enhanced magnetic resonance imaging were performed. He underwent surgery, and a histological examination resulted in a diagnosis of type AB thymoma.

Clinical features and treatment of heterotopic pancreas in children: a multi-center retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: Heterotopic pancreas, an uncommon condition in children, can present with diagnostic and treatment challenges. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical features and treatment options for this disorder in pediatric patients. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis, including patients diagnosed with heterotopic pancreas at four tertiary hospitals between January 2000 and June 2022. Patients were categorized into symptomatic and asymptomatic groups based on clinical presentation. Clinical parameters, including age at surgery, lesion size and site, surgical or endoscopic approach, pathological findings, and outcome, were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: The study included 88 patients with heterotopic pancreas. Among them, 22 were symptomatic, and 41 were aged one year or younger. The heterotopic pancreas was commonly located in Meckel's diverticulum (46.59%), jejunum (20.45%), umbilicus (10.23%),ileum (7.95%), and stomach (6.82%). Sixty-six patients had concomitant diseases. Thirty-three patients had heterotopic pancreas located in the Meckel's diverticulum, with 80.49% of cases accompanied by gastric mucosa heterotopia (GMH). Patients without accompanying GMH had a higher prevalence of heterotopic pancreas-related symptoms (75%). Treatment modalities included removal of the lesions by open surgery, laparoscopic or laparoscopic assisted surgery, or endoscopic surgery based on patient's age, the lesion site and size, and coexisting diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Only one-fourth of the patients with heterotopic pancreas presented with symptoms. Those located in the Meckel's diverticulum have commonly accompanying GMH. Open surgical, laparoscopic surgical or endoscopic resection of the heterotopic pancreas is recommended due to potential complications. Future prospective multicenter studies are warranted to establish rational treatment options.

Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges with germ cell tumours associated with transverse testicular ectopia and persistent Müllerian duct syndrome.

Transverse testicular ectopia (TTE) is an infrequent ectopic testis where both testes descend via the same inguinal canal, located in the same hemiscrotum, and augments the risk of developing testicular tumours. Type II TTE is accompanied by persistent Müllerian duct syndrome, where the Müllerian structures persist for various reasons. Here, we present a case of an adult in his early 30s, who presented with a right testicular swelling and was diagnosed as type II TTE and testicular mixed germ cell tumour after surgery. We could find only 13 similar cases of TTE and testicular tumours in the literature. Our case highlights the importance of clinical acumen with detailed history, meticulous clinical examination, radiological investigations and a detailed pathological examination while dealing with such sporadic presentations.

Ectopic pancreas tissue in the posterior mediastinum.

The occurrence of ectopic pancreas in the mediastinum is rare. Herein, we report a 22-year-old female who presented with right shoulder pain, dysphagia, fever and headaches. Chest computer tomography revealed a mass in the posterior mediastinum with accompanying signs of acute mediastinitis. Needle biopsy and fine-needle aspiration revealed ectopic gastral tissue and ectopic pancreas tissue, respectively. Surgical resection was attempted due to recurring acute pancreatitis episodes. However, due to chronic-inflammatory adhesions of the mass to the tracheal wall, en-bloc resection was not possible without major tracheal resection. Since then, recurring pancreatitis episodes have been treated conservatively with antibiotics. We report this case due to its differing clinical and radiological findings in comparison to previous case reports, none of which pertained a case of ectopic pancreas tissue in the posterior mediastinum with recurring acute pancreatitis and mediastinitis.

Benign ectopic prostate-a rare differential for a presacral mass.

A man in his mid-40s presented to the colorectal surgery clinic with complaints of chronic perianal pain for over 20 years. He had episodes of urinary incontinence associated with pain. There were no other symptoms to suspect bowel pathology. On examination, he was found to have a tender mass in the retro-rectal plane without any evidence of rectal mucosal irregularity. He underwent an MRI of the pelvis, which showed a well-defined T2 hyperintense partly cystic lesion in the presacral region abutting the mesorectal fascia and a normal prostate gland. With a suspicion of a tailgut cyst or a duplication cyst, he underwent an excision of the presacral mass. Intraoperatively, there was a 2 × 2 cm well-defined firm, cystic lesion anterior to the fifth sacral vertebra and coccyx. The lesion was adherent to the mesorectum and was excised. On histopathology, there were features of muscular stroma and bilayered glandular epithelium with clear cytoplasm conclusive of a benign ectopic prostate.

