Quem é o "cidadão de bem"? / ¿Quién es el "ciudadano de bien"? / Qui est le "bon citoyen"? / Who is the "good citizen"?

Resumo A figura do chamado "cidadão de bem" constitui um tipo de estratégia discursiva ideológica e expressa uma patologia social da cidadania brasileira. O objetivo deste ensaio é submeter essa figura a uma análise crítica de seus pressupostos discursivos, históricos, morais e políticos. Para tanto, recorremos ao modelo de crítica imanente da ideologia proposto por Rahel Jaeggi. Identificamos contradições e problemas decorrentes do uso retórico da figura do "cidadão de bem" relacionadas: ao apelo punitivista e por armas de fogo para civis; às representações ideológicas de gênero, raça e classe; à função social da mídia; e ao neoconservadorismo político. A contradição fundamental do "cidadão de bem" não é em relação à figura do "bandido" ou "vagabundo", mas ao próprio ideal de universalização da cidadania. Enquanto expressão da ideologia, o "cidadão de bem" se revela um verdadeiro anticidadão e, portanto, um risco para a democracia.

Resumen La figura del llamado "ciudadano de bien" constituye un tipo de estrategia discursiva ideológica y expresa una patología social de la ciudadanía en Brasil. El objetivo de este ensayo es analizar críticamente los presupuestos discursivos, históricos, morales y políticos de esta figura. Para ello, se utiliza el modelo de crítica inmanente de la ideología propuesto por Rahel Jaeggi. Se identificaron contradicciones y problemas derivados del uso retórico de la figura del "ciudadano de bien" relacionadas a: la demanda punitivista y por armas de fuego para civiles; las representaciones ideológicas de género, raza y clase; la función social de los medios de comunicación; y el neoconservadurismo político. La contradicción fundamental del "ciudadano de bien" no es en relación a la figura del "bandido" o del "vagabundo", sino al propio ideal de universalización de la ciudadanía. Mientras una expresión de la ideología, el "ciudadano de bien" se revela un verdadero anticiudadano y, por lo tanto, un riesgo para la democracia.

Résumé L'expression « bon citoyen ¼ constitue une stratégie discursive idéologique et traduit une pathologie sociale de la citoyenneté brésilienne. Cet essai vise à soumettre cette figure à une analyse critique de ses aspects discursifs, historiques, moraux et politiques. Pour ce faire, nous recourrons au modèle de critique immanente de l'idéologie proposée par Rahel Jaeggi. Nous avons identifié les contradictions et les problèmes découlant de l'utilisation rhétorique de la figure du « bon citoyen ¼ en rapport avec : l'appel à la punition et aux armes à feu pour les civils ; les représentations idéologiques du genre, de la race et de la classe ; la fonction sociale des médias ; et le néoconservatisme politique. La contradiction fondamentale du « bon citoyen ¼ n'est pas liée à la figure du « bandit ¼ ou du « clochard ¼, mais à l'idéal même de la citoyenneté universelle. En tant qu'expression d'une idéologie, le « bon citoyen ¼ se révèle être un véritable anti-citoyen et, par conséquent, un risque pour la démocratie.

Abstract The figure of the so-called "good citizen" constitutes a type of ideological discursive strategy and expresses a social pathology of Brazilian citizenship. The aim of this essay is to subject this figure to a critical analysis of its discursive, historical, moral and political assumptions. For this, we resort to the model of immanent critique of ideology proposed by Rahel Jaeggi. We identified contradictions and problems arising from the rhetorical use of the figure of "good citizen" related to: the punitive and firearms appeal to civilians; the ideological representations of gender, race and class; the social function of the media; and political neoconservatism. The fundamental contradiction of the "good citizen" is not in relation to the figure of "bandit" or "bum," but to the very ideal of universalization of citizenship. As an expression of ideology, the "good citizen" proved to be a real anti-citizen and, therefore, a risk for democracy.

Social and institutional Reactions to the Influenza Pandemic of 1918-20.

