Early risk factors for conduct problem trajectories from childhood to adolescence: the 2004 Pelotas (BRAZIL) Birth Cohort.

Conduct problems are associated with an increased risk of a wide range of physical, mental, and social problems. However, there is still uncertainty about how early risk factors differentiate different developmental patterns of conduct problems and whether findings replicate across diverse social contexts. We aimed to identify developmental trajectories of conduct problems, and test early risk factors, in the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort in Brazil. Conduct problems were measured at ages 4, 6, 11, and 15 years from caregiver reports on the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Conduct problem trajectories were estimated using group-based semi-parametric modeling (n = 3938). Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine associations between early risk factors and conduct problem trajectories. We identified four trajectories: three with elevated conduct problems, including early-onset persistent (n = 150; 3.8%), adolescence-onset (n = 286; 17.3%), and childhood-limited (n = 697; 17.7%), and one with low conduct problems (n = 2805; 71.2%). The three elevated conduct problem trajectories were associated with a wide range of sociodemographic risk factors, prenatal smoking, maternal mental health, harsh parenting, childhood trauma, and child neurodevelopmental risk factors. Early-onset persistent conduct problems were particularly associated with trauma, living without a father figure, and attention difficulties. The four trajectories of conduct problems from ages 4 to 15 years in this Brazilian cohort have similar longitudinal patterns to those identified in high-income countries. The results confirm previous longitudinal research and developmental taxonomic theories on the etiology of conduct problems in a Brazilian sample.

Warmth and reciprocity with mothers, and young children's resilience to exposure to community violence in Colombia: findings from the La Sabana Parent-Child Study.

BACKGROUND: Exposure to community violence is common worldwide and is associated with emotional and behavioural problems in children. Little is known about sources of resilience. Building on our previous work on the contribution of callous-unemotional (CU) traits to child aggression in Colombia, we examined whether positive parenting is protective for children whose families are exposed to community violence. METHODS: Families were recruited from three demographically contrasting regions of Colombia. The sample comprised 235 children aged 3.5 years and their mothers, of whom 220 (93%) were followed up at age 5.0 years. Positive parenting was assessed as the average of maternal warmth and reciprocity, and as praise, and negative parenting as the average of negative affect and conflict seen in video recordings of standardized procedures. CU traits and oppositional defiant disorder were assessed by maternal report at ages 3.5 and 5.0 years, and mothers reported exposure to community violence over the 18 months between assessments. A range of potential confounds was included in adjusted analyses. RESULTS: In the families who were exposed to community violence, but not in the unexposed, maternal warmth and reciprocity were associated prospectively with lower CU traits (interaction, p = .007). In the exposed group maternal warmth and reciprocity explained 10% of the variance (ß = -.34, p = .001). Maternal praise was not associated with CU traits. Maternal negative parenting predicted higher CU traits as the main effect but not in interaction with community violence exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal warmth and reciprocity with young children may promote resilience in the face of community violence. Programmes to enhance these protective processes may be needed especially where prospects for reducing community violence are limited. The centrality of parents for these children highlights the plight of those exposed to community violence, and also either separated from parents or orphaned.

Controvérsia sobre a perversão feminina / Controversy over female perversion

Há mulheres na perversão? Essa pergunta serve de título para o livro de Lígia Furtado Mendonça (2018), a qual é resultado de seu percurso significativo de pesquisa acadêmica dedicada à temática das perversões. O livro trata das relações possíveis entre a estrutura perversa e o feminino, a partir da Psicanálise. Como afirma a própria autora, o seu objetivo é o de confrontar posições teóricas, não unânimes, que reservam a possibilidade da existência de uma estrutura perversa ao campo do masculino. Encontra-se dividido em sete capítulos que orbitam em torno de três tópicos: o primeiro dedica-se ao modo como a perversão era compreendida antes do surgimento da Psicanálise, e por seu entendimento propriamente freudiano e lacaniano. De forma mais específica, diríamos que o livro retoma a teorização acerca das perversões em Freud a partir de um marco teórico lacaniano, o qual serve à delimitação das concepções diferencias do feminino e do masculino a partir da lógica da sexuação e de sua consequente aplicação ao domínio das perversões.

