A combined treatment for self-traumatic chronic skin lesions associated with post-surgical neuropathic pain in a domestic cat: a pharmacological and cold atmospheric plasma approach.

Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has been employed as a therapy against both acute and chronic skin lesions, contaminated or not, and has effects on angiogenesis and reepithelialization promoting healing. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of a CAP jet associated with pharmacological treatment described by the 2015 AAHA/AAFP pain management guidelines and the 2022 WSAVA guidelines for the recognition, assessment, and treatment of pain, on the healing of chronic skin lesions caused by a pruritic reaction resulting from post-surgical neuropathic pain. To this end, a single CAP application was performed on a feline patient with a 6 months old recurrent contaminated cervical skin lesions along with administration of ketamine (10 µg/kg/min) following the prescription of prednisone (1 mg/kg, SID, 6 days), gabapentin (8 mg/kg, BID, 60 days) and amitriptyline (0.5 mg /kg, SID, 60 days). A single application of plasma associated with an NMDA antagonist, anti-inflammatory steroid, tricyclic antidepressant and gabapentinoid thus provided a significant improvement in the macroscopic appearance of the lesion within 10 days, and the owner reported the cessation of intense itching within the first four hours after treatment and a consequent improvement in the animal's quality of life. The medical treatment was finished almost a year since the writing of this paper, without clinical or reported recurrent signs of the condition. Therefore, we observed that single dose CAP application associated with ketamine, gabapentin, amitriptyline and prednisone leads to significant healing of chronically infected skin lesions resulting from post-surgical neuropathic pain.

Effects of multimodal environmental modification in crystal-related feline lower urinary tract diseases / Efeitos da modificação ambiental multimodal em felinos com cristais doenças do trato urinário inferior relacionadas a cristais

This study aims to analyze the effects of multimodal environmental modification (MEMO) of cats with recurrence of lower urinary tract signs (LUTS). Treatment of FLUTD included pharmacological treatment, dietary management, and multimodal environmental modification approaches. Twenty client-owned indoor-housed cats with recurrence of lower urinary tract signs had been covered in this observation. Diagnosis of lower urinary tract was made primarily based on the cat's clinical signs, results of laboratory parameters, urinalysis and ultrasonographic examination. Cats were divided into two groups as cefovecin (8 mg/kg sc, single time use) + meloxicam (0.1mg/kg q24h, 3 days) + dry food including l-tryptophan and milk protein hydrolysate to dissolve struvite stones (Group 1) and cefovecin + meloxicam + dry food including l-tryptophan and milk protein hydrolysate to dissolve struvite stones + multimodal environmental modification (Group 2). Clinical and urinary parameters are scored as 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 points on initial, third, seventh days. Scores of clinical parameters were significantly different between (p<0.05) group 2 and group 1 on the third and seventh days and scores of urinary parameters are significantly different between (p<0.05) group 2 than group 1 on the seventh day. Clients who were contacted after 1 year reported that they did not see any clinical signs of urinary tract diseases.

Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da modificação ambiental multimodal (MEMO) em gatos com recorrência de sinais do trato urinário inferior (LUTS). O tratamento da FLUTD incluiu tratamento farmacológico, controle dietético e abordagens de modificação ambiental multimodal. Vinte gatos de propriedade de clientes, alojados em ambientes fechados, com recorrência de sinais do trato urinário inferior foram incluídos nessa observação. O diagnóstico do trato urinário inferior foi feito principalmente com base nos sinais clínicos do gato, nos resultados dos parâmetros laboratoriais, na urinálise e no exame ultrassonográfico. Os gatos foram divididos em dois grupos: cefovecina (8 mg/kg sc, uso único) + meloxicam (0,1mg/kg q24h, 3 dias) + ração seca incluindo l-triptofano e hidrolisado de proteína do leite para dissolver cálculos de estruvita (Grupo 1) e cefovecina + meloxicam + ração seca incluindo l-triptofano e hidrolisado de proteína do leite para dissolver cálculos de estruvita + modificação ambiental multimodal (Grupo 2). Os parâmetros clínicos e urinários foram pontuados como 0, 1, 2, 3 ou 4 pontos no primeiro, terceiro e sétimo dias. As pontuações dos parâmetros clínicos foram significativamente diferentes entre (p<0,05) o grupo 2 e o grupo 1 no terceiro e sétimo dias, e as pontuações dos parâmetros urinários foram significativamente diferentes entre (p<0,05) o grupo 2 e o grupo 1 no sétimo dia. Os clientes que foram contatados após um ano relataram que não observaram nenhum sinal clínico de doenças do trato urinário.

