ABSTRACT
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Subject(s)
Colorimetry/instrumentation , Clinical Laboratory Techniques/history , Colorimetry/historyABSTRACT
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Subject(s)
Colorimetry/history , Clinical Laboratory Techniques/history , History of MedicineABSTRACT
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Subject(s)
Humans , Microbiological Techniques/history , Anti-Bacterial Agents/history , Coloring Agents/history , Methylene Blue/therapeutic use , Colorimetry/history , Coloring Agents/therapeutic useABSTRACT
A rapid and reliable method for measuring serum albumin employing bromcresol green is described. The addition of albumin to a solution of bromcresol green in a 0.075 M succinate buffer pH 4.20 results in an increase in absorbance at 628 nm. The absorbance-concentration relationship is linear for samples containing up to 6 g/dl albumin. Bilirubin, moderate lipemia, and salicylate do not interfere with the analysis. The use of nonionic surfactant (Brij-35) reduces the absorbance of the blank, prevents turbidity and provides linearity. The results by this method agree very well with those obtained by electrophoresis and salt fractionation. The method is simple, it has excellent precision and the reagents are stable. A protein standard is introduced which can be employed for both the total serum proteins and albumin determinations.
Subject(s)
Blood Chemical Analysis/methods , Serum Albumin/analysis , Blood Chemical Analysis/instrumentation , Bromcresol Green , Colorimetry/history , History, 20th Century , Humans , Reference Standards , Spectrophotometry/historyABSTRACT
Oximetry, the measurement of hemoglobin oxygen saturation in either blood or tissue, depends on the Lambert-Beer relationship between light transmission and optical density. Shortly after Bunsen and Kirchhoff invented the spectrometer in 1860, the oxygen transport function of hemoglobin was demonstrated by Stokes and Hoppe-Seyler, who showed color changes produced by aeration of hemoglobin solutions. In 1932 in Göttingen, Germany, Nicolai optically recorded the in vivo oxygen consumption of a hand after circulatory occlusion. Kramer showed that the Lambert-Beer law applied to hemoglobin solutions and approximately to whole blood, and measured saturation by the transmission of red light through unopened arteries. Matthes in Leipzig, Germany, built the first apparatus to measure ear oxygen saturation and introduced a second wavelength (green or infrared) insensitive to saturation to compensate for blood volume and tissue pigments. Millikan built a light-weight ear "oximeter" during World War II to train pilots for military aviation. Wood added a pneumatic cuff to obtain a bloodless zero. Brinkman and Zijlstra in Groningen, The Netherlands, showed that red light reflected from the forehead could be used to measure oxygen saturation. Zijlstra initiated cuvette and catheter reflection oximetry. Instrumentation Laboratory used multiple wavelengths to measure blood carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin is cuvette oximeters. Shaw devised an eight-wavelength ear oximeter. Nakajima and co-workers invented the pulse oximeter, which avoids the need for calibration with only two wavelengths by responding only to the pulsatile changes in transmitted red and infrared light. Lübbers developed catheter tip and cuvette fiberoptic sensors for oxygen tension, carbon dioxide tension, and pH.
