ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC), a highly contagious eye disease, is caused primarily by either enterovirus 70 (EV70) or coxsackievirus A24 (CVA24) infection. Yet methods to prevent or cure AHC are not available. Recent evidence has shown that small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs), mediators of posttranscriptional gene knockdown, can act as effective antiviral agents. Thus, the authors attempted to develop a novel siRNA-based anti-AHC agent effective against both EV70 and CVA24. METHODS: Concurrent screening of the entire viral genome sequences of EV70 and CVA24 using the CAPSID program identified five different siRNA candidates complementary to genome regions of both viruses. The antiviral potentials of these siRNAs were assessed by treating MRC5 and primary human conjunctival cells with the siRNAs and following this with viral challenge. RESULTS: Among the five siRNAs, AHCe-3D-3 siRNA showed excellent cytoprotective effects and dramatic decreases in virus replication and virus protein synthesis. This siRNA, targeting the virus polymerase 3D gene, also induced similar antiviral effects in primary human conjunctival cells. CONCLUSIONS: These findings strongly suggest that the AHCe-3D-3 siRNA, homologous to two different AHC-associated enteroviruses, can provide equivalent antiviral activities against both AHC-causing enteroviruses. Such an siRNA may be developed as a clinically valuable AHC control agent.
Subject(s)
Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic/therapy , Coxsackievirus Infections/therapy , Enterovirus C, Human/physiology , Enterovirus D, Human/physiology , Enterovirus Infections/therapy , RNA, Small Interfering/genetics , Virus Replication/physiology , Antiviral Agents , Blotting, Western , Conjunctiva/cytology , Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic/genetics , Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic/virology , Coxsackievirus Infections/genetics , Coxsackievirus Infections/virology , Enterovirus Infections/genetics , Enterovirus Infections/virology , Fibroblasts/virology , Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect , Genome, Viral , HeLa Cells/virology , Humans , RNA Interference/physiology , Viral Structural Proteins/metabolismABSTRACT
CDC was contacted on June 22, 2010, by the Ugandan Ministry of Health (MoH)/Uganda Virus Research Institute and on July 11 by the Government of Southern Sudan (GOSS) via the CDC Global Disease Detection Regional Center in Kenya to perform diagnostic laboratory testing on conjunctival swabs from persons with "red eye syndrome." Widespread, ongoing outbreaks of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) have been observed in Uganda and Southern Sudan since spring 2010. AHC becomes a reportable condition in outbreak settings. Case numbers were estimated in Uganda after MoH confirmation of reported cases from district health facilities and, in Southern Sudan, after a medical record review in six health facilities. To date, 6,818 cases from 26 districts in Uganda, and 428 cases in Juba, Southern Sudan, have been counted; however, because most cases are not reported, these totals are considered underestimates.
Subject(s)
Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic/epidemiology , Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic/virology , Coxsackievirus Infections/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks , Enterovirus C, Human , Adenoviridae/genetics , Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic/diagnosis , Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic/therapy , Coxsackievirus Infections/diagnosis , Coxsackievirus Infections/therapy , Coxsackievirus Infections/virology , DNA, Viral/analysis , Enterovirus C, Human/genetics , Humans , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Sudan/epidemiology , Uganda/epidemiologySubject(s)
Conjunctivitis/diagnosis , Conjunctivitis/therapy , Blepharitis/complications , Chalazion/complications , Chickenpox/complications , Conjunctivitis/etiology , Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic/diagnosis , Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic/therapy , Conjunctivitis, Allergic/diagnosis , Conjunctivitis, Allergic/therapy , Conjunctivitis, Bacterial/diagnosis , Conjunctivitis, Bacterial/therapy , Conjunctivitis, Viral/diagnosis , Conjunctivitis, Viral/therapy , Dermatitis, Atopic/complications , Diagnosis, Differential , Emergency Treatment , Eye Diseases/diagnosis , Eye Diseases/therapy , Glaucoma/complications , Hordeolum/complications , Humans , Keratitis/complications , Keratoconjunctivitis/diagnosis , Keratoconjunctivitis/therapy , Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases/complications , Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/complications , Ocular Motility Disorders/complications , Orbital Cellulitis/complications , Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/complications , Uveitis/complicationsABSTRACT
As part of Nursing Standards clinical skills series, this article presents an overview of the structure and function of the eye, including ocular adnexal structures. This provides a basis for a forthcoming discussion of eye pathology and eye care.
