ABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Estudiar la correlación existente entre la relación excavación/papila óptica (E/P) medida mediante el nuevo dispositivo de colorimetría fotográfica Laguna ONhE (Optic Nerve Hemoglobin), tomografía de coherencia óptica (OCT) de dominio espectral, tomografía retiniana con láser confocal (HRT) y valoración mediante retinografía. MÉTODOS: Un total de 154 ojos de 154 sujetos (52 controles, 36 hipertensos oculares y 66 con glaucoma primario de ángulo abierto) fueron estudiados de forma prospectiva determinándose el cociente E/P mediante Laguna ONhE, HRT-III (Heidelberg Engineering), OCT Spectralis (Heidelberg Engineering) y el análisis de fotografías de papilas por parte de un observador experto en glaucoma de forma enmascarada. RESULTADOS: Los coeficientes de correlación intraclase (CCI) globales fueron: 0,379 (IC 95%: 0,233-0,508) entre Laguna ONhE y HRT; 0,621 (IC 95%: 0,513-0,709) entre Laguna ONhE y OCT, y 0,558 (IC 95%: 0,398-0,678) entre Laguna ONhE y observador, siendo esta concordancia estadísticamente significativa en todos los casos. El mayor CCI se obtuvo entre OCT y observador: 0,715 (IC 95%: 0,605-0,795). CONCLUSIONES:La medida de E/P estimada por Laguna ONhE presenta buena correlación con la determinada por OCT y la valorada por un especialista en glaucoma. Las mejores correlaciones se encuentran entre OCT y experto. La concordancia fue buena entre Laguna ONhE, OCT y experto, siendo menor con HRT, que presenta una correlación menor con el resto de procedimientos
OBJECTIVE: To examine correlations between cup-to-disc (C/D) ratios determined by the new Laguna ONhE (optic nerve hemoglobin) color imaging procedure, spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT), confocal scanning laser tomography using Heidelberg retina tomography (HRT), and examining retinal images. METHODS: C/D ratio measurements were made on 154 eyes of 154 subjects (52 healthy controls, 36 with ocular hypertension and 66 with primary open-angle glaucoma) using the Laguna ONhE, HRT-III (Heidelberg Engineering) and OCT Spectralis (Heidelberg Engineering) instruments and photographs of the optic disc were examined by a blinded observer (experienced glaucoma specialist). RESULTS: Global intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were: 0.379 (95% CI: 0.233-0.508) for Laguna ONhE-HRT, 0.621 (95% CI: 0.513-0.709) for Laguna ONhE-OCT, and 0.558 (95% CI: 0.398-0.678) for the Laguna ONhE-observer, indicating significant agreement in each case (P<.001). The highest ICC was recorded for OCT- observer (0.715; 95% CI: 0.605-0.795). CONCLUSIONS: C/D ratios measured using the Laguna ONhE procedure correlated well with OCT measurements and retinography measurements made by an experienced observer. Best correlation was observed for OCT versus observer measurements. Agreement was good between the Laguna ONhE, OCT and observer measurements, and was somewhat lower between HRT and the remaining procedures
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Optic Nerve Diseases/chemically induced , Optic Nerve Diseases/metabolism , Colorimetry/instrumentation , Colorimetry/methods , Glaucoma/metabolism , Glaucoma/pathology , Perfusion/instrumentation , Perfusion/psychology , Optic Nerve Diseases/complications , Optic Nerve Diseases/pathology , Colorimetry/classification , Colorimetry/ethics , Glaucoma/diagnosis , Glaucoma/nursing , Perfusion/classification , Perfusion/nursingABSTRACT
Visual assessment of skin reactions has long been used to evaluate the safety of chemicals and preparations that contact the skin, and to meet regulatory requirements. This article reviews the history of visual grading scales, and the results of investigations into the reliability of the method. Some examples are provided to illustrate the diverse array of protocols that use visual scoring to evaluate skin irritation. Furthermore, as bioengineering methods are developed that can quantitate certain aspects of skin irritant and sensitization reactions, it is important to consider whether such measures should supplement or replace visual assessment. Examples of investigations comparing the outcomes of studies that use visual scoring and those that use bioengineering methods are discussed. These examples provide little evidence that bioengineering measures provide an improvement in overall quality in comparison with current testing methods that rely on visual assessment. In addition, such measuring techniques can add considerably to the complexity of testing protocols. When benefits and cost are weighed in the balance, the visual assessment scales popularized by Draize and others remain an effective, practical method of evaluation.