This essay challenges generalizations since the late enlightenment about the effects of epidemics and pandemics on collective mentalities: that from antiquity to the present, epidemics, regardless of the disease, have sparked distrust, social violence, and the blaming of others. By contrast, the pandemic that killed the greatest numbers in world history-the Influenza of 1918-20 - was a pandemic of compassion. No one has yet to uncover this pandemic sparking collective violence or blaming any minorities for spreading the disease anywhere in the globe. The essay then explores the variety of charitable reactions and abnegation that cut across social divisions in communities from theatres of war in Europe to nations thousands of miles from the direct military encounters. Most remarkable, however, was the overflowing volunteerism of women, especially in the US, Canada, and Australia. To explain this widespread charitable reaction, the essay investigates the milieu of the First World War, showing how that context in domestic war settings was not conducive to risking life to aid total strangers, especially when those strangers came from different foreign countries classes, races, or religious faiths. I end with a reflection on the unfolding socio-psychological reactions to Covid-19 from the perspective of 1918-20.

A Century Later: Rural Public Health's Enduring Challenges and Opportunities.

The US public health community has demonstrated increasing awareness of rural health disparities in the past several years. Although current interest is high, the topic is not new, and some of the earliest public health literature includes reports on infectious disease and sanitation in rural places. Continuing through the first third of the 20th century, dozens of articles documented rural disparities in infant and maternal mortality, sanitation and water safety, health care access, and among Black, Indigenous, and People of Color communities. Current rural research reveals similar challenges, and strategies suggested for addressing rural-urban health disparities 100 years ago resonate today. This article examines rural public health literature from a century ago and its connections to contemporary rural health disparities. We describe parallels between current and historical rural public health challenges and discuss how strategies proposed in the early 20th century may inform current policy and practice. As we explore the new frontier of rural public health, it is critical to consider enduring rural challenges and how to ensure that proposed solutions translate into actual health improvements. (Am J Public Health. 2020;110:1678-1686. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305868).

Locating oneself in the past to influence the present: Impacts of Neolithic landscapes on mental health well-being.

There are well-established links between mental health and the environment. Mental illness is a global issue, and international policies increasingly focus on promoting mental health well-being through community-based approaches, including non-clinical initiatives such as therapeutic landscapes and the use of heritage assets. However, the empirical evidence-base for the impact of such initiatives is limited. This innovative study, known as Human Henge, used a mixed-methods approach to investigate the impact of immersive experiences of prehistoric landscapes on the well-being of participants with mental health issues. Uniquely, the study followed participants for a year after their participation in the project to explore the long-term impact of their experiences on their mental well-being. Findings highlight that, overall, participants experienced improved mental health well-being from baseline to mid- and end-of programme (p = 0.01 & 0.003), as well as one-year post-programme (p = 0.03). Qualitative data indicated the reconnection of participants with local communities, and with other people, in ways that improved their mental health well-being. These data highlight the effectiveness of using heritage as a means of improving the well-being of people with mental health issues.

Civic programmatic participation in public health: the case of Argentina.

Since the Alma Ata World Health Organization Conference in 1978, countries around the world have adopted institutions that promote the participation of citizens in their public health systems. The main objectives of this article are two-fold. First, we describe the origins and implementation of a national-level civic participatory program that was in place in Argentina in the mid-2000s: the Local Participatory Projects (Proyectos Locales Participativos). Second, we analyze the 201 local participatory projects that were carried out in Argentina between 2007 and 2008. We study health and environmental problems that prompt people's participation in the program and the social dynamics through which such participation is executed.

History and challenges of Brazilian social movements for the achievement of the right to adequate food.