Local tumour nanoparticle thermal therapy: A promising immunomodulatory treatment for canine cancer.

Distinct thermal therapies have been used for cancer therapy. For hyperthermia (HT) treatment the tumour tissue is heated to temperatures between 39 and 45°C, while during ablation (AB) temperatures above 50°C are achieved. HT is commonly used in combination with different treatment modalities, such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy, for better clinical outcomes. In contrast, AB is usually used as a single modality for direct tumour cell killing. Both thermal therapies have been shown to result in cytotoxicity as well as immune response stimulation. Immunogenic responses encompass the innate and adaptive immune systems and involve the activation of macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells and T cells. Several heat technologies are used, but great interest arises from nanotechnology-based thermal therapies. Spontaneous tumours in dogs can be a model for cancer immunotherapies with several advantages. In addition, veterinary oncology represents a growing market with an important demand for new therapies. In this review, we will focus on nanoparticle-mediated thermal-induced immunogenic effects, the beneficial potential of integrating thermal nanomedicine with immunotherapies and the results of published works with thermotherapies for cancer using dogs with spontaneous tumours, highlighting the works that evaluated the effect on the immune system in order to show dogs with spontaneous cancer as a good model for evaluated the immunomodulatory effect of nanoparticle-mediated thermal therapies.

Terapia multimodal no tratamento de hemangiossarcoma cutâneo canino / Multimodal therapy in the treatment of cutaneous canine hemangiosarcoma

O hemangiossarcoma é uma neoplasia mesenquimal maligna de origem endotelial. Quando manifestada em região cutânea, os sinais clínicos estão ligados a variações hemostáticas, como petéquias e hemorragias. O diagnóstico definitivo é obtido por exame histopatológico. A conduta cirúrgica é a terapia de escolha, podendo ser necessária a realização de técnicas reconstrutivas a depender da localização da neoplasia. A quimioterapia adjuvante, metronômica ou convencional, pode ser empregada. Um canino, fêmea, sem raça definida, de oito anos de idade, atendido com um nódulo cutâneo em região ventro abdominal. O animal foi submetido a protocolo quimioterápico metronômico, devido à extensão do tumor que impedia a exérese cirúrgica em um primeiro momento. O tratamento levou à citorredução, viabilizando a exérese tumoral, desconsiderando as margens de segurança, em caráter paliativo. Após a cirurgia o protocolo quimioterápico foi retomado e mantido nos dois meses seguintes. O animal permaneceu livre da doença nos seis meses seguintes, realizando revisões periódicas. O presente trabalho relata a abordagem multimodal aplicada em um caso de hemangiossarcoma cutâneo, atingindo qualidade de vida e sobrevida satisfatórias.

Hemangiosarcoma is a malignant mesenchymal neoplasm of endothelial origin. When manifested in the cutaneous region, clinical signs are linked to hemostatic variations, such as petechiae and hemorrhages. The definitive diagnosis is obtained by histopathological examination. Surgical management is the therapy of choice, and reconstructive techniques may be necessary depending on the location of the neoplasia. Adjuvant chemotherapy, either metronomic or conventional, can be used. An eight-year-old female, mixed-breed canine was treated with a cutaneous nodule in the abdominal ventral region. The animal was submitted to a metronomic chemotherapy protocol, due to the extension of the tumor that prevented surgical excision at first. The treatment led to cytoreduction, making the tumor excision feasible, disregarding the safety margins, in a palliative character. After surgery, the chemotherapy protocol was resumed and maintained for the next two months. The animal remained free of the disease for the following six months, undergoing periodic reviews. The present work reports the multimodal approach applied in a case of cutaneous hemangiosarcoma, achieving satisfactory quality of life and survival.

