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1.
J Med Primatol ; 50(1): 67-70, 2021 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33305391

ABSTRACT

Cryptococcus gattii was diagnosed in two female indoor-housed rhesus macaques. Gross and histopathologic findings included an isolated pulmonary cryptococcoma in a non-SIV-infected macaque and disseminated disease centered on the lungs of an SIV-infected macaque. Fungal yeast were positive with special stains, and the diagnoses were confirmed with a lateral flow assay and PCR.


Subject(s)
Cryptococcosis/veterinary , Cryptococcus gattii/isolation & purification , Macaca mulatta , Monkey Diseases/pathology , Animals , Animals, Zoo , Cryptococcosis/diagnostic imaging , Cryptococcosis/parasitology , Cryptococcosis/pathology , Female , Monkey Diseases/diagnosis , Monkey Diseases/parasitology , Oregon
2.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis ; 14(8): e0008493, 2020 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32845884

ABSTRACT

The emergence and spread of cryptococcosis caused by the Cryptococcus gattii species complex has become a major public concern worldwide. C. deuterogattii (VGIIa) outbreaks in the Pacific Northwest region demonstrate the expansion of this fungal infection to temperate climate regions. However, infections due to the C. gattii species complex in China have rarely been reported. In this study, we studied eleven clinical strains of the C. gattii species complex isolated from Guangxi, southern China. The genetic identity and variability of these isolates were analyzed via multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), and the phylogenetic relationships among these isolates and global isolates were evaluated. The mating type, physiological features and antifungal susceptibilities of these isolates were also characterized. Among the eleven isolates, six belonged to C. deuterogattii, while five belonged to C. gattii sensu stricto. The C. deuterogattii strains from Guangxi, southern China were genetically variable and clustered with different clinical isolates from Brazil. All strains were MATα, and three C. deuterogattii isolates (GX0104, GX0105 and GX0147) were able to undergo sexual reproduction. Moreover, most strains had capsule and were capable of melanin production when compared to the outbreak strain from Canada. Most isolates were susceptible to antifungal drugs; yet one of eleven immunocompetent patients died of cryptococcal meningitis caused by C. deuterogattii (GX0147). Our study indicated that the highly pathogenic C. deuterogattii may be emerging in southern China, and effective nationwide surveillance of C. gattii species complex infection is necessary.


Subject(s)
Cryptococcosis/epidemiology , Cryptococcosis/parasitology , Cryptococcus gattii/genetics , Adult , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , China , Cryptococcus gattii/drug effects , Drug Resistance, Fungal , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Phylogeny
4.
J Appl Microbiol ; 121(2): 373-9, 2016 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27107205

ABSTRACT

AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of action of fisetin, a flavonol with antifungal activity previously evaluated against the Cryptococcus neoformans species complex. METHODS AND RESULTS: Ergosterol content and flow cytometry analysis were determined for the C. neoformans species complex in the presence of fisetin and ultrastructural analysis of morphology was performed on Cryptococcus gattii and C. neoformans. Decrease in the total cellular ergosterol content after exposure to fisetin ranged from 25·4% after exposure to 128 µg ml(-1) to 21·6% after exposure to 64 µg ml(-1) of fisetin compared with the control (without fisetin). The fisetin effects obtained with flow cytometry showed metabolic impairment, and alterations in its normal morphology caused by fisetin in C. neoformans cells were verified using scanning electron microscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Fisetin is a compound that acts in the biosynthesis of ergosterol. Flow cytometry showed that fisetin reduced viability of the metabolically active cells of C. gattii, while morphological changes explain the action of fisetin in inhibiting growth of these fungi. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study supports the idea that fisetin may represent a good starting point for the development of future therapeutic substances for cryptococcosis.


