Plant-derived vesicle-like nanoparticles: A new tool for inflammatory bowel disease and colitis-associated cancer treatment.

Long-term use of conventional drugs to treat inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and colitis-associated cancer (CAC) has an adverse impact on the human immune system and easily leads to drug resistance, highlighting the urgent need to develop novel biotherapeutic tools with improved activity and limited side effects. Numerous products derived from plant sources have been shown to exert antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidative stress effects. Plant-derived vesicle-like nanoparticles (PDVLNs) are natural nanocarriers containing lipids, protein, DNA and microRNA (miRNA) with the ability to enter mammalian cells and regulate cellular activity. PDVLNs have significant potential in immunomodulation of macrophages, along with regulation of intestinal microorganisms and friendly antioxidant activity, as well as overcoming drug resistance. PDVLNs have utility as effective drug carriers and potential modification, with improved drug stability. Since immune function, intestinal microorganisms, and antioxidative stress are commonly targeted key phenomena in the treatment of IBD and CAC, PDVLNs offer a novel therapeutic tool. This review provides a summary of the latest advances in research on the sources and extraction methods, applications and mechanisms in IBD and CAC therapy, overcoming drug resistance, safety, stability, and clinical application of PDVLNs. Furthermore, the challenges and prospects of PDVLN-based treatment of IBD and CAC are systematically discussed.

Microbiota-dependent activation of CD4+ T cells induces CTLA-4 blockade-associated colitis via Fcγ receptors.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors can stimulate antitumor immunity but can also induce toxicities termed immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Colitis is a common and severe irAE that can lead to treatment discontinuation. Mechanistic understanding of gut irAEs has been hampered because robust colitis is not observed in laboratory mice treated with checkpoint inhibitors. We report here that this limitation can be overcome by using mice harboring the microbiota of wild-caught mice, which develop overt colitis following treatment with anti-CTLA-4 antibodies. Intestinal inflammation is driven by unrestrained activation of IFNγ-producing CD4+ T cells and depletion of peripherally induced regulatory T cells through Fcγ receptor signaling. Accordingly, anti-CTLA-4 nanobodies that lack an Fc domain can promote antitumor responses without triggering colitis. This work suggests a strategy for mitigating gut irAEs while preserving antitumor stimulating effects of CTLA-4 blockade.

Enteral nutrition promotes the remission of colitis by gut bacteria-mediated histidine biosynthesis.

BACKGROUND: Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) is an important alternative strategy for patients with Crohn's disease (CD), and during this process, microbiota alterations have been observed. However, the underlying mechanisms by which EEN reduces intestinal inflammation are currently unclear. METHODS: The therapeutic potential of enteral nutrition (EN) was assessed using various mouse models. Fecal full-length 16S rDNA sequencing analysis and several CD metagenome datasets were used to identify the candidate therapeutic bacteria Faecalibaculum rodentium (F. rodentium). Whole genome sequencing of F. rodentium and widely-targeted metabolome analysis of the supernatant showed that EN-induced F. rodentium accumulation protected against colitis via histidine biosynthesis. FINDINGS: The therapeutic potential of EN therapy was observed in both dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and Il10-/- spontaneous colitis mouse models. Accumulation of F. rodentium after EN therapy was determined using full-length 16S rDNA sequencing and verified with several metagenome datasets from patients with CD. Colonization of an isolated F. rodentium could reduce colitis in Il10-/- mice. Significant histidine enrichment was observed in the F. rodentium culture supernatant, and a series of histidine biosynthesis genes were observed in the F. rodentium genome. Engineered Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN), encoding the heterologous hisG of F. rodentium (EcN-hisG), which was a key driver of histidine biosynthesis in F. rodentium, was found to protect against colitis. INTERPRETATION: This study suggests that EN-induced F. rodentium accumulation protects against colitis in mice via gut bacteria-mediated histidine biosynthesis. FUNDING: A full list of funding bodies can be found in the Acknowledgements section.

Case Report: The leopard sign as a potential characteristic of chronic granulomatous disease-associated colitis, unrelated to colitis severity.