Terapia multimodal no tratamento de hemangiossarcoma cutâneo canino / Multimodal therapy in the treatment of cutaneous canine hemangiosarcoma

O hemangiossarcoma é uma neoplasia mesenquimal maligna de origem endotelial. Quando manifestada em região cutânea, os sinais clínicos estão ligados a variações hemostáticas, como petéquias e hemorragias. O diagnóstico definitivo é obtido por exame histopatológico. A conduta cirúrgica é a terapia de escolha, podendo ser necessária a realização de técnicas reconstrutivas a depender da localização da neoplasia. A quimioterapia adjuvante, metronômica ou convencional, pode ser empregada. Um canino, fêmea, sem raça definida, de oito anos de idade, atendido com um nódulo cutâneo em região ventro abdominal. O animal foi submetido a protocolo quimioterápico metronômico, devido à extensão do tumor que impedia a exérese cirúrgica em um primeiro momento. O tratamento levou à citorredução, viabilizando a exérese tumoral, desconsiderando as margens de segurança, em caráter paliativo. Após a cirurgia o protocolo quimioterápico foi retomado e mantido nos dois meses seguintes. O animal permaneceu livre da doença nos seis meses seguintes, realizando revisões periódicas. O presente trabalho relata a abordagem multimodal aplicada em um caso de hemangiossarcoma cutâneo, atingindo qualidade de vida e sobrevida satisfatórias.(AU)

Hemangiosarcoma is a malignant mesenchymal neoplasm of endothelial origin. When manifested in the cutaneous region, clinical signs are linked to hemostatic variations, such as petechiae and hemorrhages. The definitive diagnosis is obtained by histopathological examination. Surgical management is the therapy of choice, and reconstructive techniques may be necessary depending on the location of the neoplasia. Adjuvant chemotherapy, either metronomic or conventional, can be used. An eight-year-old female, mixed-breed canine was treated with a cutaneous nodule in the abdominal ventral region. The animal was submitted to a metronomic chemotherapy protocol, due to the extension of the tumor that prevented surgical excision at first. The treatment led to cytoreduction, making the tumor excision feasible, disregarding the safety margins, in a palliative character. After surgery, the chemotherapy protocol was resumed and maintained for the next two months. The animal remained free of the disease for the following six months, undergoing periodic reviews. The present work reports the multimodal approach applied in a case of cutaneous hemangiosarcoma, achieving satisfactory quality of life and survival.(AU)

Combination therapy of canine osteosarcoma with canine bone marrow stem cells, bone morphogenetic protein and carboplatin in an in vivo model.

Osteosarcoma (OSA) is the most common malignant bone cancer in children and dogs. The therapeutic protocols adopted for dogs and humans are very similar, involving surgical options such as amputation. Besides surgical options, radiotherapy and chemotherapy also are adopted. However, hematologic, gastrointestinal and renal toxicity may occur because of chemotherapy treatments. Recent study clearly showed that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) combined with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP-2) may be associated with decreases of the tumorigenic potential of canine OSA. The aim of this study was to analyse the efficacy of chemotherapy with carboplatin and rhBMP-2 with MSCs in a canine OSA in vivo model. Canine OSA cells were implanted in mice Balb-c/nude with MSCs, rhBMP-2 and carboplatin. Flow cytometry and PCR for markers involved in tumour suppression pathways were analysed. Results showed that the combination of MSCs and rhBMP-2 reduced tumour mass and infiltration of neoplastic cells in tissues more efficiently than carboplatin alone. Thus it was demonstrated that the use of rhBMP-2 and MSCs, in combination with conventional antineoplastic, may be an efficient treatment strategy.

Tratamento multimodal de sarcoide em equino: relato de caso / Multimodal treatment of equine sarcoid: case report / Tratamiento multimodal de sarcoide equino: estúdio de caso

O sarcoide é o tumor de pele de maior ocorrência em equinos podendo gerar comprometimento à saúde e bem-estar do animal. Sua etiologia é ainda indefinida e seu caráter muitas vezes invasivo dificulta a resolução da enfermidade com um tratamento eficaz. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar o caso de um equino, fêmea, da raça Appaloosa, 5 anos de idade, que apresentava sarcoide em região ventral ao pavilhão auricular direito, que foi tratado com excisão cirúrgica, implante autólogo, aciclovir e óleo de girassol ozonizado obtendo cicatrização total e ausência de recidiva.

