[The history of Pharmacy in Portugal (1900-1950) : pharmaceutical industry and community pharmacy ].

The aim of this article is to present the history of pharmacy in Portugal during the first half of the twentieth century, considering two contemporary issues : the industrialization of medicines in Portugal, with regard to law and regulation of medicines and professional activity (emphasizing community pharmacy) and other relevant issues concerning pharmacy and public health.

Las escrituras de aprendiz de boticario en la villa de Madrid durante los siglos XVI-XVII / Notarial documents of apothecary apprentice in Madrid during the period from the 16th-17th centuries

Los boticarios en Castilla, desde el bajo medioevo en que se produce en Europa la separación legal de la Medicina y la Farmacia, al no existir centros docentes en los que formarse, lo hicieron, prácticamente hasta los primeros años del siglo XIX en que se crean los Reales Colegios de Farmacia, en la botica de un boticario examinado por el Real Tribunal del Protomedicato. Los años de práctica exigibles en la Corte, durante los siglos XVI-XVII, para poder examinarse ante el referido Tribunal y obtener de la licencia administrativa para abrir botica propia o trabajar como oficial en la de un compañero eran, según lo dispuesto, generalmente cuatro. Aunque este dato es creencia generalizada no es menos cierto que si habían sido estudiadas fuentes primarias, no habían sido publicadas, ni tampoco las condiciones exigibles a docente y discente. El hallazgo y análisis de varias escrituras notariales de aprendiz de boticario, de los siglos antedichos, conservadas en el Archivo Histórico de Protocolos de Madrid, que si se conocían no habían sido estudiadas ni publicadas con anterioridad, nos permiten conocer el marco contractual del aprendizaje del oficio y arte de boticario, al menos durante ese periodo

The Apothecaries in Castile, from the Low Middle Ages, in which it took place in Europe the legal separation of the Medicine and the Pharmacy, in the absence of Schools in which formed did, practically until the first years of the nineteenth century in which the Royal Colleges of Pharmacy are created in order to formed apothecaries that in the apothecaries´s drugstores and they were examined by the Royal Court of Protomedicato. The years of practice enforceable in Court, during the period from the sixteen century to seventeen century, to be examined before the Court concerned and obtain administrative license to open own apothecary or work as officer of a companion were, according to the provisions, usually four. Although this fact is widely believed it is not less true that if had been studied primary sources, not had been published, nor the qualifications to teacher and learner. The discovery and analysis of several notarial documents of apprentice apothecary, of the centuries that we are studding, preserved in the Historical Archive of Protocols of Madrid, that if they knew had not been studied or published previously, allow us to meet the contractual framework of learning the craft and art of the apothecary, unless during that period

[The functioning of zemstvo organizations in the field of medicinal support of population].

The pharmaceutical provision of rural population was one of the tasks of zemstvo organizations for attaining availability of medical care. The large network of zemstvo pharmacies was established during half a century of zemstvo medicine.

Good enough for America.

Adulterated and counterfeit drugs were pouring into the U.S. Providing poor medicines was a growing business, and the market was growing with the rapid expansion of the country itself. There seemed to be little that could be done to slow or stop it. The sophistication of the adulterations was superior to available tests, standards were lacking, and there were few trained pharmacists or physicians who could apply them. There were no laws that would prohibit the importation of these products nor limit their sale once ashore. This was the situation when a small group of New York pharmacists took it upon themselves to convince other health professionals and legislators that there was a problem and devised a solution that would establish patient safety as the core value of the emerging profession of pharmacy.

[To the study of conventual health in the beginning of 19th century: the pharmacies]. / Para o estudo da saúde conventual no início do século XIX: as boticas.

The institution "Junta do Exame do Estado Actual e Melhoramento Temporal das Ordens Regulares" (Examination Council for the Actual State and Temporal Improvement of the Religious Orders) was created in November of 1789. Among other things, each Religious House should inform that institution about its heritage either the movables and the landed estates. The inventorying included all the goods belonging to wards and drugstores. In this paper, we aim to study those places using records obtained from a variety of Religious Houses with no regional or Religious Order preferences. We will try to give answers to questions related to that spaces such as 'Which objects could be found inside the Houses?'; 'Were they properly equipped?'; and 'Were there big differences between them in what concerns Religious Orders and Houses locations?'.

