Por la psicopatología hacia Dios: psiquiatría y saber de salvación durante el primer franquismo / Christian psychopathology: psychiatry and knowledge for the sake of salvation in the early years of Francoism

Al finalizar la Segunda Guerra Mundial, el régimen franquista intentó distanciarse de los fascismos derrotados acentuando su carácter católico. El cambio de imagen culminó en 1947 con el establecimiento, mediante la Ley de Sucesión, de España como Estado Católico. Este proceso ocasionó que la ideología nacional-católica se convirtiera en las primeras décadas de la dictadura en la fuerza hegemónica para la transformación de la sociedad española en un sentido antimodernizador. La actividad científica no quedó exenta de esa modulación, fomentándose la creación de una ciencia católica, portadora de valores universales y armonizada con la fe. Los conceptos psiquiátricos elaborados por Juan José López Ibor durante el primer franquismo -la anagogía, el instinto de perfección, la psicagogia y, sobre todo, la timopatía ansiosa y la angustia vital- constituyeron un ejemplo de esa ciencia católica. Se analizan aquí el trasfondo cristiano de dichas nociones, su repercusión científica y la utilidad social que tuvieron para la dictadura. El trabajo subraya como resultados, por un lado, la concepción de esas nociones psiquiátricas clave del primer franquismo como saberes de salvación, esto es, como transmisoras de supuestos valores eternos acordes con la visión del catolicismo dominante por entonces; y, por otro, el funcionamiento de tales nociones como un dispositivo más de la red reguladora diseñada y desplegada por el franquismo para fomentar la sumisión y la resignación de la población (AU)

After World War II came to an end, General Franco's regime attempted to step aside from the defeated fascist states by emphasizing its Catholic character. The change of image culminated in 1947 with the establishment of Spain as a Catholic State by means of the Law of Succession. This process generated the national catholic ideology, which became, during the first decades of the dictatorship, the hegemonic instrument for the transformation of Spanish society in an anti-modernizing way. Scientific activity was not excluded from these changes, and a Catholic science conveying universal values and in harmony with the faith was strongly encouraged. One example of this Catholic science was the psychiatric approach developed by Juan José López Ibor during the first Francoist period, including the concepts of anagogy, the perfection instinct, psychagogy and, above all, anxious thymopathy and life anguish. This paper analyses the Christian background of these notions, their scientific repercussions and their social utility for the dictatorship. This paper emphasizes the consideration of these key notions of Spanish psychiatry during the First Francoism as knowledge of salvation, i.e., as conveyors of assumed eternal values in accordance with the prevailing view of Catholicism. On the other hand, it points to the functioning of these concepts as a part of the regulatory network designed and deployed by Francoism to promote submission and resignation in the Spanish population

I Want to Believe: A Short Psychobiography of Mary Baker Eddy.

The 18th and 19th centuries were beset with new religious movements in the United States: Shakers, Latter Day Saints, Millerites, and Seventh Day Adventists to name a few. One group, Christian Science, held radically different views than their counterparts and their origins lay in the most unlikely of places, a perpetually ill and poor woman from New Hampshire. Much has been said about Mary Baker Eddy: some say that she was a prophet, others that she was a fraud. Herein no such judgments are made. This study seeks to look into the life of Mary Baker Eddy from a psychological lens in the hopes that insight can be gained into the founding of the First Church of Jesus Christ Scientist and perhaps to allay the binary of Mrs. Eddy as either prophet or fanatic.

Cultivating a "chairside manner": dental hypnosis, patient management psychology, and the origins of behavioral dentistry in America, 1890-1910.

Discussions regarding the use of hypnotism in dentistry featured prominently in dental journals and society proceedings during the decades around the turn of the twentieth century. Many dentists used hypnotic suggestion either as the sole anesthetic for extractions or in conjunction with local and general anesthetics for excavation and cavity filling. With the heralding of humanitarian dentistry and improved local anesthesia around 1905, a number of dentists advocated using suggestion psychology to calm nervous patients and increase their comfort and satisfaction levels while undergoing dental procedures. The practice of hypnotic suggestion with local and general anesthesia in providing patients with increasingly painless procedures constituted the earliest variety of behavioral dentistry, a discipline not fully developed until the closing decades of the twentieth century. Hypnosis and suggestion became driving forces for psychological applications in the formative years of behavioral dentistry.

