ABSTRACT
A cyclocyanine (CC)-based organic small molecule two-photon (TP) fluorescent probe (CCNa1) was developed for mitochondrial sodium ion sensing. CCNa1 exhibits a low solvatochromic shift and strong TP fluorescence enhancement at 575 nm upon binding to Na+ and is insensitive to other metal ions and to pH. CCNa1 demonstrated fast cell loading ability, biocompatibility, and sensitive response to mitochondrial Na+ influx in live cells and mouse brain tissue.
Subject(s)
Fluorescent Dyes/chemistry , Mitochondria/chemistry , Sodium/analysis , Animals , Crown Ethers/chemistry , Crown Ethers/radiation effects , Crown Ethers/toxicity , Fluorescent Dyes/radiation effects , Fluorescent Dyes/toxicity , HeLa Cells , Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings/chemistry , Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings/radiation effects , Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings/toxicity , Hippocampus/metabolism , Humans , Mice , Photons , Sodium/metabolismABSTRACT
The earthworm Eisenia fetida was exposed to artificial soil supplemented with 18-crown-6 (1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclooctadecane) to investigate its effects on earthworm mortality, growth, avoidance, burrowing behavior and respiration. The results revealed that 18-crown-6 had the potential to negatively affect the behavior of earthworms. The 7-d LC50 was 585 mg kg(-1) soil. Avoidance behavior was the most sensitive endpoint, with a 48-h EC50 of 120 mg kg(-1) soil. Growth, burrow length and respiration showed general decreases with increasing 18-crown-6 concentrations. Behavioral endpoints and respiration may be regarded as sensitive parameters in evaluating the toxicity of this chemical to earthworms.
Subject(s)
Crown Ethers/toxicity , Oligochaeta/drug effects , Soil Pollutants/toxicity , Analysis of Variance , Animals , Avoidance Learning/drug effects , Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Lethal Dose 50 , Oligochaeta/growth & development , Oxygen Consumption/drug effectsABSTRACT
The presence of low concentrations of hydraphile synthetic amphiphiles have been found to dramatically alter the primary/lateral root architectural balance in the A. thaliana plant model system and a correlation to ion transport by the hydraphiles is consistent with the effects.
Subject(s)
Arabidopsis/growth & development , Ion Channels/metabolism , Crown Ethers/chemistry , Crown Ethers/toxicity , Ion Channels/chemistry , Ion Transport/drug effects , Plant Roots/chemistry , Plant Roots/drug effects , Plant Roots/growth & developmentABSTRACT
Hexafluorobenzene (HFB) and perfluoro-15-crown-5-ether (15C5) were compared as fluorine reporter probes of tissue oxygenation using (19)F MRI for dynamic assessment of muscle oxygenation, with special focus on muscle tissue toxicity of the probes, and consecutive alteration of animal behavior. The latter were also compared in terms of sensitivity to changes in oxygenation as well as of signal-to-noise ratio for accurate pO(2) measurements. For that purpose, mouse muscles were imaged at 11.7 T, at 2- and 36-h after intramuscular injection of HFB or 15C5. Histological analysis of the muscle tissue revealed a lack of toxicity for 15C5 from 2 up to 36-h postinjection, whereas HFB induced tissue necrosis, blood clots and thrombosis as soon as 24-h postinjection. This muscle toxicity led to a limitation in mice mobility 24-h after injection of HFB as evidenced by behavioral testing (open-field, grip strength, and catwalk tests), which was not the case after 15C5 intramuscular injection. Finally, pO(2) measurements assessed 2-h postinjection showed consistent values with both probes, evidencing cross-validation of the (19)F MRI oximetry technique for acute measurements. However, the measurement at 36-h was hampered for HFB, which showed significant lower values of muscle pO(2), whereas 15C5 was able to reliably assess muscle pO(2) at 36-h postinjection.
Subject(s)
Contrast Media , Crown Ethers , Fluorine Radioisotopes , Fluorocarbons , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism , Oxygen/metabolism , Animals , Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Crown Ethers/toxicity , Fluorocarbons/toxicity , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred Strains , Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects , Muscle, Skeletal/pathologyABSTRACT
Crown ethers are of enormous interest and importance in chemistry, biochemistry, materials science, catalysis, separation, transport and encapsulated processes, as well as in the design and synthesis of various synthetic systems with specific properties, diverse capabilities, and programmable functions. Classical crown ethers are macrocyclic polyethers that contain 3-20 oxygen atoms separated from each other by two or more carbon atoms. They are exceptionally versatile in selectively binding a range of metal ions and a variety of organic neutral and ionic species. Crown ethers are currently being studied and used in a variety of applications beyond their traditional place in chemistry. This review presents additional applications and the ever-increasing biomedical potentials of these intriguing compounds, with particular emphasis on the prospects of their relevance as anticancer agents. We believe that further research in this direction should be encouraged, as crown compounds could either induce toxicities that are different from those of conventional antitumor drugs, or complement drugs in current use, thereby providing a valuable adjunct to therapy.