Subject(s)
Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Cryptococcus gattii/drug effects , Cryptococcus neoformans/drug effects , Flavonoids/pharmacology , Cryptococcosis/drug therapy , Cryptococcosis/parasitology , Cryptococcus gattii/chemistry , Cryptococcus gattii/growth & development , Cryptococcus gattii/ultrastructure , Cryptococcus neoformans/chemistry , Cryptococcus neoformans/growth & development , Cryptococcus neoformans/ultrastructure , Ergosterol/analysis , Flavonols , Microbial Sensitivity Tests
5.
J Zoo Wildl Med ; 44(3): 728-36, 2013 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24063102

ABSTRACT

A 9-yr-old, female, intact Schmidt's red-tailed guenon (Cercopithecus ascanius schmidti) presented with an acute swelling, consistent with an abscess over the right hip. Cytology, culture, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results from material within the abscess and serum titers were all indicative of a Cryptococcus neoformans infection. Thoracic radiographs and computed tomography (CT) revealed a consolidated right caudal lung lobe associated with an endobronchial mass. Pulmonary Cryptococcus infection and systemic disease was confirmed with positive brush cytology and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Culture and sensitivity, minimum inhibitory concentration values, and serum fluconazole level results were used to develop and monitor treatment efficacy for this animal. Sequential thoracic radiographs, CT images, bronchoscopy, BAL, and serology were used to monitor response to therapy. Five months after initial diagnosis, pregnancy was confirmed and the frequency of immobilizations for recheck serology and diagnostic imaging was decreased to lessen radiation exposure and physiologic stress to the dam and fetus. Long-term administration of oral fluconazole was well accepted and effective at treating the multifocal C. neoformans infection. No long-term adverse effects of therapy were observed, and repeated diagnostics were well tolerated. Advanced imaging modalities and serum drug levels were critical to the assessment, monitoring, and treatment of infection in this animal and should be considered for other cases.


Subject(s)
Cercopithecus , Cryptococcosis/veterinary , Cryptococcus neoformans , Monkey Diseases/parasitology , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/veterinary , Animals , Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use , Cryptococcosis/parasitology , Female , Fluconazole/therapeutic use , Lung Diseases, Fungal/drug therapy , Lung Diseases, Fungal/pathology , Lung Diseases, Fungal/veterinary , Monkey Diseases/diagnosis , Monkey Diseases/therapy , Pregnancy
6.
Jpn J Infect Dis ; 66(3): 216-21, 2013.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23698482

ABSTRACT

Although Cryptococcus gattii can cause life-threatening complications, putative virulence factors of C. gattii remain controversial. Therefore, we conducted the present study to elucidate the virulence factors of the yeast and found that the mortality rate of mice infected with C. gattii R265 was significantly higher than that of those infected with C. gattii 5815; however, no difference was found in the mortality rates between mice infected with C. gattii R265 and Cryptococcus neoformans H99. In contrast, we found a significant difference in histopathological findings of the lungs between mice infected with C. gattii R265 and C. neoformans H99. The former showed alveolar expansion due to yeast proliferation with much lesser macrophage response, whereas the latter showed numerous nodules in the alveolar space consisting of macrophages and multinucleated giant cells. Furthermore, alveolar expansion was more enhanced in mice infected with C. gattii R265 than in those infected with C. gattii 5815. Our study confirmed that there is a different pathophysiology leading to death during C. gattii and C. neoformans infections. The result can provide two characteristics of C. gattii: one includes some mechanisms to escape from host recognition via macrophage and another includes a high performance of pulmonary structural alteration. These characteristics may be associated with the high virulence of C. gattii.


Subject(s)
Cryptococcosis/pathology , Cryptococcus gattii/pathogenicity , Cryptococcus neoformans/pathogenicity , Lung Diseases, Parasitic/pathology , Lung/pathology , Animals , Cryptococcosis/parasitology , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Histocytochemistry , Lung Diseases, Parasitic/parasitology , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Survival Analysis , Virulence
8.
Infect Immun ; 73(12): 8429-32, 2005 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16299344

ABSTRACT

Cryptococcus neoformans capsular glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) is shed during cryptococcosis and taken up by macrophages. The roles of the putative GXM receptors CD14, CD18, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), and TLR4 in GXM clearance from serum and deposition in the liver and spleen in receptor-deficient mice were studied. While alterations in the kinetics of GXM redistribution were seen in the mutant mice, none of the receptors was absolutely required for serum clearance or hepatosplenic accumulation.