The historical struggles that Brazil faced to overcome malnutrition coincided with the empowerment of civil society and social movements which played a crucial role in the affirmation of health and food as social rights. After two decades under military dictatorship, Brazil went through a redemocratization process in the 1980s when activism emerged to demand spaces to participate in policy-making regarding the social agenda, including food and nutrition security (FNS). From 1988 onward institutional structures were established: the National Council of FNS (CONSEA) convenes government and civil society sectors to develop and monitor the implementation of policies, systems and actions. Social participation has been at the heart of structural changes achieved since then. Nevertheless, the country faces multiple challenges regarding FNS such as the double burden of disease, increasing use of pesticides and genetically modified seeds, weak regulation of ultra-processed products, and marketing practices that affect the environment, population health, and food sovereignty. This article aims at examining the development of the participatory political system and the role played by Brazilian social movements in the country's policies on FNS, in addition to outlining challenges faced by those policies.

Civic programmatic participation in public health: the case of Argentina / Participação programática cidadã na saúde pública: o caso da Argentina / Participación cívica en programas de salud pública: el caso de Argentina

Abstract: Since the Alma Ata World Health Organization Conference in 1978, countries around the world have adopted institutions that promote the participation of citizens in their public health systems. The main objectives of this article are two-fold. First, we describe the origins and implementation of a national-level civic participatory program that was in place in Argentina in the mid-2000s: the Local Participatory Projects (Proyectos Locales Participativos). Second, we analyze the 201 local participatory projects that were carried out in Argentina between 2007 and 2008. We study health and environmental problems that prompt people's participation in the program and the social dynamics through which such participation is executed.

Resumo: Desde a Conferência de Alma Ata da Organização Mundial da Saúde em 1978, países do mundo inteiro adotaram instituições que promovem a participação dos cidadãos nos sistemas de saúde pública. O artigo teve dois objetivos principais. Primeiro, descrevemos as origens e a implementação de um programa participativo em nível nacional que foi implementado na Argentina em meados da primeira década deste século: os chamados Projetos Locais Participativos (Proyectos Locales Participativos). Segundo, analisamos os 201 projetos de participação local que foram implementados na Argentina entre 2007 e 2008. Estudamos os problemas sanitários e ambientais que motivaram a participação popular no programa e a dinâmica social através da qual essa participação é efetivada.

Resumen: Desde la Conferencia de la Organización Mundial de la Salud de Alma Ata en 1978, varios países alrededor del mundo han creado instituciones que promueven la participación de la ciudadanía en sus sistemas públicos de salud. En este artículo, en primer lugar, describimos los orígenes e implementación de un programa cívico participativo en el territorio nacional, que se realizó en Argentina a mediados de la década de los años 2000, denominado Proyectos Locales Participativos; en segundo lugar, analizamos 201 proyectos locales participativos que se llevaron a cabo en el país entre 2007 y 2008. Estudiamos los problemas de salud y medioambientales que motivaron la participación de la gente en el programa, así como la dinámica social a través de la cual se canalizaba esta participación.

A Perspective on the Baltimore Freddie Gray Riots: Turning Tragedy Into Civic Engagement and Culture Change in an Academic Department of Medicine.

PROBLEM: The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Department of Medicine (DOM) sought ways of enhancing community engagement after the death of Freddie Gray and consequent unrest in Baltimore City. APPROACH: The DOM launched a five-part noon lecture series in May 2015-"Journeys in Medicine"-to facilitate discussion among DOM faculty, staff, trainees, and community residents regarding the city's unrest. This evolved into a department-wide civic engagement initiative in July 2016 to enhance employee and community engagement. The civic engagement committee is composed of two collaborative steering committees: Staff Engagement and Community Engagement. OUTCOMES: The DOM has sponsored and/or participated in programs to address major concerns raised during the Journeys in Medicine series-improving the strained relationship between police and the community, mentoring young people, involving more DOM employees in community activities, sharing research results with the community, and addressing cultural differences to enhance relationships and communication. To enhance staff engagement, a Nursing Diversity Council, complementing the Faculty Diversity Council, has been established. DOM faculty and staff have participated in and championed several disease-focused physical activity endeavors (e.g., walks) that, collectively, have raised over $40,000. Community service projects include supporting registration and screenings at a local health fair, a professional clothing drive, and DOM Days of Service. NEXT STEPS: The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine DOM is developing an administrator leadership program and continuing to participate in meaningful activities, leading to tangible outcomes designed to strengthen connections to the surrounding neighborhood and enhance engagement among all DOM employees.