Subject(s)
Dermatitis, Irritant/diagnosis , Patch Tests/history , Patch Tests/methods , Skin Irritancy Tests/classification , Skin Irritancy Tests/methods , Colorimetry/classification , Colorimetry/methods , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , Patch Tests/classification , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
Se ha desarrollado un ensayo colorimétrico de hibridación en microplacas para simplificar la detección de Mycobacterium leprae en muestras clínicas. La técnica detecta los productos amplificados por un ensayo muy sensible RT-PCR con diana sobre una secuencia especie-específica del rRNA 16S bacteriano. El test detectó hasta 10 bacilos aislados de los nódulos linfáticos de ratones desnudos infectados o biopsias cutáneas humanas. La sensibilidad para el diagnóstico en nuestras clínicas se evaluó en 58 biopsias cutáneas de 58 pacientes de lepra sin tratar. El ensayo detectó amplificados RT-PCR de M. leprae en el 100 por ciento de las biopsias de pacientes con lepra multibacilar y el 80 por ciento de biopsias de pacientes paucibacilares, con una sensibilidad total de 91.3 por ciento. El test resultó ser muy específico ya que no se detectaron amplificaciones en las biopsias de pacientes normales o afectados de otras enfermedades distintas a la lepra. La variante colorimétrica es más rápido, sensible y simplifica la detección de los amplificados RT-PCR comparado con el análisis por Southern blot. Puede ser útil para el diagnóstico de los casos difíciles de lepra y como el RNA se degrada rápidamente después de la inactivación celular siendo útil para la evaluación de la respuesta al tratamiento y distinción de recidivas de reacción (AU)
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Male , Middle Aged , Humans , Colorimetry/methods , Mycobacterium leprae/isolation & purification , Mycobacterium leprae/pathogenicity , Biopsy/methods , Sensitivity and Specificity , RNA, Complementary , Ribonucleases/isolation & purification , Ribonucleases , Electrophoresis, Agar Gel/methods , Blotting, Southern/methods , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Colorimetry/classification , Colorimetry/trends , Culture Media/isolation & purification , Rifampin , OfloxacinABSTRACT
UNLABELLED: When we observe the light reflected from surfaces in a scene or look directly at light emitted by light sources, we experience the sensation of color. Color is just one attribute of a complex and not fully understood set of properties that define the appearance of our surroundings. To measure or specify the color of an object, we need to take into account the nature of the light under which the object is viewed, the spectral reflectance properties of the surface, and the properties of the human color vision system. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: In this article the CIE system of colorimetry is briefly reviewed and its limitations are described. The consequences of these limitations for color measurement in dentistry are discussed.
Subject(s)
Colorimetry/methods , Algorithms , Color Perception/physiology , Colorimetry/classification , Colorimetry/standards , Dentistry , Humans , Light , Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate/physiology , Refractometry , Surface PropertiesABSTRACT
UNLABELLED: Tooth whitening has become a popular and routine dental procedure, and its efficacy and safety have been well documented. However, the measurement of tooth color, particularly in the evaluation of the efficacy of a system intended to enhance tooth whiteness, remains a challenge. One of the instruments used for assessing tooth color in clinical whitening studies is the Minolta Chroma Meter CR-321 (Minolta Corporation USA, Ramsey, NJ, USA). This article describes the instrument and discusses various measuring procedures and the Chroma Meter's advantages, limitations, and disadvantages. The available information indicates that, although Minolta Chroma Meter CR-321 provides quantitative and objective measurements of tooth color, it can be tedious to use with a custom alignment device. The Chroma Meter data are inconsistent with the commonly used visual instruments such as Vitapan Classical Shade Guide (Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany), although in many cases the general trends are similar. It is also questionable whether the small area measured adequately represents the color of the whole tooth. A more critical challenge is the lack of methods for interpreting the Chroma Meter data regarding tooth color change in studies evaluating the efficacy of whitening systems. Consequently, at present the Chroma Meter data alone do not appear to be adequate for determining tooth color change in whitening research, although the quantitative measurements may be useful as supplemental or supportive data. Research is needed to develop and improve the instrument and technique for quantitative measurement of tooth color and interpretation of the data for evaluating tooth color change. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This paper will help readers to understand the advantages and limitations of the Minolta Chroma Meter used for evaluating the efficacy of tooth-whitening systems so that proper judgment can be made in the interpretation of the results of clinical studies.