Revisão da literatura sobre Transtorno Opositivo Desafiador e Transtorno de Conduta: causas/proteção, estratégia escolar e relação com a criminalidade / Literature review about Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder: causes / protection, teaching school and relationship with crime

De acordo com variados estudos científicos, nas idades escolares os estudantes podem apresentar diferentes distúrbios comportamentais. Assim, este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar uma revisão da literatura sobre o Transtorno Opositivo Desafiador (TOD) e o Transtorno de Conduta (TC) de modo a favorecer o diagnóstico e intervenções escolares. Para isso, realizou-se busca por descritores no Portal da Capes e no Google Acadêmico em que foram selecionados trabalhos mais recentes escritos em português e inglês que continham no título dos manuscritos os termos da busca e os conteúdos destes foram divididos em categorias, tais como, fatores de causa/proteção; estratégias de trabalho com alunos acometidos de TOD e TC e a relação que os distúrbios podem apresentar com o cometimento de atos infracionais. Verificou-se que os autores abordam que ambos os distúrbios podem desenvolver-se pela influência do ambiente social das crianças e adolescentes, e que o professor pode exercer influência sobre o comportamento e rendimento escolar destes estudantes. O presente estudo contribui, portanto para a compreensão dos distúrbios a partir da exposição do debate de diversos autores o que pode auxiliar professores, alunos e pais no trabalho com pessoas acometidas de TOD e TC.

According to several scientific studies, at school age, students may have different behavioral disorders. Thus, this article aims to present a literature review on Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and Conduct Disorder (CT) to favourdiagnosis and school interventions. A search for descriptors in Capes Portal and Google Scholar was carried out, in which more recent works written in Portuguese and English that contained the search terms in the title of the manuscripts and their contents were divided into categories, such as causative/protective factors; work strategies with students suffering from ODD and CT, and the relationship that the disorders can present with infractions. We found that the authors state that both disorders can develop under the influence of the children's and adolescents' social environment and that the teacher can influence their behavior and academic performance. Therefore, the present study contributes to the understanding of disorders from the discussion of several authors' debates, which can help teachers, students, and parents work with people with ODD and CT.

Youth homicide: a study of homicide predictor factors in adolescent offenders in custody in the south of Brazil / Homicídio juvenil: fatores preditores em adolescentes privados de liberdade no sul do Brasil

Abstract Objectives To assess the sociodemographic, psychiatric and criminal profile of adolescent offenders complying with temporary custody for homicide/homicide attempt and to compare it to that of the population of adolescents in custody for other crimes. Methods This cross-sectional study was based on the review of the medical records of 74 juvenile offenders in temporary custody at socioeducational agency Fundação de Atendimento Sócio-Educativo do Rio Grande do Sul. For the analysis, variables that presented p < 0.2 were included in multivariate adjustment through logistic regression. Results The sample comprised males only, mostly with white skin color (55.6 vs. 57.9% for homicidal and non-homicidal, respectively) and with a high prevalence of school failure (77.8 vs. 91.2%). There was a high prevalence of family history of delinquency (88 vs. 81%). Only years of study and belonging or not to a criminal organization remained statistically significant in the multivariate model. Conclusion The results show that having fewer years of study and denying belonging to a criminal organization are predictive factors of homicidal behavior in adolescent offenders (both with statistical relevance). The other variables were not statistically significant for this outcome. The present study may serve as a basis for further research, which may improve our understanding of risk factors for juvenile homicide.