Subject(s)
Bacterial Capsules/metabolism , Cryptococcosis/immunology , Cryptococcus neoformans/pathogenicity , Polysaccharides/metabolism , Receptors, Immunologic/physiology , Animals , Bacterial Capsules/chemistry , Cryptococcosis/metabolism , Cryptococcosis/parasitology , Liver/metabolism , Mice , Mice, Mutant Strains , Polysaccharides/analysis , Polysaccharides/blood , Receptors, Immunologic/genetics , Spleen/metabolism
9.
Mycopathologia ; 159(4): 509-13, 2005 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15983736

ABSTRACT

The occurrence of Cryptococcus neoformans in bird excreta in Klang valley, Malaysia was determined in this study. Of 544 samples of bird excreta collected from a local zoo, pet shops and public areas, 20 strains of C. neoformans were isolated. All C. neoformans strains were serotype A and thus identified as C. neoformans variety grubii. All did not produce color changes on canavanine-glycine-bromothymol blue agar. All were of alpha-mating types, as determined by a pheromone-specific PCR assay. The antifungal susceptibility testing using agar diffusion method Neo-sensitabs showed that all were susceptible to amphotericin B, fluconazole and itraconazole.


Subject(s)
Bird Diseases/parasitology , Columbidae , Cryptococcosis/veterinary , Cryptococcus neoformans/drug effects , Cryptococcus neoformans/isolation & purification , Animals , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Bird Diseases/epidemiology , Cryptococcosis/epidemiology , Cryptococcosis/parasitology , DNA, Protozoan/chemistry , DNA, Protozoan/genetics , Feces/parasitology , Immunodiffusion/veterinary , Malaysia/epidemiology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/veterinary , Pheromones/chemistry , Pheromones/genetics , Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , Serotyping/veterinary , Urban Population
12.
Scand J Infect Dis ; 34(11): 858-9, 2002.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12578163

ABSTRACT

We report a case of isolated cryptococcal myositis involving the paraspinal muscle without evidence of disseminated disease in a patient with a large B-cell lymphoma diagnosed at the time of presentation. Biopsy of the muscle involved grew a pure culture of Cryptococcus neoformans and periodic acid-Schiff staining showed numerous budding yeast consistent with Cryptococcus spp. The patient responded to systemic antifungal therapy with complete resolution of his infection. We also present a review of 5 previously published cases of cryptococcal myositis.


Subject(s)
Cryptococcosis/diagnosis , Cryptococcus neoformans/isolation & purification , Myositis/parasitology , Adult , Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use , Cryptococcosis/drug therapy , Cryptococcosis/parasitology , Fluconazole/therapeutic use , Humans , Male , Myositis/drug therapy
13.
Wiad Parazytol ; 46(3): 335-44, 2000.
Article in Polish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16883688

ABSTRACT

The congenital or acquired cause the state of immune deficiency. To acquired factors belong immunosuppressive therapy after grafting and in systemic diseases as infections with HIV. There is a number of parasitic organisms, mainly protozoa, which preferentially settle in immunocompromised persons. The opportunistic parasites are present in the nearest environment. Some of them were newly recognized as human invaders. The state of immune deficiency may reactivate latent infections, that occurs with Toxoplasma gondii infection. Some parasitic infections which are benign and self- resolving, when affecting immunocompetent hosts, become fulminant or disseminated and very often life - threatening in immunosuppressed individuals.


Subject(s)
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/epidemiology , Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/parasitology , Opportunistic Infections/epidemiology , Opportunistic Infections/parasitology , Parasitic Diseases/epidemiology , Parasitic Diseases/parasitology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/epidemiology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/parasitology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/prevention & control , Animals , Candidiasis/epidemiology , Candidiasis/parasitology , Candidiasis/prevention & control , Causality , Comorbidity , Cryptococcosis/epidemiology , Cryptococcosis/parasitology , Cryptococcosis/prevention & control , Cytomegalovirus Infections/epidemiology , Cytomegalovirus Infections/parasitology , Cytomegalovirus Infections/prevention & control , Humans , Immunocompromised Host/immunology , Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/immunology , Microsporidiosis/epidemiology , Microsporidiosis/parasitology , Microsporidiosis/prevention & control , Opportunistic Infections/prevention & control , Parasitic Diseases/prevention & control , Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/epidemiology , Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/parasitology , Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/prevention & control , Protozoan Infections/epidemiology , Protozoan Infections/parasitology , Protozoan Infections/prevention & control
14.
Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr ; 98(4): 134-6, 1991 Apr.
Article in German | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2065610