The sarcoid is the most common skin tumor in equines and can generate compromise to the health and well-being of the animal. Its etiology is still undefined and its invasive character makes it difficult to resolve the disease with an effective treatment. The objective of this study is to report the case of a 5-year-old female Appaloosa horse that had a sarcoid below the right auricle, which was treated with surgical excision, autologous implant, acyclovir and ozonized sunflower oil, obtaining total healing and absence of recurrence.

El sarcoide es el tumor de piel de mayor ocurrencia en equinos pudiendo generar comprometimiento a la salud y bienestar del animal. Su etiología es aún indefinida y su carácter muchas veces invasivo dificulta la resolución de la enfermedad con un tratamiento eficaz. El objetivo de este trabajo es relatar el caso de un equino, hembra, Appaloosa, de 7 años que presentaba sarcoide en una zona bajo el pabellón auricular derecho, que fue tratado con excisión quirúrgica, implante autologo, aciclovir y aceite de girasol ozonizado obteniendo cicatrización total y ausencia de recidiba.

Tratamento multimodal de sarcoide em equino: relato de caso / Multimodal treatment of equine sarcoid: case report / Tratamiento multimodal de sarcoide equino: estúdio de caso

O sarcoide é o tumor de pele de maior ocorrência em equinos podendo gerar comprometimento à saúde e bem-estar do animal. Sua etiologia é ainda indefinida e seu caráter muitas vezes invasivo dificulta a resolução da enfermidade com um tratamento eficaz. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar o caso de um equino, fêmea, da raça Appaloosa, 5 anos de idade, que apresentava sarcoide em região ventral ao pavilhão auricular direito, que foi tratado com excisão cirúrgica, implante autólogo, aciclovir e óleo de girassol ozonizado obtendo cicatrização total e ausência de recidiva.(AU)

The sarcoid is the most common skin tumor in equines and can generate compromise to the health and well-being of the animal. Its etiology is still undefined and its invasive character makes it difficult to resolve the disease with an effective treatment. The objective of this study is to report the case of a 5-year-old female Appaloosa horse that had a sarcoid below the right auricle, which was treated with surgical excision, autologous implant, acyclovir and ozonized sunflower oil, obtaining total healing and absence of recurrence.(AU)

El sarcoide es el tumor de piel de mayor ocurrencia en equinos pudiendo generar comprometimiento a la salud y bienestar del animal. Su etiología es aún indefinida y su carácter muchas veces invasivo dificulta la resolución de la enfermedad con un tratamiento eficaz. El objetivo de este trabajo es relatar el caso de un equino, hembra, Appaloosa, de 7 años que presentaba sarcoide en una zona bajo el pabellón auricular derecho, que fue tratado con excisión quirúrgica, implante autologo, aciclovir y aceite de girasol ozonizado obteniendo cicatrización total y ausencia de recidiba.(AU)

Implante de Port-o-Cath para quimioterapia antineoplásica em um canino: relato de caso / Implant of Port-o-Cath for antineoplastic chemotherapy in a canine: case report

O Port-o-Cath é um cateter venoso central totalmente implantável, o qual permite a infusão de quimioterápicos, hemoderivados, nutrição parenteral e coleta de sangue. Este trabalho relata o caso de um canino com um tumor no membro pélvico que foi tratado cirurgicamente e recebeu o cateter para a quimioterapia antineoplásica. A paciente possuía um sarcoma sinovial, tumor incomum em cães, que acomete normalmente as articulações e exige terapia multimodal. O tratamento foi feito em duas etapas; na primeira, o membro foi amputado e, na segunda, foi realizado o implante do Port-o-Cath e exérese de nódulo metastático. A cadela respondeu satisfatoriamente à cirurgia e realizou as sessões de quimioterapia com perfeito funcionamento do cateter, indo a óbito por outras causas 90 dias após o procedimento. O implante de Port-o-Cath para a quimioterapia é um grande aliado à terapia multimodal preconizada para o câncer, podendo o cateter ser considerado em pacientes que necessitem de medicação quimioterápica por longo período.(AU)