Resumo Objetivos Avaliar o perfil sociodemográfico, psiquiátrico e criminal de adolescentes infratores que cumprem internação provisória por homicídio ou tentativa de homicídio e compará-los aos adolescentes privados de liberdade por outros atos infracionais. Métodos Este estudo transversal baseou-se na revisão dos prontuários médicos de 74 adolescentes infratores em internação provisória na Fundação de Atendimento Sócio-Educativo do Rio Grande do Sul. Para a análise, variáveis que apresentaram p <0,2 foram incluídas no ajuste multivariado por meio de regressão logística. Resultados A amostra foi composta apenas por homens, a maioria de pele branca (55,6 versus 57,9% para homicidas e não-homicidas, respectivamente) e com alta prevalência de reprovações escolares (77,8 vs. 91,2%). Houve alta prevalência de antecedentes familiares de delinquência (88 versus 81%). Apenas anos de estudo e pertencimento ou não a uma organização criminosa permaneceram estatisticamente significantes no modelo multivariado. Conclusão Os resultados mostram que ter menos anos de estudo e negar pertencer a uma organização criminosa foram fatores preditivos de comportamento homicida em adolescentes infratores (ambos com relevância estatística). As demais variáveis não foram estatisticamente significativas para esse desfecho. O presente estudo pode servir como base para futuras pesquisas, o que pode melhorar nossa compreensão dos fatores de risco para o homicídio juvenil.

CR-19-0950: Event-related responses to alcohol-related stimuli in Mexican-American young adults: Relation to age, gender, comorbidity and "dark side" symptoms.

BACKGROUND: Electrophysiological variables may represent sensitive biomarkers of vulnerability to or endophenotypes for alcohol use disorders (AUD). METHODS: Young adults (age 18-30 yrs, n = 580) of Mexican American heritage were assessed with the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism and event-related oscillations (EROs) generated in response to a task that used pictures of objects, food, and alcohol-related and non-alcohol-related drinks as stimuli. RESULTS: Decreases in energy in the alpha and beta frequencies and higher phase synchrony within cortical brain areas were seen in response to the alcohol-related as compared to the non-alcohol-related stimuli. Differences in ERO energy and synchrony responses to alcohol-related stimuli were also found as a function of age, sex, AUD status and comorbidity. Age-related decreases in energy and increases in synchrony were found. Females had significantly higher energy and lower synchrony values than males. Participants with AUD had higher synchrony values specifically in the beta frequencies, whereas those with a lifetime diagnosis of conduct disorder and/or antisocial personality disorder had lower alpha power and synchrony, and those with any affective disorder had lower ERO energy in the beta frequencies. Those with substance-associated affective "dark-side" symptoms had slower reaction times to the task, lower energy in the beta frequencies, lower local synchrony in the theta frequencies, and higher long-range synchrony in the delta and beta frequencies. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that EROs recorded to alcohol-related stimuli may be biomarkers of comorbid risk factors, symptoms and disorders associated with AUD that also can differentiate those with "dark-side symptoms".

Youth homicide: a study of homicide predictor factors in adolescent offenders in custody in the south of Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the sociodemographic, psychiatric and criminal profile of adolescent offenders complying with temporary custody for homicide/homicide attempt and to compare it to that of the population of adolescents in custody for other crimes. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was based on the review of the medical records of 74 juvenile offenders in temporary custody at socioeducational agency Fundação de Atendimento Sócio-Educativo do Rio Grande do Sul. For the analysis, variables that presented p < 0.2 were included in multivariate adjustment through logistic regression. RESULTS: The sample comprised males only, mostly with white skin color (55.6 vs. 57.9% for homicidal and non-homicidal, respectively) and with a high prevalence of school failure (77.8 vs. 91.2%). There was a high prevalence of family history of delinquency (88 vs. 81%). Only years of study and belonging or not to a criminal organization remained statistically significant in the multivariate model. CONCLUSION: The results show that having fewer years of study and denying belonging to a criminal organization are predictive factors of homicidal behavior in adolescent offenders (both with statistical relevance). The other variables were not statistically significant for this outcome. The present study may serve as a basis for further research, which may improve our understanding of risk factors for juvenile homicide.

A risk calculator to predict adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: generation and external validation in three birth cohorts and one clinical sample.