ABSTRACT

A survey on taxonomy, diagnosis, distribution and pathogenicity of Cryptococcus neoformans is given. The investigation presented here concerns 1046 fecal samples of avian species, which can be kept in the living area of humans. All together only 15 strains have been isolated, 9 of which originated from the same breeder.


Subject(s)
Bird Diseases/parasitology , Cryptococcosis/veterinary , Cryptococcus neoformans/isolation & purification , Feces/parasitology , Animals , Animals, Domestic , Birds , Cryptococcosis/parasitology
15.
J Am Vet Med Assoc ; 189(3): 302-4, 1986 Aug 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3528100

ABSTRACT

Cryptococcus neoformans meningoencephalitis was diagnosed as the cause of stupor and generalized seizures in a 2-year-old Cocker Spaniel. Unilateral granulomatous chorioretinitis was observed ophthalmoscopically, and isolation of C neoformans from CSF confirmed the antemortem diagnosis. The dog was euthanatized and necropsied. Multifocal lesions were seen throughout the lungs, nasal turbinates, cerebral cortex, and the optic nerve of each eye. Microscopically, the multifocal lesions were granulomas consisting of lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, and cryptococcal organisms. Infection may have originated in the nasal passages and extended directly through the ethmoid plate into the meninges of the CNS and optic nerves. Although the prognosis is poor in dogs with CNS involvement, various chemotherapeutic agents are available for use by clinicians.


Subject(s)
Central Nervous System Diseases/veterinary , Cryptococcosis/veterinary , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Eye Diseases/veterinary , Animals , Central Nervous System Diseases/parasitology , Central Nervous System Diseases/pathology , Cryptococcosis/parasitology , Cryptococcosis/pathology , Cryptococcus neoformans/isolation & purification , Dog Diseases/parasitology , Dog Diseases/pathology , Dogs , Eye Diseases/parasitology , Female
16.
Ann Pathol ; 6(1): 45-52, 1986.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3013225

ABSTRACT

In AIDS a variety of severe pulmonary disorders may occur. The authors report 110 cases of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in 43 AIDS and 41 ARC. In AIDS P. carinii pneumonia is the major cause of respiratory illness. BAL alone is a safe and valuable tool for diagnosis of P. carinii pneumonia and others opportunistic infections. Moreover, pulmonary hemorrhage diagnosed by the finding of hemosiderin laden macrophages, is very suggestive of broncho-pulmonary Kaposi' sarcoma. Finally, BAL demonstrates a severe depletion of T4 lymphocytes and an increased number of T8 lymphocytes. The T8 lymphocytosis is observed whatever the pulmonary involvement (nonspecific alveolitis, opportunistic infections, Kaposi's sarcoma), and is also found in ARC, and lymphocytosis, open lung biopsy shows a lymphoid interstitial infiltration with respect of the alveolar septa, thus differing from the classical lymphoid interstitial pneumonia described by Carrington. The prognosis of lymphocytosis in ARC remains unknown.


Subject(s)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Cytodiagnosis , Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/diagnosis , Therapeutic Irrigation , Adult , Bronchi , Bronchial Neoplasms/diagnosis , Cryptococcosis/diagnosis , Cryptococcosis/parasitology , Cytomegalovirus Infections/diagnosis , Cytomegalovirus Infections/parasitology , Diagnosis, Differential , Humans , Lung Diseases/diagnosis , Lung Diseases/parasitology , Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis , Male , Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/etiology , Pulmonary Alveoli , Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnosis , Respiratory Tract Infections/parasitology , Sarcoma, Kaposi/complications , Sarcoma, Kaposi/diagnosis , Skin Neoplasms/complications , T-Lymphocytes/classification , Toxoplasmosis/diagnosis , Toxoplasmosis/parasitology
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