The Port-a-Cath is a totally implantable central venous catheter that allows the infusion of chemotherapeutic agents, blood products, parenteral nutrition, and blood sample collection. This work reports the case of a dog with a tumor in the pelvic limb that was treated surgically and received the catheter for cancer chemotherapy. The patient was diagnosed with synovial sarcoma, an uncommon tumor in dogs that usually affects the joints and requires multimodal therapy. The treatment was done in two steps, in the first the limb was amputated and in the second the Port-a-Cath implantation and the excision of the metastatic nodule were performed. The dog responded well to surgery and chemotherapy sessions held with proper functioning of the catheter, and died from other causes 90 days after the procedure. The implantation of Port-a-Cath for chemotherapy is a great ally of multimodal therapy recommended for cancer, so this catheter may be considered for patients requiring chemotherapy medication for a long period.(AU)

Implante de Port-o-Cath para quimioterapia antineoplásica em um canino: relato de caso / Implant of Port-o-Cath for antineoplastic chemotherapy in a canine: case report

O Port-o-Cath é um cateter venoso central totalmente implantável, o qual permite a infusão de quimioterápicos, hemoderivados, nutrição parenteral e coleta de sangue. Este trabalho relata o caso de um canino com um tumor no membro pélvico que foi tratado cirurgicamente e recebeu o cateter para a quimioterapia antineoplásica. A paciente possuía um sarcoma sinovial, tumor incomum em cães, que acomete normalmente as articulações e exige terapia multimodal. O tratamento foi feito em duas etapas; na primeira, o membro foi amputado e, na segunda, foi realizado o implante do Port-o-Cath e exérese de nódulo metastático. A cadela respondeu satisfatoriamente à cirurgia e realizou as sessões de quimioterapia com perfeito funcionamento do cateter, indo a óbito por outras causas 90 dias após o procedimento. O implante de Port-o-Cath para a quimioterapia é um grande aliado à terapia multimodal preconizada para o câncer, podendo o cateter ser considerado em pacientes que necessitem de medicação quimioterápica por longo período.(AU)

The Port-a-Cath is a totally implantable central venous catheter that allows the infusion of chemotherapeutic agents, blood products, parenteral nutrition, and blood sample collection. This work reports the case of a dog with a tumor in the pelvic limb that was treated surgically and received the catheter for cancer chemotherapy. The patient was diagnosed with synovial sarcoma, an uncommon tumor in dogs that usually affects the joints and requires multimodal therapy. The treatment was done in two steps, in the first the limb was amputated and in the second the Port-a-Cath implantation and the excision of the metastatic nodule were performed. The dog responded well to surgery and chemotherapy sessions held with proper functioning of the catheter, and died from other causes 90 days after the procedure. The implantation of Port-a-Cath for chemotherapy is a great ally of multimodal therapy recommended for cancer, so this catheter may be considered for patients requiring chemotherapy medication for a long period.(AU)

Adjuvant chemotherapy with mitoxantrone for cats with mammary carcinomas treated with radical mastectomy.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the disease-free interval, survival time and adverse events of a combined treatment approach in cats with mammary malignant tumors using radical mastectomy and adjuvant mitoxantrone. METHODS: All cats underwent surgery to remove the mammary chain containing the tumors. A 3 cm margin was obtained around removed tumors. For staging purposes, regional inguinal lymphadenectomy was performed in all cases. After histopathology, cats were staged according to the World Health Organization's (WHO) staging system. Chemotherapy with mitoxantrone was started 15-30 days after surgery (6 mg/m(2) IV every 21 days for four cycles) with the objective of delaying metastasis. RESULTS: Three cats were intact, one cat was early spayed, four cats were late spayed and four cats were spayed at an unknown age. Based on the WHO's staging system, six cats were classified as stage I and six cats as stage III. The median disease-free interval and survival time were 360 and 480 days, respectively. Four (33%) cats received four doses of mitoxantrone, four (33%) cats received three doses and four (33%) cats received only one dose. The most frequent adverse effects of chemotherapy were azotemia, anorexia, leukopenia and vomiting. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Adjuvant mitoxantrone chemotherapy may be an option for feline mammary tumors. Further, sufficiently powered, randomized prospective trials are necessary to determine if mitoxantrone is superior, inferior or equivalent to doxorubicin in the adjuvant setting.