[Do-it-yourself biology and medicine: history, practices, issues]. / Biologie et médecine « do-it-yourself ¼ - Histoire, pratiques, enjeux.

Do-it-yourself (DIY) biology and medicine are based on various practices and logics: amateur and DIY practices, the ethics of hacking and open source, the drive to domesticate molecular biology and genetics, the ideal of participation and citizen science. The article shows that this democratization is a process that is at once spatial (construction of new spaces), technical (creative workarounds equipment), social (establishment of accessible networks/laboratories) and political. It is therefore through their practices, gestures and questions - tinkering, experimenting, working around, amaterializing, ethicizing, comparing, valuating, etc. - that we need to grasp DIY sciences.

Discursive archaeology: constituting knowledge of militant nurses in trade associations.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the constituting knowledge of militant nurses in trade associations. METHOD: Historical research, based on the oral history method, with a qualitative approach carried out with 11 nurses who are/were militants for professional issues since the 1980s in the state of Bahia. The data collected through semi-structured interviews were organized in the software n-vivo 10 and analyzed based on dialectical hermeneutics. RESULTS: We identified pedagogical, administrative, public health, sociological, and trade union background knowledge as constituent of militant individuals. Final considerations: The constituting knowledge of militant nurses are inscribed in the Social Sciences, distanced from biomedical knowledge and power, pointing at ways for structuring nursing curricula. We identified the Brazilian Association of Nursing as a space for political formation.

Discursive archaeology: constituting knowledge of militant nurses in trade associations / Arqueología del discurso: los saberes constitutivos de enfermeras militantes en entidades de clase / Arqueologia discursiva: os saberes constitutivos de enfermeiras militantes em entidades de classe

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the constituting knowledge of militant nurses in trade associations. Method: Historical research, based on the oral history method, with a qualitative approach carried out with 11 nurses who are/were militants for professional issues since the 1980s in the state of Bahia. The data collected through semi-structured interviews were organized in the software n-vivo 10 and analyzed based on dialectical hermeneutics. Results: We identified pedagogical, administrative, public health, sociological, and trade union background knowledge as constituent of militant individuals. Final considerations: The constituting knowledge of militant nurses are inscribed in the Social Sciences, distanced from biomedical knowledge and power, pointing at ways for structuring nursing curricula. We identified the Brazilian Association of Nursing as a space for political formation.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar los saberes constitutivos de enfermeras militantes en entidades de clase. Método: Investigación histórica, basada en el método de historia oral, de enfoque cualitativo realizada con 11 enfermeras que militaron o militan por las cuestiones profesionales desde la década de 1980 en el estado de Bahía. Los datos recogidos mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas se organizaron en el programa informático n-vivo 10 y se analizaron con base en la hermenéutica dialéctica. Resultados: Se identificaron los saberes pedagógicos, administrativos, de salud colectiva, sociológicos y de formación sindical como saberes constitutivos de sujetos militantes. Consideraciones finales: Los saberes constitutivos de enfermeras militantes están inscritos en las Ciencias Sociales, alejados del saber y del poder biomédico, señalando caminos para la estructuración de los currículos de enfermería. Se identificó a la Asociación Brasileña de Enfermería como un espacio de formación política.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os saberes constitutivos de enfermeiras militantes em entidades de classe. Método: Pesquisa histórica, baseada no método de história oral, de abordagem qualitativa realizada com 11 enfermeiras que militaram/militam pelas questões profissionais desde a década de 1980 no estado da Bahia. Os dados coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas foram organizados no software n-vivo 10 e analisados com base na hermenêutica dialética. Resultados: Identificados os saberes pedagógico, administrativo, saúde coletiva, sociológico e de formação sindical como saberes constitutivos de sujeitos militantes. Considerações finais: Os saberes constitutivos de enfermeiras militantes estão inscritos nas Ciências Sociais, distanciados do saber e do poder biomédico, apontando caminhos para estruturação dos currículos de enfermagem. Identificou-se a Associação Brasileira de Enfermagem como um espaço de formação política.