AIM: Few personalised medicine investigations have been conducted for mental health. We aimed to generate and validate a risk tool that predicts adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS: Using logistic regression models, we generated a risk tool in a representative population cohort (ALSPAC - UK, 5113 participants, followed from birth to age 17) using childhood clinical and sociodemographic data with internal validation. Predictors included sex, socioeconomic status, single-parent family, ADHD symptoms, comorbid disruptive disorders, childhood maltreatment, ADHD symptoms, depressive symptoms, mother's depression and intelligence quotient. The outcome was defined as a categorical diagnosis of ADHD in young adulthood without requiring age at onset criteria. We also tested Machine Learning approaches for developing the risk models: Random Forest, Stochastic Gradient Boosting and Artificial Neural Network. The risk tool was externally validated in the E-Risk cohort (UK, 2040 participants, birth to age 18), the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort (Brazil, 3911 participants, birth to age 18) and the MTA clinical sample (USA, 476 children with ADHD and 241 controls followed for 16 years from a minimum of 8 and a maximum of 26 years old). RESULTS: The overall prevalence of adult ADHD ranged from 8.1 to 12% in the population-based samples, and was 28.6% in the clinical sample. The internal performance of the model in the generating sample was good, with an area under the curve (AUC) for predicting adult ADHD of 0.82 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.79-0.83). Calibration plots showed good agreement between predicted and observed event frequencies from 0 to 60% probability. In the UK birth cohort test sample, the AUC was 0.75 (95% CI 0.71-0.78). In the Brazilian birth cohort test sample, the AUC was significantly lower -0.57 (95% CI 0.54-0.60). In the clinical trial test sample, the AUC was 0.76 (95% CI 0.73-0.80). The risk model did not predict adult anxiety or major depressive disorder. Machine Learning approaches did not outperform logistic regression models. An open-source and free risk calculator was generated for clinical use and is available online at https://ufrgs.br/prodah/adhd-calculator/. CONCLUSIONS: The risk tool based on childhood characteristics specifically predicts adult ADHD in European and North-American population-based and clinical samples with comparable discrimination to commonly used clinical tools in internal medicine and higher than most previous attempts for mental and neurological disorders. However, its use in middle-income settings requires caution.

Prevalence and risk factors of psychiatric disorders in early adolescence: 2004 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort.

PURPOSE: The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in early adolescence, to examine the distribution of psychiatric disorders by maternal and child characteristics and to evaluate the occurrence of psychiatric comorbidities. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study of all live births in the city of Pelotas, Brazil, in 2004 (n = 4231). A total of 3562 subjects were evaluated at 11 years of age. Psychiatric disorders were assessed using the Development and Well-Being Assessment. Crude and adjusted logistic regression was used to investigate risk factors for any psychiatric disorder. RESULTS: According to DSM-5 criteria, the overall prevalence of psychiatric disorders was 13.2% (n = 471), 15.6% among the boys and 10.7% among the girls. The most common disorders were anxiety disorders (4.3%), any attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (4.0%) and any conduct/oppositional disorder (2.8%). Low maternal education, smoking during pregnancy, the presence of moods symptoms during pregnancy or maternal chronic and severe depressive symptoms in the first years of the adolescent´s life, male gender, 5-min Apgar score < 7 at birth and preterm birth were associated with higher odds of any psychiatric disorder at age 11. Psychiatric comorbidities were observed in 107 subjects (22.7%), of whom 73, 24, and 10 had two, three, and four psychiatric diagnoses, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our results underscore the importance of psychiatric disorders as a prevalent condition in early adolescence, which has a direct impact on the planning of public policies and specific mental health care services in this age group.

Empathic skills and theory of mind in female adolescents with conduct disorder

Objective: Most studies on conduct disorder (CD) have focused on male adolescents, disregarding analysis of this psychopathology in women. The purpose of this study was to identify differences in empathy and theory of mind (ToM) in a group of adolescent women with CD and a control group. Method: Thirty-six adolescent women were selected from an initial sample of 239 adolescents (CD group = 18, control group = 18). Empathy and ToM were evaluated through objective instruments. Mean comparisons and multivariate analysis were performed to ascertain differences between cases and controls and to propose a prediction model based on clinical status. Results: Significant differences in empathic abilities and ToM were found between the groups. The model that differentiated both groups was composed of eye-reading ability, perspective taking, and personal distress. Conclusion: These findings are consistent with previous studies. Capacity to take the other's perspective and the recognition of emotions in the face are protective factors against CD in women.

