Difícil camino, espléndida realidad: el sistema MIR / No disponible

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Frontera and integrity in the 'social contract for the Spanish science', 1907-1939 / Boundaries and integrity in the 'Social Contract for Spanish Science', 1907-1939

En este artículo se analizan las relaciones entre ciencia y política en el primer tercio del siglo XX español desde la perspectiva del Contrato Social para la Ciencia. En él se muestra que en dicho periodo se instituyó un auténtico contrato social para la ciencia en España, aunque surgieron algunos problemas de frontera e integridad. Dichos problemas son analizados y se defiende que los problemas de frontera fueron resultado de la concepción de las relaciones entre ciencia y política de los gobiernos conservadores, mientras que los problemas de integridad tuvieron que ver con la activación de redes de influencia en la concesión de las becas para la formación en el extranjero. Finalmente, el análisis revela que estos problemas no invalidaron el contrato social para la ciencia en España (AU)

This article analyzes the relationship between science and politics in Spain in the early 20th century from the perspective of the Social Contract for Science. The article shows that a genuine social contract for science was instituted in Spain during this period, although some boundary and integrity problems emerged. These problems are analyzed, showing that the boundary problems were a product of the conservative viewpoint on the relationship between science and politics, while the integrity problems involved the activation of networks of influence in the awarding of scholarships to study abroad. Finally, the analysis reveals that these problems did not invalidate the Spanish social contract for science (AU)

The risks of childbirth: physicians, finance, and women's deaths in the law courts of seventeenth-century Rome.

In seventeenth-century Rome a popular financial scheme made it crucial to establish if pregnancy or childbirth had caused a woman's death. Courts sought medical advice, and this prompted physicians to reconsider the issues. Their disagreements provide historians with evidence from which to reassess received views of early modern doctors' involvement with birthing bodies. Among others, Paolo Zacchia intervened, revealing discord between physicians and jurists on how to establish the causes of death. One of his testimonies in a case shows more broadly how legal, medical, and lay views on pregnancy and childbirth intersected in courts of law. In Roman tribunals the very distinction between healthy and preternatural births was contentious, and the parties had an interest in having births either proved healthy in medical terms or construed as pathological. The controversies, the author argues, challenge historical expectations about early modern perceptions, including the boundaries between female and male, private and public, healthy and pathological.

[Rural healthcare in the 17th and 18th centuries: types of conducción (contract) for health professionals in Aragon]. / Asistencia rural en los siglos XVII y XVIII: los tipos de "conducción" de los profesionales sanitarios en Aragón.

In order to ensure continuous health care for the population, Town Councils of the rural areas of Aragon offered contracts to health professionals. The contract was known as a "conducta médica" or "conducción". In this study, we review the legislation of the time, the types of contracts and the procedures followed, in addition to the fees and duties of the health professionals (conducidos) hired. Finally, the problems arising from this system are considered and some relevant sources are given.

Patients' rights and the law of contract in eighteenth-century England.

The study of 34 lawsuits between practitioners and patients shows how the law relating to contracts was brought to bear on convicts over medical practice in eighteenth-century England. It shows that patients in this period had rights, and explores them though the practice of the courts. The article illuminates two substantial changes: the decline of the contract of cure, and the creation of the patient's right to disregard bills for fees from physicians and apothecaries. It argues that the common law created a medical market-place that was differentiated by the legal status of the patient, and that this affected the character of many healing relationships, even though the legal scrutiny of a patient-practitioner encounter was a relatively infrequent occurrence. The inability of married women and minors to make contracts, along with the legal and customary responsibility of employers for the health of servants and apprentices, meant that many patients in eighteenth-century England were not the autonomous consumers of medical care that existing histories of the patient in this period suggest. The essay thus investigates the impact of the law on the culture of medicine, whilst using legal sources to address questions about power in healing relationships.