Lawsuits in health: an integrative review.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the national and international scientific evidence available in the literature on types of judicialization of health lawsuits. METHOD: Integrative review, which selected primary studies in the PubMed, LILACS, Web of Science and Scopus databases, with the. DESCRIPTORS: judicial decisions, health's judicialization, Saúde (in Portuguese), Health, and the keyword: Judicial Action. RESULTS: 30 studies were selected. In Brazil, the majority were legal claims for medicines and the other for medical errors, requests for vaccines, supplies for diabetics, food compounds, surgical procedure, examinations, among others. In international studies, lawsuits were found for medication, benefit coverage and hospitalization for psychiatric treatment. CONCLUSION: It is evident that the most demanded type of lawsuit was access to the medication at an international level. It is still more noticeable the little discussion on this subject, demonstrating that judicialization of medicines can indicate a reality of Brazil.

Lawsuits in health: an integrative review / Acciones judiciales en salud: revisión integrativa / Ações judiciais em saúde: revisão integrativa

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the national and international scientific evidence available in the literature on types of judicialization of health lawsuits. Method: Integrative review, which selected primary studies in the PubMed, LILACS, Web of Science and Scopus databases, with the Descriptors: judicial decisions, health's judicialization, Saúde (in Portuguese), Health, and the keyword: Judicial Action. Results: 30 studies were selected. In Brazil, the majority were legal claims for medicines and the other for medical errors, requests for vaccines, supplies for diabetics, food compounds, surgical procedure, examinations, among others. In international studies, lawsuits were found for medication, benefit coverage and hospitalization for psychiatric treatment. Conclusion: It is evident that the most demanded type of lawsuit was access to the medication at an international level. It is still more noticeable the little discussion on this subject, demonstrating that judicialization of medicines can indicate a reality of Brazil.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar las evidencias científicas nacionales e internacionales disponibles en la literatura sobre los tipos de acciones de judicialización de la salud. Método: Revisión integrativa, que seleccionó estudios primarios en las bases de datos PubMed, LILACS, Web of Science y Scopus, con los Descriptores: decisiones judiciales, judicialización de la salud, Salud, Health, y la palabra clave: Judicial Action. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 30 estudios, siendo que en Brasil, la mayoría se trataba de demandas judiciales por medicamentos y las demás por acciones por error médico, solicitud por vacunas, insumos para diabéticos, compuestos alimentarios, procedimiento quirúrgico, exámenes, entre otras. En estudios internacionales, se encontraron acciones por medicamentos, cobertura de beneficios e internación para tratamiento psiquiátrico. Conclusión: Se evidencia que el tipo de acción más demandada fue el acceso al medicamento a nivel internacional. Es aún más perceptible la poca discusión sobre esta temática, demostrando que la judicialización de medicamentos puede indicar una realidad característica de Brasil.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar as evidências científicas nacionais e internacionais disponíveis na literatura sobre os tipos de ações de judicialização da saúde. Método: Revisão integrativa, que selecionou estudos primários nas bases de dados PubMed, LILACS, Web of Science e Scopus, com os Descritores: decisões judiciais, judicialização da saúde, Saúde, Health, e a palavra-chave: Judicial Action. Resultados: Foram selecionados 30 estudos, sendo que no Brasil, a maioria se tratava de demandas judiciais por medicamentos e as demais por ações por erro médico, solicitação por vacinas, insumos para diabéticos, compostos alimentares, procedimento cirúrgico, exames, entre outras. Em estudos internacionais, foram encontradas ações por medicamentos, cobertura de benefícios e internação para tratamento psiquiátrico. Conclusão: Evidencia-se que o tipo de ação mais demandada foi o acesso ao medicamento a nível internacional. Ainda é mais perceptível a pouca discussão sobre essa temática, demonstrando que a judicialização de medicamentos pode indicar uma realidade característica do Brasil.

[A critical review of applied criminology]. / Angewandte Kriminologie auf dem Prüfstand.

