ABSTRACT
Textiles functionalized with cupric oxide (CuO) nanoparticles have become a promising option to prevent the spread of diseases due to their antimicrobial properties, which strongly depend on the structure and morphology of the nanoparticles and the method used for the functionalization process. This article presents a review of work focused on textiles functionalized with CuO nanoparticles, which were classified into two groups, namely, in situ and ex situ. Moreover, the analyzed bacterial strains, the resistance of the antimicrobial properties of textiles to washing processes, and their cytotoxicity were identified. Finally, the possible antimicrobial mechanisms that could develop in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were described.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Copper/chemistry , Cotton Fiber/microbiology , Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Bacterial Agents/toxicity , Copper/administration & dosage , Copper/toxicity , Cotton Fiber/toxicity , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects , Humans , In Vitro Techniques , Laundering , Metal Nanoparticles/administration & dosage , Metal Nanoparticles/ultrastructure , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , NanotechnologyABSTRACT
Nootkatone (NTK) is a sesquiterpenoid found in essential oils of many species of Citrus (Rutaceae). Considering previous reports demonstrating that NTK inhibited inflammatory signaling pathways, this study aimed to investigate the effects of this compound in mice models of acute and chronic inflammation. Murine models of paw edema induced by carrageenan, dextran, histamine, and arachidonic acid, as well as carrageenan-induced peritonitis and pleurisy, were used to evaluate the effects of NTK on acute inflammation. A murine model of granuloma induced by cotton pellets was used to access the impact of NTK treatment on chronic inflammation. In the acute inflammation models, NTK demonstrated antiedematogenic effects and inhibited leukocyte recruitment, which was associated with decreased vascular permeability, inhibition of myeloperoxidase (MPO), interleukin (IL)1-ß, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production. In silico analysis suggest that NTZ anti-inflammatory effects may also occur due to inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 activity and antagonism of the histamine receptor type 1 (H1). These mechanisms might have contributed to the reduction of granuloma weight and protein concentration in the homogenates, observed in the chronic inflammation model. In conclusion, NTK exerted anti-inflammatory effects that are associated with inhibition of IL1-ß and TNF-α production, possibly due to inhibition of COX-2 activity and antagonism of the H1 receptor. However, further studies are required to characterize the effects of this compound on chronic inflammation.
Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Edema/drug therapy , Granuloma/drug therapy , Inflammation/drug therapy , Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes/pharmacology , Acute-Phase Reaction/drug therapy , Acute-Phase Reaction/metabolism , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage , Capillary Permeability/drug effects , Carrageenan/toxicity , Cotton Fiber/toxicity , Cyclooxygenase 2/chemistry , Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Edema/chemically induced , Female , Granuloma/chemically induced , Histamine/chemistry , Inflammation/metabolism , Interleukin-1beta/metabolism , Leukocytes/drug effects , Leukocytes/immunology , Male , Mice , Molecular Docking Simulation , Peritonitis/drug therapy , Peritonitis/metabolism , Peroxidase/antagonists & inhibitors , Peroxidase/metabolism , Pleurisy/drug therapy , Pleurisy/metabolism , Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes/administration & dosage , Receptors, Histamine/chemistry , Receptors, Histamine/metabolism , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolismABSTRACT
Management of infected wounds is one of the most costly procedures in the health care sector. Burn wounds are of significant importance due to the high infection risk that can possibly lead to severe consequences such as sepsis. Because antibiotic wound treatments have caused increasing antibiotic resistance in bacteria, there is currently a strong need for alternative strategies. Therefore, we developed new antimicrobial wound dressings consisting of pH-responsive human serum albumin/silk fibroin nanocapsules immobilized onto cotton/polyethylene terephthalate (PET) blends loaded with eugenol, which is an antimicrobial phenylpropanoid. Ultrasound-assisted production of eugenol-loaded nanocapsules resulted in particle sizes (hydrodynamic radii) between 319.73 ± 17.50 and 574.00 ± 92.76 nm and zeta potentials ranging from -10.39 ± 1.99 mV to -12.11 ± 0.59 mV. Because recent discoveries have indicated that the sweat glands contribute to wound reepithelialisation, release studies of eugenol were conducted in different artificial sweat formulas that varied in pH. Formulations containing 10% silk fibroin with lower degradation degree exhibited the highest release of 41% at pH 6.0. After immobilization, the functionalized cotton/PET blends were able to inhibit 81% of Staphylococcus aureus and 33% of Escherichia coli growth. Particle uniformity, silk fibroin concentration, and high surface-area-to-volume ratio of the produced nanocapsules were identified as the contributing factors leading to high antimicrobial activities against both strains. Therefore, the production of antimicrobial textiles using nanocapsules loaded with an active natural compound that will not contribute to antibiotic resistance is seen as a potential future alternative to commercially available antiseptic wound dressings.