Terapia multimodal para estabilização da pressão arterial em cão após hemorragia aguda / Multimodal therapy for stabilization the blood pressure in dog after acute hemorrhage

O choque pode ser definido como falência circulatória, que resulta em má perfusão tecidual. A forma mais frequente de apresentação clínica do choque é o hipovolêmico secundário à hemorragia, sendo o trauma sua principal causa (HIRANO et al., 2005). A pressão sistólica abaixo de 100 mmHg afeta vários órgãos, como os rins e intestino, levando a hipóxia tecidual (RODRIGUES et al., 1991). Esse trabalho relata a associação de colóide, solução cristalóide e solução hipertônica 7,5% para estabilização da pressão arterial após hemorragia catastrófica em cão.(AU)

Terapia multimodal para estabilização da pressão arterial em cão após hemorragia aguda / Multimodal therapy for stabilization the blood pressure in dog after acute hemorrhage

O choque pode ser definido como falência circulatória, que resulta em má perfusão tecidual. A forma mais frequente de apresentação clínica do choque é o hipovolêmico secundário à hemorragia, sendo o trauma sua principal causa (HIRANO et al., 2005). A pressão sistólica abaixo de 100 mmHg afeta vários órgãos, como os rins e intestino, levando a hipóxia tecidual (RODRIGUES et al., 1991). Esse trabalho relata a associação de colóide, solução cristalóide e solução hipertônica 7,5% para estabilização da pressão arterial após hemorragia catastrófica em cão.

Protein-losing enteropathy in a dog with lymphangiectasia, lymphoplasmacytic enteritis and pancreatic exocrine insufficiency.

This is a report of seven-year-old male Akita mixed dog, with protein-losing enteropathy (PLE). He had a history of chronic vomiting and diarrhea with anorexia/hyporexia. Previously he suffered acute abdomen about eight months prior to this visit. Our dog showed uncommon combination of diseases that could cause PLE since it was affected by inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), intestinal lymphangiectasia (IL), and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). The dog had most of the abnormalities found in IL, as well as hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, lymphopenia, hypocalcemia, and hypercholesterolemia. During endoscopy exam, we found changes characteristic of IL such as irregular small white spots. We took biopsies from stomach, duodenum, and cecum. These biopsies showed infiltration by lymphocytes and plasmatic cells in the lamina propria also, the duodenal biopsies showed moderate dilation of the lymphatic vessels. The patient had 2.1 µg/mL of TLI, this result was compatible with EPI. We assume that the first pathology in this animal was IBD, which caused chronic pancreatitis (CP) that in turn progressed to EPI. It is also possible that IL was secondary to IBD. We have reported for the first time the correlation of IBD and EPI in dogs. This should change our approach to treating chronic diarrhea in dogs. Therefore, we propose that dogs diagnosed with EPI should also be subjected to endoscopy and intestinal biopsy. Similarly, to rule out secondary EPI, TLI should be measured routinely in dogs with IBD.

Cytokine-enhanced vaccine and interferon-ß plus suicide gene as combined therapy for spontaneous canine sarcomas.

Eleven soft tissue- and five osteosarcoma canine patients were subjected to: (i) periodic subcutaneous injection of irradiated xenogeneic cells secreting hGM-CSF and hIL-2 mixed with allogeneic or autologous tumor homogenates; and (ii) injections of cIFN-ß and HSVtk-carrying lipoplexes and ganciclovir, marginal (after surgery) and/or intratumoral (in the case of partial tumor resection, local relapse or small surface tumors). This treatment alone (4 patients) or as surgery adjuvant (12 patients), was safe and well tolerated. In those patients presenting local disease (6/11), the suicide gene plus cIFN-ß treatment induced local antitumor activity evidenced by the objective responses (3 complete, 2 partial) and stable diseases (2). In addition, the treatment prevented or delayed local relapse, regional metastases (lymph nodes developed only in 3/16) and distant metastases (0/16), suggesting a strong systemic antitumor immunity. The most encouraging result was the long survival times of 10 patients (>1 year, with good quality of life).