A construção da agenda pública brasileira de enfrentamento da violência sexual infanto-juvenil / The construction of Brazilian public agenda to face child sexual abuse

Resumo O presente artigo analisa a emergência da questão social da violência sexual infanto-juvenil como problema público, sua inclusão e permanência na agenda formal das políticas nacionais nas décadas de 1990 e 2000. À luz de estudos sobre construção de agendas de políticas públicas e a partir da análise documental, o artigo contextualiza o amplo movimento de articulação e mobilização social da década de 1990, o Plano Nacional de Enfrentamento da Violência Sexual Infanto-juvenil como política pública intersetorial e a década de 2000 pautada pela sua implementação.

Abstract This article analyzes the emergence of the issue of child sexual abuse as a public problem, its inclusion and permanence in the national policy agenda in the decades of 1990 and 2000. Through the construction of public policy agendas and further analysis, this text highlights historical aspects which developed into a huge popular movement in the 1990s against child sexual violence, giving birth to the National Child Sexual Violence Combat Plan as an intersector public policy and the decade of 2000 devoted to its implementation.

The controversy over the restructuring of perinatal emergency services in Portugal and the importance of citizen participation in health care decision-making processes.

This article explores the controversial decision made by the Ministry of Health to restructure the perinatal emergency services in Portugal in 2006. Particular emphasis is given to the protests held across the country against, the actors involved, and the arguments put forward for and against the measure, in an attempt to understand the forms of knowledge and experiences brought to the discussion about the issues raised by the decision, and how different forms of knowledge are reconciled under a democratic process. In addition, this article explores the importance of citizen participation, including that which emerges from conflicting relations, in the formulation of health policies.

The controversy over the restructuring of perinatal emergency services in Portugal and the importance of citizen participation in health care decision-making processes / A controvérsia sobre a restruturação dos serviços de urgência perinatal em Portugal e a importância da participação cidadã em processos de decisão sobre saúde

This article explores the controversial decision made by the Ministry of Health to restructure the perinatal emergency services in Portugal in 2006. Particular emphasis is given to the protests held across the country against, the actors involved, and the arguments put forward for and against the measure, in an attempt to understand the forms of knowledge and experiences brought to the discussion about the issues raised by the decision, and how different forms of knowledge are reconciled under a democratic process. In addition, this article explores the importance of citizen participation, including that which emerges from conflicting relations, in the formulation of health policies.

O artigo examina o processo de restruturação dos serviços de emergência perinatal implementado pelo Ministério da Saúde em Portugal em 2006 e tem como objetivo analisar essa decisão controversa. Especial ênfase é dada aos protestos desencadeados no país contra essa medida, os atores envolvidos e os argumentos contra e a favor, de forma a compreender os conhecimentos e as experiências trazidos para discussão dos problemas suscitados pela decisão tomada e como diferentes formas de conhecimento podem ser conciliadas no âmbito de procedimentos democráticos. Além disso, explora a relevância da participação cidadã na formulação de políticas de saúde, incluindo aquela que emerge de relações conflitantes.