Prenatal diagnosis of intrathoracic kidney and adrenal gland in left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

A 29-year-old primigravida at 31 weeks of gestation was referred for intrathoracic kidney (ITK). Ultrasound revealed left kidney intrathoracic placement with an anteriorly positioned ectopic adrenal gland. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed diaphragmatic interruption and colon herniation. A female neonate, delivered at 37 weeks, underwent successful thoracoscopic repair for a left Bochdalek hernia. Despite compression of the left lung, notably optimistic lung-to-head ratio (LHR) values were observed, correlating with favorable outcomes. This case underscores the rare occurrence of ITK, its association with Bochdalek hernia, and the importance of comprehensive prenatal evaluations.

A Rare Ectopic Parathyroid Adenoma in the Prevertebral Space.

Ectopic parathyroid adenomas are an uncommon etiology of primary hyperparathyroidism. We present a case of a patient admitted to the hospital with severe hypercalcemia and elevated parathyroid hormone levels, in whom imaging revealed two distinct parathyroid masses in the prevertebral space, representing a rare and atypical location for parathyroid tissue. This case highlights the importance of considering ectopic parathyroid adenomas as a potential cause of hyperparathyroidism and discusses the diagnostic challenges and management strategies associated with such cases.

Congenital solitary osseous choristoma of the left lateral canthus: a case report.

BACKGROUND: An ocular osseous choristoma is a growth of mature, compact bone in the ocular or periocular soft tissue, and it is the rarest form of ocular choristoma, accounting for only 1.7% of all epibulbar choristomas. CASE PRESENTATION: Herein we present the case of a 20-month-old girl who was referred to the oculoplasty clinic with a progressively growing mass in the left lateral canthus. It had been present since birth without ocular involvement. Upon examination the mass was firm with a smooth surface, measured 9 × 6 × 3 mm, and exhibited no episcleral attachment or ocular involvement. An excisional biopsy was performed, and the histopathological findings were consistent with osseous choristoma of the left lateral canthus. CONCLUSIONS: This report highlights the importance of considering osseous choristoma in the differential diagnosis of eyelid lesions, particularly those that have been present since birth. It also emphasizes the need for further studies investigating associations between osseous choristomas and ocular canthi.

Epibulbar simple cartilaginous choristoma associated with unique pigmented multicystic component.

PURPOSE: To report an atypical presentation of an epibulbar simple cartilaginous choristoma with a unique pigmented multicystic component. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 69-year-old African American female presented for evaluation of a right nasal epibulbar lesion that had progressed over the prior year. Slit-lamp evaluation revealed an immobile, mildly pigmented multicystic lesion measuring 6.0 × 4.5 mm that involved the nasal bulbar conjunctiva and the plica semilunaris. The lesion appeared benign, without feeder vessels or features of epithelial dysplasia. Given its recent growth and the patient's cosmetic concerns, the lesion was excised with ocular surface reconstruction. Histopathological evaluation disclosed a well-circumscribed nodule of well-differentiated cartilage in the substantia propria, consistent with a simple cartilaginous choristoma. The overlying conjunctival stroma contained multiple cysts lined by focally pigment epithelium. The patient recovered well from surgery, with satisfactory cosmetic results. CONCLUSIONS: Our case of epibulbar simple cartilaginous choristoma includes a prominent superficial component of pigmented epithelial cysts, which has not been previously reported in the literature. This augments our knowledge on the spectrum of presentations of cartilaginous choristomas and underscores the importance of histopathological evaluation for definitive diagnosis.

Jejunal perforation and septic abdomen resulting from a choristoma in a dog.