Empathic skills and theory of mind in female adolescents with conduct disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Most studies on conduct disorder (CD) have focused on male adolescents, disregarding analysis of this psychopathology in women. The purpose of this study was to identify differences in empathy and theory of mind (ToM) in a group of adolescent women with CD and a control group. METHOD: Thirty-six adolescent women were selected from an initial sample of 239 adolescents (CD group = 18, control group = 18). Empathy and ToM were evaluated through objective instruments. Mean comparisons and multivariate analysis were performed to ascertain differences between cases and controls and to propose a prediction model based on clinical status. RESULTS: Significant differences in empathic abilities and ToM were found between the groups. The model that differentiated both groups was composed of eye-reading ability, perspective taking, and personal distress. CONCLUSION: These findings are consistent with previous studies. Capacity to take the other's perspective and the recognition of emotions in the face are protective factors against CD in women.

The development of externalizing symptoms from late childhood through adolescence: A longitudinal study of Mexican-origin youth.

Youth who exhibit externalizing problems during childhood and adolescence are at an increased risk for a wide range of detrimental life outcomes. Despite the profound consequences of externalizing problems for children, their families, and their communities, we know less about the precise trajectory of externalizing symptoms across late childhood and adolescence, because of the paucity of fine-grained longitudinal research. The present study examined the development of externalizing symptoms in a large sample (N = 674) of Mexican-origin youth, assessed annually from age 10 to 17. Specifically, we conducted analyses to better understand the trajectories of attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD) symptoms (and their codevelopment), as well as how gender and cultural factors influence symptom trajectories. On average, ADHD symptoms slowly declined from age 10 to 17; ODD symptoms increased until age 13 and then declined thereafter; and, CD symptoms slowly increased until age 15 and then leveled off. ADHD, ODD, and CD symptoms predicted change in each other, indicating youth may accumulate multiple forms of externalizing problems over time. Boys reported fewer externalizing problems than girls, contrary to expectations. Consistent with the Immigrant Paradox, we found that 2nd + generation youth, youth who endorsed fewer traditional Mexican cultural values (traditional gender roles, traditional family values, and religiosity), and youth who engaged in less Spanish/more English language use were at increased risk for exhibiting ADHD, ODD, and CD symptoms from childhood through adolescence. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these developmental patterns among Mexican-origin youth. (PsycINFO Database Record

Developmental Psychopathology in a Racial/Ethnic Minority Group: Are Cultural Risks Relevant?

OBJECTIVE: The current study examined (a) the mediating role of parenting behaviors in the relationship between parental risks and youth antisocial behaviors (YASB), and (b) the role of youth cultural stress in a racial/ethnic minority group (i.e., Puerto Rican [PR] youth). METHOD: This longitudinal study consisted of 3 annual interviews of PR youth (N = 1,150; aged 10-14 years at wave 1) and their caretakers from the South Bronx (SB) in New York City and from San Juan, Puerto Rico. Parents reported on parental risks, parenting behaviors, and YASB. Youth also self-reported on YASB and youth cultural stress. A lagged structural equation model examined the relationship between these variables across 3 yearly waves, with youth cultural stress as a moderator of the association between effective parenting behaviors and YASB. RESULTS: Findings supported the positive influence of effective parenting on YASB, independently of past parental risks and past YASB: higher effective parenting significantly predicted lower YASB at the following wave. Parenting also accounted for (mediated) the association between the composite of parental risks and YASB. Youth cultural stress at wave 1 was cross-sectionally associated with higher YASB and moderated the prospective associations between effective parenting and YASB, such that for youth who perceived higher cultural stress, the positive effect of effective parenting on YASB was weakened compared to those with lower/average cultural stress. CONCLUSION: Among PR families, both parental and cultural risk factors influence YASB. Such findings should be considered when treating racial/ethnic minority youth for whom cultural factors may be a relevant influence on determining behaviors.