Subject(s)
Eye Diseases/diagnosis , Eye Diseases/therapy , Eye Injuries/diagnosis , Eye Injuries/therapy , Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic/therapy , Corneal Injuries , Diagnosis, Differential , Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological , Eye/anatomy & histology , Eye Diseases/etiology , Eye Injuries/etiology , Humans , Macular Degeneration/diagnosis , Macular Degeneration/therapy , Medical History Taking , Nurse's Role , Nursing Assessment , Ocular Physiological Phenomena , Ophthalmology , Self Care , Vision ScreeningABSTRACT
Se realizó un estudio explicativo experimental fase II sobre la eficacia del método acupuntural en el tratamiento de la Conjuntivitis Hemorrágica Aguda (C.H.A.) que incluyó a 80 pacientes afectados por esta enfermedad, del Consultorio # 35 del Policlínico Este del municipio Camagüey durante el período de octubre a noviembre de 1997. Se dividieron en dos grupos, el A y el B, con 40 pacientes cada uno. Al primero se le aplicó tratamiento acupuntural durante tres días en los puntos seleccionados previamente y sangría en un punto extraordinario; el segundo recibió tratamiento convencional. En el grupo A el 90 por ciento de los síntomas se eliminaron en las primeras 72 horas, independientemente de la edad y el sexo, mientras que en el grupo B, solamente seis pacientes la erradicaron. La eficacia del método acupuntural fue buena, lo que evidencia su superioridad con relación al tratamiento convencional(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic/therapy , Acupuncture TherapyABSTRACT
Se realizó un estudio explicativo experimental fase II sobre la eficacia del método acupuntural en el tratamiento de la Conjuntivitis Hemorrágica Aguda (C.H.A.) que incluyó a 80 pacientes afectados por esta enfermedad, del Consultorio # 35 del Policlínico Este del municipio Camagüey durante el período de octubre a noviembre de 1997. Se dividieron en dos grupos, el A y el B, con 40 pacientes cada uno. Al primero se le aplicó tratamiento acupuntural durante tres días en los puntos seleccionados previamente y sangría en un punto extraordinario; el segundo recibió tratamiento convencional. En el grupo A el 90 por ciento de los síntomas se eliminaron en las primeras 72 horas, independientemente de la edad y el sexo, mientras que en el grupo B, solamente seis pacientes la erradicaron. La eficacia del método acupuntural fue buena, lo que evidencia su superioridad con relación al tratamiento convencional
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Acupuncture Therapy , Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic/therapyABSTRACT
Two cases of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis are described, in which the enterovirus Coxsackie 24 was found by serological examination to be the etiological agent. The virus was important from Nigeria. The patients suffered by the acute hemorrhagic keratoconjuntivitis with transient iritic irritation without the systemic symptoms. Since now this disease with serological verification was not diagnosed in our country. The question of the viral hemorrhagic conjunctivitis and their treatment is discussed. The necessity of virological investigation in inflammations of the anterior segment is stressed.
Subject(s)
Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic , Coxsackievirus Infections , Enterovirus , Adult , Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic/diagnosis , Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic/microbiology , Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic/therapy , Coxsackievirus Infections/diagnosis , Coxsackievirus Infections/therapy , Female , HumansABSTRACT
Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, an infection caused by enterovirus 70 and a variant of coxsackievirus A24, is characterized by the rapid onset of severely painful conjunctivitis and subconjunctival hemorrhage. The condition is usually benign and resolves in five to seven days; however, a polio-like paralysis (radiculomyelitis) develops in approximately one in 10,000 patients infected with enterovirus 70. No treatment is available. Information about acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis should be provided to patients and the community in order to prevent undue alarm, discourage home remedies and control the spread of this highly contagious disease.
Subject(s)
Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic , Coxsackievirus Infections , Enterovirus Infections , Enterovirus , Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic/diagnosis , Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic/epidemiology , Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic/therapy , Coxsackievirus Infections/diagnosis , Coxsackievirus Infections/epidemiology , Coxsackievirus Infections/therapy , Diagnosis, Differential , Disease Outbreaks , Enterovirus Infections/diagnosis , Enterovirus Infections/epidemiology , Enterovirus Infections/therapy , Family Practice/education , Family Practice/methods , HumansABSTRACT
A majority of cases of preventable and/or curable ocular morbidity and blindness are caused by ocular infections. They may account for 70 to 90% of all ocular morbidity seen by family doctors, general practitioners, health centers, and local ophthalmologists in both developed and developing countries. Unfortunately, most health authorities and doctors, including ophthalmologists, consider these diseases to be of little or no importance because they are not fully aware of the high prevalence of these infections and the blinding sequelae which may occur following incorrect diagnosis and treatment. Also, they are not aware of the social and economic impact of these infections in the absence of proper management and implementation of preventive measures. In this review, we examine present knowledge of chlamydial and common viral ocular infections. We discuss the problems of diagnosis, management, and prevention and propose solutions relevant to developed and developing countries.
