ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: This study fabricated titanium dioxide nanostructures (TDNS) to control broad bean stain virus (BBSV) in faba bean plants. Protection of faba bean against BBSV was evaluated biologically with respect to virus severity, reduction in BBSV accumulation and expression of a pathogenesis-related gene. RESULTS: The results indicate that faba bean plants treated with TDNS show a significant reduction in disease severity relative to untreated plants. The regulatory and defense gene involved in the salicylic acid signaling pathway was highly expressed in faba bean plants treated with TDNS compared with untreated plants. The structural features of TDNS, such as the small particle size and suitable shape, contributed to its high efficacy against BBSV. Growth of faba bean plants treated with TDNS was significantly enhanced relative to untreated plants. CONCULSION: TDNS is an important, eco-friendly and safe strategy for controlling BBSV in faba bean and this study is the first report of this control strategy. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Comovirus/drug effects , Nanostructures , Plant Diseases/virology , Titanium/pharmacology , Vicia faba/virology , Particle Size , Salicylic Acid/metabolism , Signal Transduction/genetics , Vicia faba/geneticsABSTRACT
Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV)-based thin films are biologically active for cell culture. Using layer-by-layer assembly of CPMV and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), quantitatively scalable biomolecular surfaces were constructed, which were well characterized using quartz crystal microbalance, UV-vis and atomic force microscopy. The surface coverage of CPMV nanoparticles depended on the adsorption time and pH of the virus solution, with a greater amount of CPMV adsorption occurring near its isoelectric point. It was found that the adhesion and proliferation of NIH-3T3 fibroblasts can be controlled by the coverage of viral particles using this multilayer technique.
Subject(s)
Capsid/metabolism , Comovirus/metabolism , Fibroblasts/cytology , Adsorption/drug effects , Animals , Capsid/ultrastructure , Cell Adhesion/drug effects , Comovirus/drug effects , Comovirus/ultrastructure , Fibroblasts/drug effects , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration/drug effects , Mice , Microscopy, Atomic Force , NIH 3T3 Cells , Polyethylenes/pharmacology , Quartz , Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/pharmacology , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) is a well-characterized nanoparticle that has been used for a variety of nanobiotechnology applications. CPMV interacts with several mammalian cell lines and tissues in vivo. To overcome natural CPMV targeting and redirect CPMV particles to cells of interest, we attached a folic acid-PEG conjugate by using the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. PEGylation of CPMV completely eliminated background binding of the virus to tumor cells. The PEG-folate moiety allowed CPMV-specific recognition of tumor cells bearing the folate receptor. In addition, by testing CPMV formulations with different amounts of the PEG-FA moiety displayed on the surface, we show that higher-density loading of targeting ligands on CPMV may not be necessary for efficient targeting to tumor cells. These studies help to define the requirements for efficiently targeting nanoparticles and protein cages to tumors.