A 4.6-year-old spayed female German shepherd dog was admitted to a specialty hospital emergency service upon referral for suspected gastrointestinal foreign body obstruction. Free abdominal fluid was collected, and results of cytologic evaluation were consistent with a septic abdomen. An abdominal barium study revealed free gas and intraperitoneal barium, along with an obstructive gas pattern within the small bowel. Ultrasonography revealed a full-thickness jejunal perforation. On exploratory laparotomy, the perforation was noted to be located mid-jejunum with no associated mass or foreign material. A resection and anastomosis were completed. Histopathologic evaluation of the affected jejunal tissue showed aberrant gastric glandular epithelium consistent with a gastric choristoma, or heterotopic gastric tissue. Key clinical message: Clinicians should consider gastric glandular choristoma as a differential diagnosis in cases of seemingly idiopathic small intestinal perforation with no known cause (i.e., foreign body penetration, neoplasia, NSAID use), and histopathologic evaluation should always be done to obtain a definitive diagnosis.

Perforation jéjunale et abdomen septique résultant d'un choristome chez un chien. Une chienne berger allemand stérilisée âgée de 4,6 ans a été admise dans le service d'urgence d'un hôpital spécialisé après avoir été référée pour une suspicion d'obstruction gastro-intestinale par un corps étranger. Du liquide abdominal libre a été prélevé et les résultats de l'évaluation cytologique étaient compatibles avec un abdomen septique. Un examen abdominal à l'aide de baryum a révélé du gaz libre et du baryum intrapéritonéal, ainsi qu'un patron de gaz obstructif dans l'intestin grêle. L'échographie a révélé une perforation sur toute l'épaisseur jéjunale. Lors d'une laparotomie exploratoire, il a été constaté que la perforation était située au milieu du jéjunum, sans masse ni corps étranger associé. Une résection et une anastomose ont été réalisées. L'évaluation histopathologique du tissu jéjunal affecté a montré un épithélium glandulaire gastrique aberrant compatible avec un choristome gastrique ou un tissu gastrique hétérotopique.Message clinique clé :Les cliniciens doivent considérer le choristome glandulaire gastrique comme diagnostic différentiel dans les cas de perforation de l'intestin grêle apparemment idiopathique sans cause connue (i.e. pénétration d'un corps étranger, néoplasie, utilisation d'AINS), et une évaluation histopathologique doit toujours être effectuée pour obtenir un diagnostic définitif.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

A Case of Nasal Glial Heterotopia That Can Be Misdiagnosed as Storiform Patterned Sclerotic Fibroma/Collagenoma.

OBJECTIVE: Nasal glioma, also known as nasal glial heterotopia, is a rare tumor-like lesion that often affects newborns or infants with no hereditary predisposition. CASE REPORT: A 4-year-old child with a growth on the nasal dorsum since birth was diagnosed with nasal glial heterotopia/nasal glioma. The lesion showed a sclerotic fibroma/collagenoma-like storiform pattern with entrapped glial tissue that was S100 and GFAP positive. CONCLUSION: When a biopsy of the nasal dorsum demonstrates sclerotic microscopic findings with a storiform pattern, nasal glioma should be considered before making a diagnosis in the collagen-rich tissue spectrum (collagenoma or Gardner's fibroma), and an immunohistochemical panel should be requested to demonstrate the presence of an unrecognized light microscopically visible glial component.

How often are intrathyroidal parathyroid glands a cause of primary hyperparathyroidism, and how should they be managed?