Psiquiatría y religión: La Asociación Mundial de Psiquiatría más allá de los límites / Psychiatry and Religion: World Psychiatric Association Beyond Boundaries

Objetivo. Este artículo reflejará la relevancia de las discusiones sobre "Religión y ciencia" para la Asociación Mundial de Psiquiatría (AMP). La reflexión sobre este tema aún no ha comenzado, a pesar de la publicación por parte de la AMP del manual ‘Religion and Psychiatry: Beyond Boundaries’, emprendido por la sección de religión, espiritualidad y psiquiatría de la AMP. Discurso. Siguiendo el modelo propuesto por el filósofo de religión y ética holandés Willem Drees, se enunciarán y discutirán dos afirmaciones: 5. La AMP, representando la psiquiatría mundial, necesita cambiar su posición en relación a la religión y la espiritualidad. Se debe hacer yendo más allá de las constricciones científicas de mente estrecha como las reduccionistas o materialistas.6. La psiquiatría y la religión no deben considerarse adversarias, oponiéndose una a la otra, sino aliadas contra la superstición y el sin sentido. Conclusión. La frontera entre religión (y espiritualidad) y la práctica de la Psiquiatría cada vez es más porosa. Los psiquiatras no pueden esconderse mucho más tiempo detrás del rechazo a las creencias religiosas como patológicas o detrás del cientificismo biomédico en un mundo globalizado de múltiples fes y culturas. En consecuencia, hay una razón importante para enlazar ‘religión y ciencia’ más allá de los viejos conflictos. Esta razón podría ser la persistencia de supersticiones y sinsentidos (religiosas y científicas)(AU)

Objective. This paper will reflect on the significance of the discussions on ‘Religion and Science’ for the World Reflection on this topic has not even started yet despite the publication of a WPA handbook on ‘Religion and Psychiatry: Beyond Boundaries’, started up by the WPA Section of Religion, Spirituality and Psychiatry. Discourse. Following the model proposed by the Dutch philosopher of Religion and Ethics Willem Drees, two statements will be formulated and discussed: 1. The WPA, indeed representing world psychiatry, needs to change its position toward religion and spirituality. It should do so by crossing narrow minded scientific boundaries like reductionist and materialistic boundaries. 2. Psychiatry and religion should not be regarded as opposing adversaries against each other, but as allies against superstition and nonsense. Conclusion. The boundary between religion (and spirituality) and the practice of psychiatry is becoming increasingly porous. No longer can psychiatrists in a multifaith, multi-cultural, globalized world hide behind the dismissal of religious belief as pathological, or behind biomedical scientism. Consequently, there is a far more important reason for engaging in ‘Religion and Science’ than the outdated conflicts. That reason would be the persistence of (religious and scientific) superstition and nonsense(AU)

Salud y salvación. El acto médico y la fiesta cristiana / Health and salvation. Medical act and the Christian feast

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The American dominative medical system as a reflection of social relations in the larger society.

Expanding upon Navarro's analysis of the American biomedical sector, I argue that the phenomenon of medical pluralism has historically and continues to reflect class, racial/ethnic, and gender relations in American society. The evolution of the American medical system is traced from a relatively pluralistic one in the nineteenth century to a dominative one in the twentieth century. While legitimation and even professionalization of various alternative medical systems supports the assertion that the dominance of biomedicine is delegated rather than absolute, these processes reflect the growing accommodation on the part of alternative practitioners to the reductionist disease theory which is compatible with capitalist ideology.

Christian Science visited.

An objective appraisal of Christian Science and its relevance to the contemporary practice or medicine are presented. The history, nature, and healing aspects of the movement are briefly surveyed. Emphasis is placed upon the fact that despite more than 100 years of coexistence no accommodation between points of view is possible either now or in the future.