Background: Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inborn immune disorder in which the phagocytic system cannot eradicate pathogens, and autoinflammation occurs. Approximately half of the patients have associated gastrointestinal symptoms. Although most cases with CGD-associated colitis present nonspecific histology, colonoscopy in some cases shows brownish dots over a yellowish oedematous mucosa, which is termed a "leopard sign". However, the significance of these signs remains unclear. Methods: We collected data from patients with CGD whose colonoscopic findings showed the leopard sign. Results: Three patients with CGD and leopard signs were enrolled in this study. One patient underwent colonoscopy for frequent diarrhoea and weight gain failure, and another for anal fistula. The third patient was without gastrointestinal symptoms and underwent colonoscopy as a screening test before allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Endoscopic findings showed a mild leopard sign in the first case; however, non-contiguous and diffuse aphthae were observed throughout the colon. The other two cases were unremarkable except for the leopard sign. All the patients achieved remission with oral prednisolone or HCT. One patient underwent colonoscopy after HCT; results revealed improvements in endoscopy (including the leopard sign) and histological findings. However, another patient underwent colonoscopy after prednisolone treatment; this revealed no change in the leopard sign. Conclusion: The leopard sign in the colon may be a characteristic endoscopic finding of CGD, even in patients who do not develop severe gastrointestinal symptoms; however, it does not reflect the severity of CGD-associated colitis.

Immune checkpoint inhibitor refractory colitis leading to total colectomy in a melanoma patient.

Immunotherapy is becoming more and more relevant in the treatment of advanced melanoma. Proper management of its side effects can prevent severe complications. We describe the case of a 73-year-old patient with severe refractory colitis secondary to immunotherapy. The patient has been treated for 6 months with Nivolumab, an anti-PD-1, as adjuvant therapy for locally advanced melanoma. He was admitted to the hospital with a deteriorating general condition associated with severe diarrhea and rectal bleeding for 3 weeks. Despite three lines of treatment (high dose corticosteroids, infliximab, mycophenolate mofetil), the patient still presented clinical and endoscopic colitis, with additional infectious complications. The patient required surgical management for total colectomy. In this article we present one of the rare cases of autoimmune colitis that did not respond to various immunosuppressive treatments and required surgery.

Endoscopic and surgical treatment outcomes of colitis-associated advanced colorectal neoplasia: a multicenter cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients are at increased risk of advanced neoplasia (high-grade dysplasia or colorectal cancer). The authors aimed to (1) assess synchronous and metachronous neoplasia following (sub)total or proctocolectomy, partial colectomy or endoscopic resection for advanced neoplasia in IBD, and (2) identify factors associated with treatment choice. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this retrospective multicenter cohort study, the authors used the Dutch nationwide pathology databank (PALGA) to identify patients diagnosed with IBD and colonic advanced neoplasia (AN) between 1991 and 2020 in seven hospitals in the Netherlands. Logistic and Fine & Gray's subdistribution hazard models were used to assess adjusted subdistribution hazard ratios for metachronous neoplasia and associations with treatment choice. RESULTS: The authors included 189 patients (high-grade dysplasia n =81; colorectal cancer n =108). Patients were treated with proctocolectomy ( n =33), (sub)total colectomy ( n =45), partial colectomy ( n =56) and endoscopic resection ( n =38). Partial colectomy was more frequently performed in patients with limited disease and older age, with similar patient characteristics between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Synchronous neoplasia was found in 43 patients (25.0%; (sub)total or proctocolectomy n =22, partial colectomy n =8, endoscopic resection n =13). The authors found a metachronous neoplasia rate of 6.1, 11.5 and 13.7 per 100 patient-years after (sub)total colectomy, partial colectomy and endoscopic resection, respectively. Endoscopic resection, but not partial colectomy, was associated with an increased metachronous neoplasia risk (adjusted subdistribution hazard ratios 4.16, 95% CI 1.64-10.54, P <0.01) compared with (sub)total colectomy. CONCLUSION: After confounder adjustment, partial colectomy yielded a similar metachronous neoplasia risk compared to (sub)total colectomy. High metachronous neoplasia rates after endoscopic resection underline the importance of strict subsequent endoscopic surveillance.