Interacciones entre fármacos en una oficina de farmacia comunitaria / No disponible

Objetivo: cuantificar, valorar y analizar las interacciones farmacológicas en los pacientes que acuden a una oficina de farmacia.Método: Estudio transversal de un año en una oficina de farmacia de Valencia. Las interacciones se detectaron con el programa BotPlus del Consejo General de Colegios Oficiales de Farmacéuticos.Resultados: El 63,64% de las interacciones se produjeron en mujeres. Más del 63% aparecieron en mayores de 56 años. El 57,94% fueron de tipo farmacodinámico. El 69,16% fueron importantes o potencialmente importantes. El 57,01% afectaban a la seguridad. En un 69,16% se recomendaba un control clínico del paciente. La interacción de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos y diuréticos fue la que apareció con una mayor frecuencia.Conclusiones: Es necesario establecer un plan de actuación con protocolos normalizados de trabajo ante posibles interacciones y con intervenciones en la educación de los pacientes para minimizar la aparición de problemas relacionados con medicamentos(AU)

Objective: To quantify, to value and to analyze the pharmacological interactions in the patients who come to a community pharmacy.Method: Cross-sectional study of one year in a community pharmacy of Valencia. The interactions were detected by the program BotPlus of the General Council of Pharmacists’ Official Colleges.Results: 63,64 % of the interactions took place in women. More than 63 % appeared in major of 56 years. 57,94 % were pharmacodinamic type. 69,16 % were important or potentially important. 57,01 % were concerning the safety. In 69,16 % a clinical control of the patient was recommended. The interaction of anti-inflammatories-non-steroidal and diuretics it was the one that appeared with a major frequency.Conclusions: It is necessary to establish an action plan with standard operating protocols to possible interactions and interventions in the education of patients to minimize the occurrence of drug-related problems(AU)

Community pharmacists and tobacco in Great Britain: from selling cigarettes to smoking cessation services.

AIMS: To illustrate the ways in which community pharmacists in Great Britain have been able to benefit from a close association with tobacco and smoking from its initial importation to the present time. DESIGN: An analysis of relevant texts and documents, together with brief transcripts from an oral history investigation of community pharmacy in Great Britain. SETTING: Community pharmacies in Great Britain during the 20th century. PARTICIPANTS: Retired and practising community pharmacists with experience of the sale of tobacco products during the period. MEASUREMENTS: Oral testimony of retired and practising community pharmacists about the use and sale of tobacco products, and quantitative analysis of commercially available products designed to help people stop smoking during the period. FINDINGS: Community pharmacists have been involved continuously with the tobacco habit since its first introduction into Britain. During the course of the 20th century the emphasis shifted from the sale of tobacco products to the sale of medicines intended to help people to give up smoking. Smoking cessation initiatives continue to be an important part of the business of many pharmacies. CONCLUSIONS: The paper illustrates the continuing tension that exists between pharmacy as business and pharmacy as profession. The sale of tobacco products and, more recently, products to help people give up smoking, has been a small but significant part of the business of many community pharmacists throughout the centuries.

[Victor Van Lunter and the belgium pharmaceutical wholesaler Sambria]. / Victor Van Lunter et la cooperative Belege Sambria.

Sambria is a pharmaceutical wholesaler located near Charleroi (Belgium). Its status was issued in 1919 and is still in use. In a period of 80 years this cooperative company had to adapt itself to every market change, as keeping some specificities linked to this country. The presentation consists of collecting several anecdotes extracted from the daily life since 1950, this having been made possible by the oldest employee, Victor Van Lunter.

Evolución del aseguramiento de la calidad en los servicios farmacéuticos comunitarios / Evolution of quality assurance in the community pharmacy service

Se presenta una revisión bibliográfica acerca de la evolución histórica de las medidas encaminadas a garantizar la calidad de la elaboración dispensarial comunitaria de medicamentos. Se específican las condiciones actuales y pasadas de la farmacia dispensarial en Cuba. Se abordan los planteamientos más recientes y destacados sobre la necesidad de la implantación de sistemas de aseguramiento de la calidad a los servicios farmacéuticos, particularmente los comunitarios. Se consultaron las bases de datos MEDLINE (1985-8/1995) e International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-2/1996)

Evolución del aseguramiento de la calidad en los servicios farmacéuticos comunitarios / Evolution of quality assurance in the community pharmacy service

Se presenta una revisión bibliográfica acerca de la evolución histórica de las medidas encaminadas a garantizar la calidad de la elaboración dispensarial comunitaria de medicamentos. Se específican las condiciones actuales y pasadas de la farmacia dispensarial en Cuba. Se abordan los planteamientos más recientes y destacados sobre la necesidad de la implantación de sistemas de aseguramiento de la calidad a los servicios farmacéuticos, particularmente los comunitarios. Se consultaron las bases de datos MEDLINE (1985-8/1995) e International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-2/1996)(AU)