Dimensions of youth psychopathy differentially predict concurrent pro- and antisocial behavior

Objective: To investigate the unique contribution of narcissism and impulsivity, in addition to callous-unemotional (CU) traits, in explaining concurrent prosocial and antisocial behavior. Method: Two hundred and forty-nine schoolchildren (53% female; age 9-12 years) completed the self-report Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and the Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD). Two statistical models were tested, predicting conduct problems (CP) and prosocial behavior (PB). In the first one, CU traits and gender were entered into the equation. The second model added narcissism and impulsivity. Results: Gender, narcissism and impulsivity, but not CU, were statistically significant predictors of CP in the second model (F3,226 = 45.07, p < 0.001, R2 = 43.7%; betas: gender = -0.20, narcissism = 0.29, impulsivity = 0.36, CU = 0.06). PB was significantly predicted by all domains except gender (F3,226 = 42.57, p < 0.001, R2 = 42.4%; betas: gender = 0.08, narcissism = -0.16, impulsivity = -0.23, CU = -0.41). Conclusion: Our results confirmed that CU traits refer to a distinct manifestation of psychopathy in youth, but we also found that narcissism and impulsivity are equally important when predicting CP. Previous reports of sex differences on APSD and SDQ domains were also corroborated.

Dimensions of youth psychopathy differentially predict concurrent pro- and antisocial behavior.

OBJECTIVE:: To investigate the unique contribution of narcissism and impulsivity, in addition to callous-unemotional (CU) traits, in explaining concurrent prosocial and antisocial behavior. METHOD:: Two hundred and forty-nine schoolchildren (53% female; age 9-12 years) completed the self-report Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and the Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD). Two statistical models were tested, predicting conduct problems (CP) and prosocial behavior (PB). In the first one, CU traits and gender were entered into the equation. The second model added narcissism and impulsivity. RESULTS:: Gender, narcissism and impulsivity, but not CU, were statistically significant predictors of CP in the second model (F3,226 = 45.07, p < 0.001, R2 = 43.7%; betas: gender = -0.20, narcissism = 0.29, impulsivity = 0.36, CU = 0.06). PB was significantly predicted by all domains except gender (F3,226 = 42.57, p < 0.001, R2 = 42.4%; betas: gender = 0.08, narcissism = -0.16, impulsivity = -0.23, CU = -0.41). CONCLUSION:: Our results confirmed that CU traits refer to a distinct manifestation of psychopathy in youth, but we also found that narcissism and impulsivity are equally important when predicting CP. Previous reports of sex differences on APSD and SDQ domains were also corroborated.

Trastornos psiquiátricos asociados a las epilepsias / Psychiatric disorders associated to the epilepsy

Introducción: La Epilepsia representa un problema de salud mundial y es considerada tan antigua como la humanidad misma y uno de los trastornos del Sistema Nervioso Central más frecuentes. Los pacientes que padecen esta enfermedad, tienen una comorbilidad psiquiátrica asociada y, a su vez, consecuencias sociales, psicobiológicas y económicas, por lo que se hace necesario que los profesionales de la salud, conozcan estas alteraciones para su manejo integral, lo cual constituye el objetivo fundamental de este artículo. Objetivo: identificar tempranamente los factores de riesgo que se relacionan con los síntomas neuroconductuales en el paciente que padece epilepsia, con el fin de minimizar sus efectos y mejorar la calidad de vida de los mismos. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura nacional e internacional, seleccionándose las citas de los últimos 10 años relacionadas con los trastornos psiquiátricos asociados a las epilepsias. Se precisan los factores relacionados con la epilepsia y los trastornos de conducta. Resultados: Se describen la frecuencia de los trastornos psiquiátricos en los pacientes con epilepsia y, entre estos, los trastornos psicóticos y afectivos bipolares, depresión, manía, conductas suicidas, trastornos de ansiedad y personalidad, la hiperactividad y déficit atencional, los efectos psicotrópicos de las drogas antiepilépticas y los trastornos psiquiátricos en la cirugía en epilepsia.Conclusiones: La comorbilidad psiquiátrica en pacientes que padecen epilepsia es frecuente y de causa multifactorial, por lo cual es de significativa importancia para el facultativo, poder reconocer los elementos que se relacionan con los síntomas neuroconductuales en ellos, con el fin de adoptar las medidas necesarias para minimizar sus efectos y mejorar su calidad de vida(AU)