Early detection, aggressive therapy: optimizing the management of feline mammary masses.

AIMS: This article reviews the incidence, etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of mammary tumors in cats. PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Approximately 80% of feline mammary masses are malignant, with adenocarcinoma being the most common tumor type. Early diagnosis is, therefore, essential to improve the prognosis and quality of life of affected cats. TREATMENT APPROACHES: Surgery is the most widely used treatment for malignant tumors. However, as mammary tumors are often advanced and metastasis has already occurred by the time of diagnosis, surgery routinely does not provide a cure. Ovariohysterectomy or hormonal therapy are the treatments of choice for fibroadenomatous hyperplasia (the most common benign mass) and usually lead to a successful outcome.

Falla ovárica en una yegua de paso fi no colombiano:tratamiento combinado homeopático antihomotóxicoy hormonal: reporte de un caso / Fracasso ovário em uma égua de passo colombiano: manipulação homeopática antihomotoxicae hormonal combinada: reporte de um caso / Ovulation failure in a Colombian Paso fino Mare: A combined antihomotoxic homeopathic therapy and hormonal treatment: a case report

La falla ovulatoria es una de las principales causas de infertilidad en yeguas cíclicas. En el presentecaso, se describe el seguimiento de una yegua nulípara de paso fino colombiano de seis años que ingresóa consulta para ser sometida a reproducción. Al examen ecográfico se le halló el ovario izquierdo de 15x 13 cm con una estructura patológica de aspecto anecóico y contenido líquido de 13 x 11 cm, el ovarioderecho sin estructuras y el útero flácido. La yegua fue sometida a tratamiento con antihomotóxicos deltipo Ovarium compositum®, Damiana injeel®, Cerebrum compositum®, y Phosphor hommacord® durante1½ mes, y terapia FK (terapia neural, dos en 15 días), lo cual disminuyó el tamaño del folículo y delovario, indujo ablandamiento de la pared folicular y leve respuesta uterina. Un mes y medio después,el ovario izquierdo tenía 13 x 11 cm y un folículo de 9 x 8 cm, y el ovario derecho estaba multifolicular.Las concentraciones de progesterona, estradiol y testosterona eran características de anestro. La yeguafue tratada con eCG (3.000 UI/3 días, i.v.), cuatro días después la progesterona ascendió a 14.91 ng/dl, el examen ecográfico reveló un cuerpo lúteo en el ovario izquierdo y a los siete días fue tratada conPGF2α (9 μg/kg/2 días) intramuscular. Cinco días después la yegua presentó estro, fue inseminada y tuvouna gestación que perdió a los 40 días; luego presentó un nuevo estro a los 20 días, fue inseminada, sele confirmó gestación a los 20 días y tuvo una gestación a término con un potro viable al momento del parto. Este caso sugiere la posibilidad de combinar terapia hormonal con medicina alternativa para eltratamiento de algunos tipos de anormalidades en el funcionamiento ovárico en las yeguas.parto. Este caso sugiere la posibilidad de combinar terapia hormonal con medicina alternativa para eltratamiento de algunos tipos de anormalidades en el funcionamiento ovárico en las yeguas.