By reporting on a recent decision of the Regional Court (LG) of Marburg (Germany) calling attention to applied criminology, a concept still insufficiently considered in the administration of criminal justice, the paper argues that professional action in the execution of the sentence represents nothing else but applied criminology. Based on this assumption, the paper discusses practical diagnosis and correctional planning. Beyond that, the paper deals with the future of criminology. In the opinion of the author an important aspect for the future of criminology will be if it will be able to remain in touch with the world in which we live, as an independent empirical science. Applied criminology and its methodology constitute the link between science and practice.

La pericia médico legal como forma de producir la verdad y sus adversarios en los tribunales brasileños de entreguerras / The medico-legal examination as a means of producing truth and its oponents in brazilian courtrooms during the interwar period

La pericia médico legal confería impacto social a las tesis de la criminología positivista de orientación biodeterminista que ejerció gran influencia en el Brasil de entreguerras. Esa pericia transformaba los conocimientos especializados, o sea, los saberes científicos, en documentos aceptables y eficientes, inteligibles y utilizables. Disciplinaba las relaciones entre derecho y medicina y acababa viabilizando el poder de juzgar. Pero en ese recorrido debía afirmarse contras otras tradiciones y saberes. Sus principales «adversarios» eran: el conocimiento policial producido por constreñimiento del sospechoso del crimen, principalmente a través de tortura; las decisiones tomadas por el tribunal del jurado y la producción de pruebas a partir de las declaraciones de los testigos; y el saber del propio individuo delincuente. Todas estas otras formas de «producir la verdad» tenían en común el hecho de originarse en el mundo indocto, extra científico, lo que acabó constituyendo el principal argumento de los médicos legistas contra ellas. Las reflexiones a continuación se ocupan de las disputas por las prerrogativas en producir la verdad en los espacios institucionales dedicados a combatir el acto antisocial y tratan de demostrar las estrategias del discurso médico-científico para imponerse a las formas legas que con él convivían en esos ambientes (AU)

The medico-legal examination ensured the existence and the social impact of the biological positivist approaches to criminology that gained influence in Brazil during the interwar period. This examination turned scientific knowledge into accepted and acceptable documents that were also intelligible and useful. Examinations were social currencies used to facilitate the relationship between the power and knowledge of legal medicine and criminology. They disciplined the relationship between law and medicine and made feasible the power of judging. However, along the way they had to assert themselves against other traditions and knowledge. Their main «opponents» were the information obtained by the police from an offense or crime suspect through coercion, especially by means of torture; the decisions made by the jury and the evidence obtained from witnesses; and the delinquent’s knowledge. What all these forms of «truth production» had in common was their non-expert origin, which became the main argument of forensic medical examiners against them. The aim of this article is to discuss the dispute over the prerogatives to produce the truth in institutional spaces that dealt with combating antisocial acts, and to point out the medico-scientific strategies used to prevail over the lay forms present in that shared environment (AU)

Neurocriminology: implications for the punishment, prediction and prevention of criminal behaviour.

Criminal behaviour and violence are increasingly viewed as worldwide public health problems. A growing body of knowledge shows that criminal behaviour has a neurobiological basis, and this has intensified judicial interest in the potential application of neuroscience to criminal law. It also gives rise to important questions. What are the implications of such application for predicting future criminal behaviour and protecting society? Can it be used to prevent violence? And what are the implications for the way offenders are punished?

Libre albedrío y ciencias penales / Free will and criminal sciences

No disponible

Transformaciones actuales del poder punitivo. Caracterización de sus principales rasgos / Atuais transformações do poder punitivo. Caracterização dos seus principais traços / Current transformations in the punitive power. Characterization of its main features

El documento aborda el tema de las recientes transformaciones del poder punitivo, a partir de dos niveles de análisis: el primero se ocupa de la descripción de los principales elementos contextuales en los que se insertan los cambios; el segundo desarrolla los rasgos generales que caracterizan estas transformaciones del poder punitivo en este momento. El propósito central es desarrollar un diagnóstico que permita detectar los principales y actuales problemas que enfrenta el discurso jurídico-penal y político criminal y, de este modo, contribuir a la determinación de nuevos escenarios de investigación de relevancia en la actualidad.

