Feline aortic thromboembolism diagnosed by thermography

Background: In cats, arterial thromboembolism is one of the most devastating diseases, with an acute presentation, andis often caused by undiagnosed cardiomyopathy. Defined as the obstruction of one or more arterial lumens by emboli,the arterial thromboembolism is responsible for hypoperfusion signs. As the temperature of the skin surface is directlyrelated to tissue perfusion, thermography can be promising for the early diagnosis of thromboembolism. Therefore, thisstudy reports the importance of thermography as a complementary examination for the diagnosis of thromboembolism inthe abdominal aorta of a domestic cat.Case: A 4-year-old mixed-breed cat weighing 2.95 kg was presented with a history of sudden onset paraplegia, apathy,and pain when handled, with greater intensity in the sacro-coccidian region. During physical exam, it was noted that thefemoral artery pulse was undetectable bilaterally during manual pulse measurement. Superficial and deep sensitivity inthe pelvic limbs and proprioception were also absent and the plantar cushions and nail beds of the posterior limbs werepale to cyanotic. Thermographic images revealed that the temperature of both hind limbs was lower than that of forelimbs,with difference of 3.2ºC and 2.9ºC between the left and right limbs, respectively. Doppler ultrasonography revealed theabsence of pulse and flow in the femoral arteries bilaterally. Electrocardiography revealed sinus tachycardia, with a heartrate of 250 bpm. Echocardiography revealed dilation of the left atrium and concentric cardiac hypertrophy. After 24 h, dueto the worsening of the clinical condition and unfavorable prognosis, the animal was euthanized and sent for necropsy.Necropsy revealed that the arterial lumen of the caudal abdominal aorta and bifurcation of the iliac arteries were obliterated...(AU)

Feline aortic thromboembolism diagnosed by thermography

Background: In cats, arterial thromboembolism is one of the most devastating diseases, with an acute presentation, andis often caused by undiagnosed cardiomyopathy. Defined as the obstruction of one or more arterial lumens by emboli,the arterial thromboembolism is responsible for hypoperfusion signs. As the temperature of the skin surface is directlyrelated to tissue perfusion, thermography can be promising for the early diagnosis of thromboembolism. Therefore, thisstudy reports the importance of thermography as a complementary examination for the diagnosis of thromboembolism inthe abdominal aorta of a domestic cat.Case: A 4-year-old mixed-breed cat weighing 2.95 kg was presented with a history of sudden onset paraplegia, apathy,and pain when handled, with greater intensity in the sacro-coccidian region. During physical exam, it was noted that thefemoral artery pulse was undetectable bilaterally during manual pulse measurement. Superficial and deep sensitivity inthe pelvic limbs and proprioception were also absent and the plantar cushions and nail beds of the posterior limbs werepale to cyanotic. Thermographic images revealed that the temperature of both hind limbs was lower than that of forelimbs,with difference of 3.2ºC and 2.9ºC between the left and right limbs, respectively. Doppler ultrasonography revealed theabsence of pulse and flow in the femoral arteries bilaterally. Electrocardiography revealed sinus tachycardia, with a heartrate of 250 bpm. Echocardiography revealed dilation of the left atrium and concentric cardiac hypertrophy. After 24 h, dueto the worsening of the clinical condition and unfavorable prognosis, the animal was euthanized and sent for necropsy.Necropsy revealed that the arterial lumen of the caudal abdominal aorta and bifurcation of the iliac arteries were obliterated...

Estrutura óssea exógena traqueal em um gato / Exogenous tracheal bone structure in a cat