BACKGROUND: The purpose of our study was to determine the frequency and management of intrathyroidal parathyroid glands in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and evaluate whether intrathyroidal parathyroid glands were more often superior or inferior glands. METHODS: A retrospective review of the prospective parathyroid database was completed to determine the number of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and an intrathyroidal parathyroid gland. Demographic data, laboratory and localization studies, operative management, pathology, and outcome were determined for patients with an intrathyroidal parathyroid gland and were compared with patients with an extrathyroidal parathyroid gland. RESULTS: From 1990-2023, 808 patients were operated on for primary hyperparathyroidism; 17 (2%) patients had an intrathyroidal parathyroid gland, an adenoma in 15 (88.2%), and a hyperplastic gland in 2 (11.8%). The mean age was 53 years; 16 (94%) patients were female. Mean calcium and parathyroid hormone was 12 mg/dL and 150 pg/mL, and there were no differences from the extrathyroidal parathyroid group. Ultrasound and Sestamibi imaging were valuable in identifying an intrathyroidal parathyroid gland in 10 of 13 patients and 13 of 17 patients, respectively. Local excision was performed in 9 (53%) patients and lobectomy in 8 (47%) patients. Intraoperative parathyroid hormone was measured and predictive of cure in 12 patients. The location of intrathyroidal parathyroid glands was determined in 15 patients and was inferior in 11 (73%). All patients were cured. No patient developed recurrent disease after a median 54-month follow-up. CONCLUSION: Intrathyroidal parathyroid glands are the cause of primary hyperparathyroidism in 2% of patients and are most often inferior glands. Local excision was accomplished in 53% of our patients.

Intradural extramedullary spinal choristoma: A case report.

RATIONALE: A choristoma is a rare and benign neoplasm characterized by the presence of normal tissue in an anomalous anatomical location. In contrast, choristoma tend to occur in other body regions rather than within the spinal canal. Before our findings, only 4 cases of intraspinal choristoma had been recorded. Because its composition is complex and very rare, routine examinations, such as magnetic resonance imaging, are difficult to diagnose, and the possibility of its occurrence is often missed in clinical diagnosis. If there is no specificity in its components, such as in this case, even pathological examinations can only confirm the diagnosis as choristoma after eliminating other possibilities. Therefore, in clinical practice, when encountering patients with intraspinal tumors, it is essential to consider the possibility of choristoma. In this case, the choristoma lack of specific constituent composition sets it apart from previously reported intraspinal choristoma, significantly raising the diagnostic challenge, which offers valuable insights for clinical diagnosis. PATIENT CONCERNS: A female patient aged 48 years was admitted to our medical center due to experiencing persistent lower back pain accompanied by radiating pain in both legs for 5 months. Based on the findings from the neurological physical examination and magnetic resonance imaging, the patient was diagnosed with an intradural space-occupying lesion located at the level of the first lumbar vertebral body. We performed an enhanced magnetic resonance neurography examination to further determine the positional relationship between the occupation and nerves in preparation for surgery. Postoperative pathological biopsy showed that the mass was an intraspinal choristoma. DIAGNOSIS: Intradural extramedullary spinal choristoma. INTERVENTION: Occupied lesion is removed surgically. OUTCOMES: After surgery, all symptoms were significantly relieved, and when the patient was discharged, all symptoms disappeared completely. There was no sign of recurrence after 1 year of follow-up. LESSONS: Intraspinal choristomas are not specific and need to be diagnosed by pathologic examination. Early detection of and intervention for intraspinal tumors can mitigate nerve dysfunction.

[Choristoma of the middle ear]. / Khoristoma srednego ukha i sostsevidnogo otrostka.

Choristoma is one of the varieties of congenital developmental anomalies, where one or another normal tissue of the body is located in an atypical place for itself. The short literary review of choristoma of middle ear is presented in article. A rare clinical cases of salivary gland choristoma of the middle ear (5-year-old girl with left-sided conductive hearing loss of III degree) and glial choristoma of the mastoid (19-year-old man with signs of chronic suppurative otitis media of the right ear) are described.

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma arising from an ectopic pancreas in a cat.

An 8-year-old male neutered Korean shorthair cat presented with chronic vomiting. Radiographically, an oval-shaped soft tissue abdominal mass caudoventral to the left kidney was detected. On ultrasonography, the hypoechoic mass was well-defined with thick, irregular, and hyperechoic margins and had no continuity with the pancreas or other adjacent organs. The mass was surgically excised. Areas of atypical pancreatic acinar epithelial cells were identified histopathologically. Postoperative CT demonstrated a normal pancreas in the expected anatomical region. Based on diagnostic imaging, surgical and histopathology findings, the mass was diagnosed as a well-differentiated pancreatic acinar cell adenocarcinoma arising from ectopic pancreatic tissue.