ABSTRACT
Los tratamientos combinados de ortodoncia y cirugía ortognática proveen solución a aquellos pacientes con severas alteraciones dentomaxilomandi-bulares. La planificación del tratamiento debe ser detallada, a fin de maximizar eléxito de los resultados faciales y oclusales. Los objetivos de tratamiento se ven beneficiados por el uso de métodos de planificación tridimensionales y la generación de guías quirúrgicas, producto de simulaciones quirúrgicas virtuales. El apoyo tecnológico pronostica los cambios en la posición de huesos, la mordida, la vía respiratoria y los tejidos blandos, optimizando los resultados de estética y función.
Subject(s)
Humans , Orthognathic Surgery/methods , Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods , Printing, Three-Dimensional/methods , Orthodontics, Corrective/methods , Radiography, Dental, Digital/methods , Combined Modality Therapy , Malocclusion/therapy , Prognosis , Patient Care Planning/methods , Computer Simulation/methods , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
21-Hydroxylase is a member of the P-450 superfamily of genes involved in the biosynthesis of cortisol and aldosterone in the adrenal cortex. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a well-characterized disease, originates from a lack of this enzyme. We present in this report an in situ hybridization study aimed at detecting 21-hydroxylase activity during murine development, from mid gestation to adulthood. Our results demonstrate that even during the embryonic period the adrenal cortex is the only major site of transcription of this enzyme, which is detectable beginning at embryonic day 14. In addition, a peculiar topographical pattern of transcriptional activity, characteristic of the stage of differentiation of the gland, could be drawn. Using a computer-assisted method, we were able to quantitate the relative transcription level at each stage of development. A steady increase in the level of transcription was demonstrated throughout embryonic life to birth, with a drop during the prepubertal period and a final rise at adult age. The possible physiological significance of our findings is discussed.
Subject(s)
Adrenal Cortex/metabolism , Mice, Inbred Strains/embryology , Steroid 21-Hydroxylase/genetics , Steroid Hydroxylases/genetics , Adrenal Cortex/embryology , Adrenal Cortex/physiology , Aging/physiology , Animals , Computer Simulation/methods , DNA/analysis , Female , Mice , Mice, Inbred Strains/growth & development , Nucleic Acid Hybridization , Pregnancy , Software , Steroid 21-Hydroxylase/metabolism , Steroid 21-Hydroxylase/physiology , Transcription, GeneticABSTRACT
The surfaces and the sulci of the lateral hemispheres of 30 postmortem brain specimens were three-dimensionally measured. The coordinates of all the structures registered constitute a digital brain model. The models were scaled linearly until they fitted a defined cuboid. Then all the models within the reference volume, each represented by a set of points, were considered together. The reference volume was divided into small cubic volume elements (voxels). Two parameters of the voxels were studied: the point density of each structure per voxel and the contribution index which designates how many of the hemispheres contribute points to a certain voxel. The latter parameter may serve as an index for the presence probability of a sulcus, which means the probability with which a sulcus will be contained in a defined volume element. The presence probability of a sulcus corresponds well with its first appearance in embryological development. Spatial variation in the early developing principal sulci is far less than in those which develop in later stages. As regards some defined regions of the brain, statements about the probable location of cortical areas in relation to the commissural system can be made.