This document approaches the subject of recent transformations in the punitive power from two analysis levels, first focusing on the description of the main contextual elements where changes occur, and secondly developing the general features that currently characterize these transformations taking place in the punitive power. The core purpose is obtaining a diagnosis serving to detect the main and present problems confronted by the legal-criminal and political-criminal discourse and, in this way, contributing to determine new relevant research scenarios.

O documento aborda a questão das transformações recentes do poder punitivo, a partir dos dois níveis de análise: a primeira lida com a descrição dos principais elementos contextuais onde as mudanças são inseridas; a segunda desenvolve as características gerais que caracterizam estas transformações do poder punitivo neste momento. O principal objetivo é desenvolver um diagnóstico que permitirá detectar os problemas principais e atuais que o discurso jurídico-penal e político criminoso e, assim, contribuir para a determinação de novos cenários de pesquisas de relevância.

Molecular neuroeconomics of crime and punishment: implications for neurolaw.

Criminal behaviors have been associated with risk, time and social preferences in economics (Becker 1968; Davis 1988), criminology (Chamlin & Cochran 1997), and neurolaw (Goodenough & Tucker 2010). This study proposes a molecular neuroeconomic framework for the investigation into crime and punishment. Neuroeconomic parameters (e.g., risk-attitude, probability weighting, time discounting in intertemporal choice, loss aversion, and social discounting) are predicted to be related to criminal behavior. Neurobiological and neuroendocrinological substrates such as serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, cortisol (a stress hormone), sex hormones (e.g., testosterone), and oxytocin in brain regions such as the orbitofrontal cortex, the amygdala, and the cingulate may be related to the neuroeconomic parameters governing criminal behaviors. The present framework may help us develop "neurolaw" based on molecular neuroeconomics of criminal and antisocial decision-making processes.

A importância da psicologia criminal na investigação policial

Investigações Criminais realizadas pela Polícia e veiculadas pelos meios de comunicação nos colocam perante crimes considerados inacreditáveis pela carga de crueldade aplicada pelo criminoso a sua vítima. Tais crimes e criminosos merecem uma atenção especial porque, na maioria das vezes, são cometidos por portadores de transtornos mentais. Por isso, deve o Investigador de Polícia utilizar vários instrumentos e técnicas dispostos pela legislação penal que têm por fim apontar como o crime foi cometido, quais os instrumentos e métodos utilizados pelo criminoso; análise do local, a assinatura deixada; o perfil e o comportamento da vítima

Introducción a las medidas penales Alternativas desde la criminología / No disponible

No disponible

Introducción a las medidas penales alternativas desde la psiquiatría forense / No disponible

No disponible

Una visión histórica de las drogas de abuso desde la perspectiva criminológica (Parte II) / An historical vision of drugs of abuse from the criminological perspective (Part II)

En la primera parte de este trabajo se analizó la historia de las principales drogas de abuso desde la vertiente criminológica y el desarrollo de la normativa legal para combatir estos problemas. En esta segunda parte, se analiza el vínculo entre el uso/abuso de drogas y la delictogénesis, que puede ser clasificado según una triple tipología: delincuencia inducida o delitos cometidos bajo el efecto de las drogas (delitos contra las personas y contra la seguridad del tráfico); delincuencia funcional/instrumental o delitos relacionados con las conductas encaminadas a financiar la propia dependencia (delitos contra la propiedad, como robos, asaltos); delincuencia relacional o delitos englobados en el concepto legal de narcotráfico (cultivo, elaboración y distribución de drogas de abuso) (AU)