Introduction: Epilepsy is a global health problem and is considered as old as humanity itself and one of the most common Central Nervous System´s disorders. Patients with this disease have a psychiatric comorbidity and in turn, social, economic and psychobiological consequences, so it is necessary that health professionals, know these alterations for a comprehensive management of these patients, which is the main purpose of the review.Objective: to identify early risk factors that relate to neurobehavioral symptoms in patients with epilepsy, in order to minimize their effects and improve the life´s quality for them. Material and Methods: Was performed a review of national and international literature by selecting the articles from the past decade related to psychiatric disorders associated with epilepsy. Factors related to epilepsy and behavioral disorders are specified.Results: The frequency of psychiatric disorders in patients with epilepsy are described and among these, psychotic and bipolar affective disorders, depression, mania, suicidal behavior, anxiety and personality disorders, hyperactivity and attention deficit, the psychotropic effects of antiepileptic drugs and psychiatric disorders in epilepsy surgery. Conclusions: Psychiatric comorbidity in patients with epilepsy are frequent and of multifactorial cause, which is of significant importance to the physician, to recognize the elements that relate to neurobehavioral symptoms in these patients, in order to take the necessary measures to minimize their effects and improve the life´s quality(AU)

Life Span Studies of ADHD-Conceptual Challenges and Predictors of Persistence and Outcome.

There is a renewed interest in better conceptualizing trajectories of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) from childhood to adulthood, driven by an increased recognition of long-term impairment and potential persistence beyond childhood and adolescence. This review addresses the following major issues relevant to the course of ADHD in light of current evidence from longitudinal studies: (1) conceptual and methodological issues related to measurement of persistence of ADHD, (2) estimates of persistence rate from childhood to adulthood and its predictors, (3) long-term negative outcomes of childhood ADHD and their early predictors, and (4) the recently proposed new adult-onset ADHD. Estimates of persistence vary widely in the literature, and diagnostic criteria, sample characteristics, and information source are the most important factors explaining variability among studies. Evidence indicates that ADHD severity, comorbid conduct disorder and major depressive disorder, and treatment for ADHD are the main predictors of ADHD persistence from childhood to adulthood. Comorbid conduct disorder and ADHD severity in childhood are the most important predictors of adverse outcomes in adulthood among children with ADHD. Three recent population studies suggested the existence of a significant proportion of individuals who report onset of ADHD symptoms and impairments after childhood. Finally, we highlight areas for improvement to increase our understanding of ADHD across the life span.

Commentary: Cognitive and emotional empathy in transdiagnostic research - reflections on Klapwijk et al. (2016).

Evidence across multiple disorders indicates that empathy is a transdiagnostic dimension of psychopathology. Klapwijk et al.'s (2016) functional MRI study examines whether autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and conduct disorder (CD) can be distinguished by the constructs of 'cognitive' and 'emotional' empathy - with the former focusing on accurate emotion perception and the latter on shared affective experience. This commentary examines the implications of the cognitive/emotional empathy distinction, and how it fits with existing accounts of perceptual differences in ASD. Cognitive empathy overlaps substantially with the constructs of emotion perception and Theory of Mind - both well studied among individuals with ASD, but generally viewed as fairly distinct from empathy. CD, on the other hand, is typically not associated with frank perceptual deficits. Although the brain imaging data from this study do not provide strong support for the constructs of cognitive and emotional empathy, the general approach used in this study is precisely the kind needed to test the validity and utility of transdiagnostic mechanisms of psychopathology.