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Colitis Is Safe and Contributes to Recovery: Two Case Reports.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have improved the prognosis in multiple cancer types. However, ICIs can induce immune-related adverse events such as immune-mediated enterocolitis (IMC). The gut microbiota may be implicated in IMC development. Therefore, we investigated fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) as a treatment option for 2 patients with metastatic cancer suffering from refractory IMC. The patients were treated with, respectively, 1 and 3 FMTs after vancomycin pre-treatment. We monitored defecation frequency, fecal calprotectin, and microbiota composition. After FMT, both patients improved in defecation frequency, were discharged from the hospital, and received lower dosage of immunosuppressive therapy. Patient 1 developed an invasive pulmonary aspergillosis deemed to be related to prolonged steroid exposure. Patient 2 suffered from a Campylobacter jejuni infection after the first FMT and was treated with meropenem, resulting in a low-diversity microbiota profile and increased calprotectin levels and defecation frequency. After a second and third FMT, bacterial diversity increased and defecation frequency and calprotectin levels decreased. Pre-FMT, both patients showed low bacterial richness, but varying bacterial diversity. After FMT, diversity and richness were similar to healthy donor levels. In conclusion, FMT resulted in improvement of IMC symptoms and corresponding microbial changes in 2 cancer patients with refractory IMC. While more research is warranted, microbiome-modulation could be a promising new therapeutic option for IMC.

Immune mediated colitis: a surgical perspective.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to review and summarize the current up to date literature that explore the current treatment approaches to immune mediated colitis and the role of surgical specialties in the landscape of management. METHODS: A narrative review of papers was performed following a literature search through Medline, EMBASE and Cochrane Central databases pertaining to immune mediated colitis as an adverse event of cancer immunotherapy. RESULTS: Current guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of immune mediated colitis mirror the approach to the workup of inflammatory bowel disease and guided by treating oncology and gastroenterology specialties. Immune mediated colitis however relies on surgical specific skills as a consequence of obtaining a diagnosis as well as in the management of complications that may arise. CONCLUSION: Immune mediate colitis management has largely been under the purview of medical specialties. This review explores the current landscape of managing immune mediated colitis from a surgical perspective and highlights key areas in which surgeons can engage in the multidisciplinary care of this condition. To facilitate prompt diagnosis and management of immune-mediated colitis, there is an increasing necessity for surgeons to become familiar with the latest multidisciplinary approaches and recommendations.

Clostridium difficile colitis and peritoneal dialysis associated peritonitis: 'Difficile' treatment considerations.

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) associated peritonitis is the leading cause of PD discontinuation and haemodialysis transfer. Current guidelines strongly recommend prompt initiation of empiric broad-spectrum intraperitoneal antibiotics, with suspected peritonitis. Clostridium difficile colitis is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections, with increased morbidity and mortality among end-stage kidney disease patients. Clinical presentation is mainly characterised by diarrhoea of varying severity, which may eventually evolve into toxic megacolon and paralytic ileus. However, PD patients with Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) may also have colitis-triggered peritonitis, presenting challenging scenario for antibiotic treatment strategy, since broad-spectrum antibiotics against peritonitis may worsen CDI-related colitis, while inappropriate or discontinuation of antibiotic therapy may worsen peritonitis. Currently, guidelines on peritonitis management do not include such challenging clinical situations, although increasingly common. We herein describe a case of a patient, with culture-negative PD associated peritonitis and CDI, presenting with diarrhoea, abdominal pain and cloudy effluent.