In the first part of this paper we analyzed the history of the main drugs of abuse from the criminological perspective and the development of legal norms to fight against these problems. In this second part, we analyze the link between drug use/abuse and the crime genesis, which can be classified according to a triple typology: induced crime, or crimes committed under the influence of drugs (crimes against the persons and traffic security); functional/instrumental crime, or crimes related to the behavior directed to pay for their dependency (crimes against property, such as robberies and assaults); relational crime, or crimes included in the legal concept of drug trafficking (cultivation, manufacture and distribution of drugs of abuse) (AU)

Prevención social del delito a través de los derechos humanos: un vínculo ignorado / Social prevention of crime through human rights: an ignored bond / Prevenção social do crime através dos direitos humanos: um vínculo ignorado

El presente escrito expone, de manera sencilla, la base de ideas para la prevención del delito, a través del fomento y desarrollo de los derechos humanos, desde las garantías individuales. Los derechos humanos en el ámbito criminológico tienen una mayor tendencia a lo policiaco y penitenciario, pero se ha olvidado un vínculo importante, que es el referente a la política pública de prevención social del delito. Así, se analizan algunos aspectos de cómo el Estado criminaliza a sus ciudadanos y los hace desviados, y cómo debe facilitar los elementos necesarios para que cada persona logre su desarrollo individual, de modo que tenga consecuencias en lo social. Al verse frustrado o dificultado este, la persona comienza a desviarse de los objetivos que una sociedad tiene, y cae en el dilema de que todos tenemos derechos humanos, pero no todos los logramos obtener

This article displays in a simple manner the base ideas for crime prevention through promotion and development of human rights from individual guarantees. The trend of human rights in the criminological environment is mostly police-based and of a penitentiary nature. However, an important bond has been ignored: the link referring to the public policy dealing with social prevention of crime. Thus, some aspects such as how the State criminalizes its citizens and lead them astray, and how should it provide the necessary elements required for each person to achieve an individual development with social consequences. If this individual development is frustrated, individuals begin to stray from the society’s objectives and face the old dilemma: we all are supposed to have human rights, but not all of us do actually enjoy them

O presente documento expõe, de forma simples, a base das ideias para a prevenção do crime através da promoção e desenvolvimento dos direitos humanos, desde as garantias individuais. Os direitos humanos no campo criminológico são mais propensos ao penitenciário e aos aspectos da polícia, mas esqueceu-se um vínculo importante, que é o referente à política pública da prevenção social da criminalidade. Assim, foram analisados alguns aspectos de como o Estado criminaliza os seus cidadãos e os torna alienados, e assinala como deve fornecer os elementos necessários para que cada pessoa possa alcançar o seu desenvolvimento individual, de modo a ter consequências no social. Ao ver-se frustrado ou impedido, o individuo começa a afastar-se dos objetivos que uma sociedade tem, e enfrenta o dilema que todos nós temos direitos, mas não todos os conseguimos

Una visión histórica de las drogas de abuso desde la perspectiva criminológica (Parte I) / An historical vision of drugs of abuse from the criminological perspective (Part I)

La relación entre el consumo de drogas (incluyendo el fenómeno de las drogodependencias) y la criminología es sumamente estrecha, aunque aún no se ha podido establecer un nexo causal definitivo entre ambas. En el presente trabajo se revisa la historia de las drogodependencias y del uso de drogas y de la normativa legal para combatir estos problemas, iniciada en EE.UU. (Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906) y que culminaría, a nivel internacional, con la Convención Única sobre Estupefacientes de Viena (1988). En la segunda parte de este trabajo se analizará el vínculo entre el uso/abuso de drogas y la delictogénesis (AU)

The relation between drug use (including drug addiction) and criminology is extremely narrow, although it has not yet been possible to establish a definitive causal nexus between both. In the present paper, we review the history of drug dependence and drug use and the legal norms to fight against these problems. It was initiated in the USA Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) and was culminated at an international level, with the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of Vienna (1988). In the second part of this paper, we will analyse the link between the drug use/abuse and the crime genesis (AU)

