ABSTRACT
Plants and animals detect biomolecules termed microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and induce immunity. Agricultural production is severely impacted by pathogens which can be controlled by transferring immune receptors. However, most studies use a single MAMP epitope and the impact of diverse multicopy MAMPs on immune induction is unknown. Here, we characterized the epitope landscape from five proteinaceous MAMPs across 4,228 plant-associated bacterial genomes. Despite the diversity sampled, natural variation was constrained and experimentally testable. Immune perception in both Arabidopsis and tomato depended on both epitope sequence and copy number variation. For example, Elongation Factor Tu is predominantly single copy, and 92% of its epitopes are immunogenic. Conversely, 99.9% of bacterial genomes contain multiple cold shock proteins, and 46% carry a nonimmunogenic form. We uncovered a mechanism for immune evasion, intrabacterial antagonism, where a nonimmunogenic cold shock protein blocks perception of immunogenic forms encoded in the same genome. These data will lay the foundation for immune receptor deployment and engineering based on natural variation.
Subject(s)
Arabidopsis , Epitopes , Solanum lycopersicum , Epitopes/immunology , Solanum lycopersicum/immunology , Solanum lycopersicum/genetics , Solanum lycopersicum/microbiology , Arabidopsis/immunology , Arabidopsis/genetics , Genome, Bacterial , Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules/immunology , Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules/metabolism , Plant Immunity/genetics , Plant Immunity/immunology , Peptide Elongation Factor Tu/genetics , Peptide Elongation Factor Tu/immunology , Bacterial Proteins/immunology , Bacterial Proteins/genetics , Bacteria/immunology , Bacteria/genetics , Cold Shock Proteins and Peptides/genetics , Cold Shock Proteins and Peptides/immunology , Cold Shock Proteins and Peptides/metabolismABSTRACT
The Y-box proteins are a family of highly conserved nucleic acid binding proteins. In this report we have identified a new member, YB-1 from turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) spleen cDNA library. The full-length cDNA sequence of turbot YB-1 was obtained and then the expression at transcriptional level was researched by qRT-PCR. In normal organs, the expression of YB-1 was higher in liver, brain, gill and heart, respectively. YB-1 had the highest expression level at gastrula stage during the early stages of embryo development. In the liver, kidney and spleen, the turbot YB-1 expression level was the highest at 72 h after challenge with lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) and the highest at 12 h after challenge with Vibrio anguillarum (V. anguillarum). Furthermore, the expression of turbot YB-1 also distinctly increased in turbot kidney cells (TK) at 24 h after challenge with V. anguillarum and LCDV. These results indicated that the turbot YB-1 protein may play a signiï¬cant role in the immune response of turbot.