Roux-en-Y reconstruction alleviates radical gastrectomy-induced colitis via down-regulation of the butyrate/NLRP3 signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: Different methods for digestive tract reconstruction have a complex impact on the nutritional status of gastric cancer (GC) patients after radical gastrectomy. Previous studies reported that Roux-en-Y (R-Y) reconstruction resulted in obvious weight reduction and improvement in type 2 diabetes in obese patients. We investigated the relationship between R-Y reconstruction, gut microbiota, and the NLRP3 inflammasome in GC patients with poor basic nutrition. METHODS: Changes in the gut microbiota after radical gastrectomy accomplished by different methods of digestive tract reconstruction were investigated via fecal microbiota transplantation. The underlying mechanisms were also explored by analyzing the role of the microbiota, butyrate, and the NLRP3 inflammasome in the colon tissues of colitis model mice and GC patients after radical gastrectomy. FINDINGS: R-Y reconstruction effectively relieved intestinal inflammation and facilitated nutrient absorption. 16S rRNA analysis revealed that gavage transplantation with the fecal microbiota of R-Y reconstruction patients could reverse dysbacteriosis triggered by radical gastrectomy and elevate the relative abundance of some short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria. Subsequently, butyrate negatively regulated the NLRP3-mediated inflammatory signaling pathway to inhibit the activation of macrophages and the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators such as caspase-1 and interleukin (IL)-1ß, decreasing the level of intestinal inflammation and promoting nutrient absorption. INTERPRETATION: R-Y reconstruction induced colonization with SCFA-producing bacteria to alleviate radical gastrectomy-induced colitis by down-regulating the NLRP3 signaling pathway. This can be a new strategy and theoretical basis for the management of the postoperative nutritional status of GC patients. FUNDING: This work was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (81974375), the BoXi cultivation program (BXQN202130), and the Project of Youth Foundation in Science and Education of the Department of Public Health of Suzhou (KJXW2018001).

ZnT2 Is Critical for TLR4-Mediated Cytokine Expression in Colonocytes and Modulates Mucosal Inflammation in Mice.

A wide range of microbial pathogens can enter the gastrointestinal tract, causing mucosal inflammation and infectious colitis and accounting for most cases of acute diarrhea. Severe cases of infectious colitis can persist for weeks, and if untreated, may lead to major complications and death. While the molecular pathogenesis of microbial infections is often well-characterized, host-associated epithelial factors that affect risk and severity of infectious colitis are less well-understood. The current study characterized functions of the zinc (Zn) transporter ZnT2 (SLC30A2) in cultured HT29 colonocytes and determined consequences of ZnT2 deletion in mice on the colonic response to enteric infection with Citrobacter rodentium. ZnT2 in colonocytes transported Zn into vesicles buffering cytoplasmic Zn pools, which was important for Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression, activation of pathogen-stimulated NF-κß translocation and cytokine expression. Additionally, ZnT2 was critical for lysosome biogenesis and bacterial-induced autophagy, both promoting robust host defense and resolution mechanisms in response to enteric pathogens. These findings reveal that ZnT2 is a novel regulator of mucosal inflammation in colonocytes and is critical to the response to infectious colitis, suggesting that manipulating the function of ZnT2 may offer new therapeutic strategies to treat specific intestinal infections.

IL-17A aggravates asthma-induced intestinal immune injury by promoting neutrophil trafficking.

With the concept of the gut-lung axis reinforced in recent years, emerging evidence has shown that intestinal homeostasis is vital for lung health. Nevertheless, the impacts of lung homeostasis on intestinal tracts and their mechanism are rarely studied. Our results showed that papain-induced asthmatic mice exhibited apparent colonic injuries compared with controls, including increased intestinal permeability, neutrophil and Th17 infiltration in the colonic lamina propria. Moreover, the intranasal administration of papain aggravated such colonic injuries in mice with dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis, as evidenced by increased occult blood scores, shortened colon length, and accumulated neutrophils. The level of IL-17A was also higher in the serum of asthmatic mice than wild-type mice. Interestingly, the pathologic scores, the proportion of Th17 cells, and neutrophil infiltration in the colon were markedly reduced after IL-17A blocking. Similarly, longer length, lower pathologic scores, and fewer neutrophils were also observed in the colon of IL-17-deficient asthmatic mice. More importantly, we demonstrated that severe gastrointestinal symptoms could accompany clinical asthmatics. The frequencies of Th17 cells and the mRNA expression of IL-17A in the peripheral blood of these patients were significantly enhanced. Besides, the gastrointestinal symptom rating scale scores positively correlated with the frequencies of Th17 in asthmatics. These findings enlighten that IL-17A aggravates asthma-induced intestinal immune injury by promoting neutrophil trafficking, which facilitates the exploration of new potential biomarkers to treat asthma.