Estudio de siete casos de personas condenadas por delitos contra la administración pública en Colombia, entre el 2009 y el 2010, desde la perspectiva criminológica / Study of seven showcases of people sentenced for offenses against public administration in Colombia between 2009 and 2010, from a criminological perspective

El objetivo de la presente investigación es describir características criminológicas de un grupo de siete personas condenadas por delitos contra la administración pública. Se tuvieron en cuenta variables sociodemográficas, el modus operandi (variable criminológica) y la personalidad (variable psicológica). En esta investigación, de tipo exploratorio, con análisis descriptivo y muestreo intencional, participaron siete hombres internados en dos cárceles de Bogotá y Villavicencio, entre el 2009 y el 2010, con edad promedio de 44 años. Se utilizaron como instrumentos el cuestionario de personalidad 16 PF forma B, la entrevista semiestructurada de modus operandi, el cuestionario de variables sociodemográficas y el cuestionario de deseabilidad social de Domínguez, Salas-Menotti y Reyes (2008). Los resultados revelan que existen rasgos de personalidad comunes en al menos cinco participantes: tendencia a pensamiento concreto, inestabilidad emocional, dominancia, locus de control externo, suspicacia, nivel alto de normatividad pero asociado a dolor psicológico, estabilidad laboral y buena remuneración, estudios superiores en ciencias económicas y derecho. Son personas sin investigaciones previas, actúan solas o recurren a un mínimo de personas, sin realizar mayores conductas para encubrir los actos delictivos; cometen los delitos en un período corto de tiempo. El tiempo de condena promedio fue de 84 meses.

This research is aimed at describing criminological characteristics among a group of seven individuals sentenced for offenses against public administration. Socio-demographic variables were taken into account, as well as modus operandi (criminological variable) and personality (psychological variable). In this research of exploratory nature, with a descriptive analysis and intentional sampling, six male inmates (average age 44) of two prisons in Bogota and Villavicencio took part between 2009 and 2010. As instruments, the personality questionnaire 16 PF, form B, the semistructured interview on modus operandi, the socio-demographic variables and the social desirability questionnaire by Dominguez, Salas-Menotti and Reyes (2008) were used. The results reveal that there are personality traits commonly shared by at least five participants, such as tendency to specific, concrete thought, emotional instability, dominance, external control locus, suspiciousness, a high normativity level though associated to physical pain, work stability and good remuneration, higher education studies in economic sciences and law. These are people with no prior investigation backgrounds; they act alone or with the help of a minimum number of people, without further behaviors to cover their criminal acts. Their offenses are perpetrated in a short period of time. Average prison sentence: 84 months.

O cérebro criminógeno na antropologia criminal do século XIX: um estudo sobre a etiologia do crime a partir da medicalização da sociedade / The criminogenous brain in the criminal anthropology of the 19th-century: a study of the ethiology of crime from the medicalisation of society

O presente trabalho se dedica a realizar uma incursão na história do pensamento criminológico a fim de contribuir para um mapeamento das justificativas do surgimento de certas normas penais, algumas ainda em vigor, e o mapeamento das razões da edificação de muitas instituições jurídicas e administrativas, algumas ainda em funcionamento. A análise tradicional da biografia da Criminologia costuma, todavia, omitir certas ideias que deveriam ser integradas ao percurso da sua vertente científica. Vários são os autores que apontam para a origem da trajetória cientificista criminológica na Europa do fim do século XIX. No entanto, quando se aprofunda na identificação das raízes das referências positivistas na implicação Medicina-Pessoa-Sociedade da era moderna e sua influência na seara criminológica, percebe-se que uma tímida Criminologia já estava nascendo no início do século XIX com os estudos sobre a fisiologia cerebral. Em meio a um processo político amplo de fortalecimento do Estado e da burguesia, dá-se a formação de um aparato médico-jurídico, pelo qual se demonstra a tentativa de reconhecimento da autoridade médica para além dos limites legítimos da atividade. Preocupa-se, portanto, em chamar a atenção para o movimento de“medicalização” do criminoso por uma leitura histórica do impacto do “cientificismocerebral” na esfera criminal. O material desenvolvido pela Frenologia e, depois, pela Antropologia Criminal, é emblemático dessa onda cientificista do século XIX, na qual as pesquisas cerebrais imprimem a visão sobre a etiologia do crime a partir de seus marcadores biológicos.