El proceso de fusión hospitalaria en la ciudad de Tarragona (1464) / The Merging Process of the Hospitals in Tarragona (1464)

Los hospitales, en cataluña, se inscribieron desde la Baja edad Media hasta nuestros días dentro un modelo de gobierno específico que dio lugar a la creación y mantenimiento de una densa red de nstituciones asistenciales en prácticamente todos los municipios, incluso en los más pequeños, cuyo marco legal fue el derecho privado o civil. dicho modelo tiene sus fundamentos, en primer lugar, en la constatación de cómo los individuos legaban al hospital no sólo por la filantropía o caridad, sino también por la necesidad de aportar algo a la comunidad después de su muerte, en una suerte de consigna con el fin de devolver parte de los activos que los testadores habían acumulado durante su vida como instrumento para asegurar la reproducción social de la comunidad. En segundo lugar, se observa que a partir de los procesos de fusión del siglo XV las pequeñas instituciones asistenciales locales privadas –laicas o religiosas– se fu sionaron con los hospitales de titularidad municipal, y los activos patrimoniales resultantes de dicha fusión se gestionaron por separado de los de la municipalidad a través de una estructura administrativa propia y, a priori, autónoma respecto de los poderes políticos. en tercer lugar, además de la función de cuidado, el hospital era también un agente económico que operaba de manera similar a los Monte dei paschi italianos. por consiguiente, el significado de la institución resultó ser más complejo que la simple prestación de servicios asistenciales. Adquirió un valor específico en la identidad de la comunidad, se convirtió en uno de los centros de debate en la vida pública y adquirió un significado económico y financiero que contribuyó a fortalecer la construcción de la identidad colectiva de los ciudadanos, tal y como refleja el presente artículo a partir del ejemplo de la ciudad de tarragona (AU)

The aim of this paper is to highlight how hospitals in catalonia, from the late Middle Ages to the present, adopted a governance model which resulted in the creation and preservation of hospitals or care institutions in virtually all municipalities, even the smallest, whose legal framework was private or civil law. Firstly, we observed how individuals were motivated not only by philanthropy or charity, but also by a need to contribute something to the community after their death, to give back part of the assets they had accumulated during their lifetimes, as citizens who had benefitted from their positions. Secondly, we observed that, from the XVth century, small local private care institutions –secular or religious– merged with Municipal hospitals, but managed the resulting assets separately from those of the municipality. thirdly, as well as its care function, the hospital was also an economic agent that operated along similar lines to the Italian Monte dei paschi. It provided loans to working class citizens at a modest interest rate. the significance of the institution was more complex than the simple provision of care services. It acquired a specific value in the identity of the community, it became one of the centres of debate in public life and it took on an economic and financial meaning that strengthened the building of the citizens’ collective identity as shown in this article which uses the city of tarragona as its example (AU)

Trajetória da criação e implantação da ouvidoria da Coordenadoria Regional de Saúde Sul da cidade de São Paulo / Trajectory of the creation and implementation of the ombudsman’s office of the Regional Coordination of Health South of the city of São Paulo

Estudo histórico documental sobre a criação e implantação da Ouvidoria da Coordenadoria Regional de Saúde Sul, subordinada à Secretaria Municipal de Saúde da cidade de São Paulo. O marco inicial da pesquisa foi posicionado em 2001, quando a Ouvidoria Geral da cidade de São Paulo foi instituída por meio do Decreto nº 40.248. O recorte final foi posicionado no ano de 2010, quando a 15ª Conferência Municipal de Saúde propôs resolução especifica para ser implementada pelas Ouvidorias, consolidando, ao tempo que lhes prescreveu ações, sua inserção e participação nos mecanismos de controle social. Como fontes diretas, foram utilizadas as documentações disponíveis no acervo institucional. A análise dos documentos organizados em fichas as quais foram agrupadas por similaridade e pertinência temáticas, resultando na construção de três categorias: “Conceito, funcionamento e organização”, “Atores e processo de trabalho” e “Interlocução e demandas”. Concluiu-se que a criação e a implantação da Ouvidoria foram concretizadas porque foram estruturadas como um setor de assessoria técnica administrativa, atendendo às necessidades institucionais. Uma conjunção de fatores favoreceu esse processo, dentre os quais estão à natureza do seu trabalho e o modo como esse serviço foi organizado e empreendido, numa ação que respondeu a necessidades institucionais e sociais.