Ovulation failure is one of the most frequent causes of infertility in mares. In the present case wereport a six-year-old Colombian Paso Fino maiden Mare that was attended for breeding purposes with aprevious history of ovulation failure. At ultrasound (US) examination of the reproductive tract and ovariesthe left ovary measured 15 x 13 cm and a pathologic 13 x 11 cm diameter anecoic structure was diagnosed.The right ovary was found of normal size, and the uterus was found flacid. An anti homotoxic theraphywith Ovarium compositum®, Damiana injeel®, Cerebrum compositum®, and Phosphor hommacord® for1½ months and FK (neural) therapy (twice/15 days) were then established, the ovary size was reduced,and softening of the follicular wall and a slight uterine response were observed. After 1½ month, the leftovary had 13 x 11 cm diameter and showed a 9 x 8 cm follicle, whereas the right ovary was multifollicular.Serum progesterone, estradiol and testosterone levels were those characteristics of an anestrous mare.The mare was treated with hCG (3.000 UI, i.v./3 days) and 4 days later a corpus luteum was diagnosedby US in the left ovary and serum progesterone levels raised to 14.91 ng/dl. At day 7 after hCG treatmentthe mare was given PGF2α (9 μg/kg/for two days) intramuscular, estrous was evident 5 days later, andartificial insemination (AI) with fertile semen was practiced resulting in a viable pregnancy as evaluatedby ultrasound at day 20; however, this pregnancy was lost at 40 days after AI. The mare returned to estrus20 days later, she was then inseminated and the resulting pregnancy was confirmed at day 20th resultingin a successful gestation and foaling of a full term viable foal. This report suggests hormonal therapy andalternative medicine could be successfully combined for treatment of specific ovarian pathologies in mares.

O fracasso ovulatório é uma das principais causas de infertilidade em éguas cíclicas. Neste caso, sedescreveu o acompanhamento de uma égua nulípara da paso fino colombiano, de seis anos idade queconsultou para serem sujeitos a reprodução. No exame ultra-som que ele encontrou o ovário esquerdo,15 x 13 cm, com uma estrutura patológica de 13 x 11 cm, o ovários direito sem estruturas e útero mau. Aégua sofreu tratamento com drogas Ovarium compositum®, Damiana injeel®, Cerebrum compositum®, ePhosphor hommacord® durante 1½ mês, FK terapêutica (terapia neural, duas em 15 dias), o que diminuiuo tamanho do folículo e do ovário, induzida amolecimento da parede uterina e leve resposta folicular.Um mês e meio depois, o ovário esquerdo tinha 13 x 11 cm e um folículo 9 x 8 cm, e do ovário direito foimultifolicular. As concentrações de progesterona, estradiol e testosterona foram características do anestro.A égua foi tratada com eCG (3.000 UI IV/3 dias), quatro dias após a progesterona ascendeu a 14.91 ng/dl, efoi visto por ultra-som corpo lúteo no ovário esquerdo. Em sete dias, a égua foi tratada com PGF2α (9 μg/kg/2 dias) i.m., introduzido estro após cinco dias, foi inseminada e teve uma gestação que perdeu a 40 dias;introduziu um novo estro em 20 dias, foi inseminação, a gravidez foi confirmada em 20 dias e atualmentemantém um 9 meses de gestação. Este caso sugere a utilidade da terapia hormonal combinando commedicina alternativa para o tratamento de certos tipos de anomalias no funcionamento do ovário em éguas.

Hematoporphyrin-based photodynamic therapy for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in cats.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using a haematoporphyrin derivative (Photogem, General Physics Institute and clustes Ltda) as photosensitizer and light emitting diodes (LEDs) as the light source was evaluated in 12 cats with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Lesions were illuminated with LEDs, (300 J/cm for 30 min) 24 h after the administration of the photosensitizer. Clinical responses were classified as complete disappearance of the tumour with total re-epithelialization; partial response (a reduction greater than 50%); and no response (less than 50% reduction). Tumours localized to the pinna treated with one (n = 3) or two (n = 4) applications of PDT yielded no response. Highly invasive tumours of the nose and nasal planum also showed no response, after two treatments (n = 2). A combination of PDT and surgery was performed in three cases. Two cats showed partial response and one complete response with one application of therapy 30 days after nasal surgery. Small and noninfiltrative lesions (n = 3) of the nasal planum showed a PR with one application (n = 2) and a CR with two applications (n = 1). This study shows that PDT using Photogem and LEDs can provide local control of low-grade feline squamous cell carcinoma. The addition of PDT to surgery in more invasive cases may help prevent recurrence.