Neuroscience and crime.

Jurisprudence will profit considerably from methods and applications of the neurosciences. In fact, it is proposed that the neurosciences will provide unique possibilities and advantages in understanding motivations and causes for staying lawful or for becoming unlawful. Neuroscientific models on brain-behavior interactions have profited considerably from the advent of neuroimaging techniques and genetic analyses. Furthermore, advances in interdisciplinary investigations, which combine conventional psychological and sociological explorations with biological examinations, provide refined insights into the question 'What makes us tick?' (Weiskrantz, 1973, British Journal of Psychology, 64, 511-520). The search for such interactions from the time of the nineteenth century to the present is briefly surveyed and it is concluded that the interdisciplinary approaches within and across neuroscientific fields will lead and have already led to a considerable expansion of our knowledge. The articles in this issue devoted to highlighting the latest neuroscience research related to criminal behavior underline the power of this new approach.

La psicología de la delincuencia / The psychology of criminal conduct

A lo largo de las últimas décadas se ha ido conformado la denominada Psicología de la delincuencia, que aglutina conocimientoscientíficos en torno a los fenómenos delictivos. Entre sus principales ámbitos de interés se encuentran la explicación del comportamientoantisocial, en donde son relevantes las teorías del aprendizaje, los análisis de las características y rasgos individuales, las hipótesistensión-agresión, los estudios sobre vinculación social y delito, y los análisis sobre carreras delictivas. Este último sector,también denominado ‘criminología del desarrollo’, investiga la relación que guardan con el inicio y mantenimiento de la actividadcriminal diversos factores o predictores de riesgo (individuales y sociales, estáticos y dinámicos). Sus resultados han tenido gran relevanciapara la creación de programas de prevención y tratamiento de la delincuencia. Los tratamientos psicológicos de los delincuentesse orientan a modificar aquellos factores de riesgo, denominados de ‘necesidad criminogénica’, que se considerandirectamente relacionados con su actividad delictiva. En concreto se dirigen a dotar a los delincuentes (ya sean jóvenes, maltratadores,agresores sexuales, etc.) con nuevos repertorios de conducta prosocial, desarrollar su pensamiento, regular sus emociones iracundas,y prevenir las recaídas o reincidencias en el delito. Por último, en la actualidad la Psicología de la delincuencia pone unénfasis especial en la predicción y gestión del riesgo de comportamientos violentos y antisociales, campo al que se dedicará un artículoposterior de este mismo monográfico

Throughout the last decades the Psychology of criminal conduct, that agglutinates scientific knowledge around the criminal phenomena,has emerged. Among their scientific main interests they are the following: the explanation of antisocial behavior (where the learningtheories are outstanding), the analyses of the individual characteristics, the hypotheses strain-aggression, the studies on sociallinks and crime, and the analyses of criminal careers. This last topic, also denominated ‘developmental criminology’, investigates therelationship that the beginning and maintenance of the criminal activity keep with diverse risk predictors (singular and social, staticand dynamic). Their results have had great relevance for the design of crime prevention and treatment programs. The psychologicaltreatments of offenders are guided to modify those factors of risk, well-known as ‘criminogenic needs’, that are considered directly relatedwith their criminal activity. In short the treatment programs try to train the criminals (youth, partner violence offenders, sexualaggressors, etc.) in new repertoires of social behavior, try to develop their thought, to regulate their choleric emotions, and to preventthe relapses or recidivisms in crime. Lastly, the Psychology of the criminal conduct puts a special emphasis at the present time in theprediction and management of the risk of violent and antisocial behaviors, field to which will be devoted a later paper of this same monograph (AU)