Subject(s)
Chlamydia Infections/therapy , Conjunctivitis, Inclusion/therapy , Endophthalmitis/therapy , Trachoma/therapy , Virus Diseases/therapy , Adenoviridae Infections/diagnosis , Adenoviridae Infections/prevention & control , Adenoviridae Infections/therapy , Chlamydia Infections/diagnosis , Chlamydia Infections/prevention & control , Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic/diagnosis , Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic/prevention & control , Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic/therapy , Conjunctivitis, Inclusion/diagnosis , Conjunctivitis, Inclusion/prevention & control , Endophthalmitis/diagnosis , Endophthalmitis/prevention & control , Herpesviridae Infections/diagnosis , Herpesviridae Infections/prevention & control , Herpesviridae Infections/therapy , Humans , Measles/complications , Molluscum Contagiosum/complications , Trachoma/diagnosis , Trachoma/prevention & control , Virus Diseases/diagnosis , Virus Diseases/prevention & controlABSTRACT
The estimated economic loss due to an epidemic of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis in 1981 in a rural community of Goa studied by house-to-house survey of 7230 families is reported. Thirty-five per cent of families were affected and in 62% of these families more than three persons developed conjunctivitis. The affected were forced to be absent from work resulting in a reduction of the work force (loss of 7735 man days) and loss of income (Rs 1,33,300). The type of treatment followed and estimates of treatment cost are described. The economic consequences to the country of this widespread epidemic are described.
Subject(s)
Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks/economics , Absenteeism , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic/economics , Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic/therapy , Female , Humans , India , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
La conjuntivitis hemorrágica epidémica es una infección viral muy contagiosa. Desde 1969 se ha reportado en Africa, la India, Inglaterra y países asiáticos. En el Hemisferio Occidental se reportó por primera vez en agosto de 1981. En Cuba se reportó en septiembre de 1981 producida por el Enterovirus 70. Se utilizó el interferón alfa semipurificado producido en el Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas en Ciudad de La Habana (actividad específica 1-1.5 . 106 U.I./mg de proteína). Un grupo de 150 casos se ingresó en las primeras 24 horas de la enfermedad en una unidad especial de oftalmología y se trató durante tres días. Se seleccionaron tres grupos de 50 casos para un estudio estrictamente al azar. Dos grupos recibieron colirios de interferón, 5 . 105 y 2.5 . 105 U.I. IFN/ml respectivamente (dos gotas en cada ojo cada 4 horas). El tercer grupo recibió una solución placebo. Fue posible encontrar mejoría significativa (p < 0,05) en el edema parpebral, inyección ciliar, blefaroespasmo, fotofobia y adenopatía preauricular en el grupo que recibió mayores dosis de interferón en comparación con el grupo de control
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Humans , Male , Female , Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic/therapy , Interferon Type I/therapeutic useABSTRACT
La conjuntivitis hemorrágica epidémica es una infección viral muy contagiosa. Desde 1969 se ha reportado en Africa, la India, Inglaterra y países asiáticos. En el Hemisferio Occidental se reportó por primera vez en agosto de 1981. En Cuba se reportó en septiembre de 1981 producida por el Enterovirus 70. Se utilizó el interferón alfa semipurificado producido en el Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas en Ciudad de La Habana (actividad específica 1-1.5 . 106 U.I./mg de proteína). Un grupo de 150 casos se ingresó en las primeras 24 horas de la enfermedad en una unidad especial de oftalmología y se trató durante tres días. Se seleccionaron tres grupos de 50 casos para un estudio estrictamente al azar. Dos grupos recibieron colirios de interferón, 5 . 105 y 2.5 . 105 U.I. IFN/ml respectivamente (dos gotas en cada ojo cada 4 horas). El tercer grupo recibió una solución placebo. Fue posible encontrar mejoría significativa (p < 0,05) en el edema parpebral, inyección ciliar, blefaroespasmo, fotofobia y adenopatía preauricular en el grupo que recibió mayores dosis de interferón en comparación con el grupo de control