Cuidados parentais e desenvolvimento socioemocional na infância e na adolescência: uma perspectiva analítico-comportamental / Parental care and socioemotional development in childhood and adolescence: a behavior analytic perspective

Este estudo propõe uma interpretação analítico-comportamental de construtos da Psicologia do Desenvolvimento referentes ao comportamento parental e de suas relações com características do desenvolvimento de bebês, crianças na fase pré-escolar e escolar, e adolescentes. O conceito de responsividade sensível, foi articulado ao conceito de contingência tríplice e às noções de efeito de prazer e de efeito de fortalecimento das contingências de reforçamento. Os problemas de comportamento de pré-escolares e escolares e suas relações com os cuidados parentais foram discutidos, enfatizando a análise das funções das queixas comportamentais infantis, que pode ser beneficiada pela adoção do conceito de habilidades sociais educativas parentais. A tipologia dos estilos parentais foi interpretada em uma perspectiva behaviorista, considerando os padrões comportamentais característicos de cada estilo e seu impacto sobre o desenvolvimento de adolescentes. A sensibilidade dos pais às contingências vigentes na interação pais-filhos, parece destacar-se como um aspecto crucial nas três etapas do desenvolvimento examinadas. (AU)

This study proposes a behavior analytic interpretation of constructs of Developmental Psychology regarding parental behavior and their relationships with the developmental characteristics of babies, pre-school children, school-age children and teenagers. The concept of sensitive responsiveness is articulated with the concept of triple contingency and with the notions of effect of pleasure and effect of strengthening of reinforcement contingencies. Pre-school and school children behavior problems and their relationships with parental care are discussed, with emphasis on the analysis of the functions of complaints regarding child behavior. This can be enhanced by adopting the concept of parental educational social skills. The typology of parenting styles is interpreted from a behaviorist perspective, considering the behavioral standards of each style and their impact on the development of adolescents. Parental sensitivity to prevailing contingencies in parent-child interaction appears to stand out as a crucial aspect in the three stages of development that were examined. (AU)

Cuidados parentais e desenvolvimento socioemocional na infância e na adolescência: uma perspectiva analítico-comportamental / Parental care and socioemotional development in childhood and adolescence: a behavior analytic perspective

Este estudo propõe uma interpretação analítico-comportamental de construtos da Psicologia do Desenvolvimento referentes ao comportamento parental e de suas relações com características do desenvolvimento de bebês, crianças na fase pré-escolar e escolar, e adolescentes. O conceito de responsividade sensível, foi articulado ao conceito de contingência tríplice e às noções de efeito de prazer e de efeito de fortalecimento das contingências de reforçamento. Os problemas de comportamento de pré-escolares e escolares e suas relações com os cuidados parentais foram discutidos, enfatizando a análise das funções das queixas comportamentais infantis, que pode ser beneficiada pela adoção do conceito de habilidades sociais educativas parentais. A tipologia dos estilos parentais foi interpretada em uma perspectiva behaviorista, considerando os padrões comportamentais característicos de cada estilo e seu impacto sobre o desenvolvimento de adolescentes. A sensibilidade dos pais às contingências vigentes na interação pais-filhos, parece destacar-se como um aspecto crucial nas três etapas do desenvolvimento examinadas...

This study proposes a behavior analytic interpretation of constructs of Developmental Psychology regarding parental behavior and their relationships with the developmental characteristics of babies, pre-school children, school-age children and teenagers. The concept of sensitive responsiveness is articulated with the concept of triple contingency and with the notions of effect of pleasure and effect of strengthening of reinforcement contingencies. Pre-school and school children behavior problems and their relationships with parental care are discussed, with emphasis on the analysis of the functions of complaints regarding child behavior. This can be enhanced by adopting the concept of parental educational social skills. The typology of parenting styles is interpreted from a behaviorist perspective, considering the behavioral standards of each style and their impact on the development of adolescents. Parental sensitivity to prevailing contingencies in parent-child interaction appears to stand out as a crucial aspect in the three stages of development that were examined...