Background: Acute dyspnea is a clinical emergency with a presentation similar to several etiologies. Cats are usually referred with complaints of anorexia, abdominal breathing, cyanosis, and open mouth breathing, and veterinarians should stabilize the animals as soon as possible. The incidence of aspiration of foreign bodies is low, particularly in this species. The diagnosis consists of observing the foreign structure in the lumen of the trachea, commonly performed using radiography or bronchoscopy. This report describes a case of a feline with a tracheal foreign body, with a detailed description of the clinical findings and successful treatment. Case: A 10-year-old female feline exhibited severe dyspnea and cyanosis. During the anamnesis, the owner stated that the clinical signs suddenly presented one day prior, after the animal ingested a piece of fish. Physical examination revealed changes in pulmonary auscultation, which was bilaterally muffled, and intense respiratory distress, as observed by the evident signs of exhaustion (sternal decubitus, reduced muscle tone), in addition to cyanotic mucous membranes. The animal was intubated and maintained under anesthesia with propofol infusion and respiratory support (ambu) for 1 h, during which complementary examinations were performed. Chest radiography showed the presence of a radiopaque structure (approximately 0.5 cm) in the tracheal region. Thus, we decided to remove the structure using bronchoscopy. The foreign body was located above the main bronchial bifurcation and was removed. There was an improvement in oxygenation after 20 min of maintenance of ventilatory support, followed by weaning of the animal's successful respiratory support. Antibiotic therapy and analgesia were prescribed at home, and the animal exhibited full recovery after 10 days. Discussion: Dyspnea is a clinical sign that should be treated as an emergency, as it is associated with high mortality. In these cases, positive pressure ventilation is indicated in three situations: persistent hypoventilation, severe hypoxemia unresponsive to oxygen therapy, and excessive respiratory effort or fatigue. Dyspnea may be due to impairment of the upper or lower airway or restrictive conditions. Clinically, felines with tracheal foreign bodies have a sudden onset of dyspnea, tachypnea, cough, and lethargy. In these patients, the reduction in lung sounds is a common finding, as observed in the present case. The occurrence of tracheal foreign bodies in cats is rare and, depending on the type of foreign body and its location in the airway, complete obstruction of the respiratory tract may occur. In the present case, it was possible to observe the foreign body in the trachea on radiographic images. Felines with tracheal foreign bodies generally present a structure located close to the carina, as observed in the present case. Bronchoscopy using a flexible or rigid tube is considered the gold-standard technique for removing foreign bodies from the respiratory tract, and the greatest difficulty during the removal procedure is ensuring that the airways are not obstructed by the instruments used. The use of these materials is not free of complications, as they may be responsible for the development of pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, dyspnea, and respiratory failure. In the present case, there were no complications during or after the procedure, and the patient recovered completely.(AU)

Tetralogia de Fallot em cão - relato de caso / Tetralogy of Fallot in a dog - case report / Tetralogía de Fallot en perro - relato de caso

La tetralogía de Fallot es una enfermedad congénita rara, caracterizada por estenosis de la válvula pulmonar, hipertrofia ventricular derecha, comunicación interventricular y dextroposición de la arteria aorta. La fisiopatología y las características clínicas con que se presenta dependen principalmente del grado de obstrucción de la arteria pulmonar. Desde el punto de vista clínico, los animales presentan cianosis, resistencia al ejercicio, disnea y síncopes. El diagnóstico definitivo y el pronóstico se obtienen mediante ecocardiografía (Doppler). Si bien la cirugía es el único método efectivo de tratamiento, en casos menos graves, existen medicamentos que actúan de manera paliativa. Este trabajo relata el caso de un perro mestizo de once meses con diagnóstico de tetralogía de Fallot, haciendo énfasis en la ecocardiografia (Doppler) como método de diagnóstico definitivo.

Tetralogy of Fallot is a rare congenital disease consisting of pulmonary valve stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, ventricular septal defect and aortic dextroposition. Pathophysiological consequences and clinical presentation depend mainly on the degree of pulmonary artery obstruction. Symptoms include cyanosis, exercise intolerance, dyspnea, and syncope. Definitive diagnosis and prognosis are obtained by Doppler echocardiography. Surgery is the only effective method of treatment, however, pharmacotherapy may be indicated as palliative treatment in mild cases of the disease. This work reports on the case of an eleven-month-old mongrel, diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot and highlights the importance of Doppler echocardiography as the definitive diagnostic tool for this disease.

A tetralogia de Fallot é urna rara doença congênita, definida por estenose da valva pulmonar, hipertrofia ventricular direita, defeito do septo interventricular e dextroposição da aorta. Suas consequências fisiopatológicas, assim como a apresentação clínica, dependem principalmente do grau de obstrução da artéria pulmonar. Clinicamente, os animais apresentam cianose, intolerância ao exercício, dispneia e síncopes. O diagnóstico definitivo e o prognóstico são obtidos por meio da ecodopplercardiografia. A cirurgia é o único método efetivo para o tratamento; no entanto, em casos brandos, a terapia medicamentosa pode ser indicada como forma paliativa. O presente trabalho relata o caso de um cão de onze meses de idade, sem raça definida, diagnosticado com tetralogia de Fallot, enfatizando a ecoclopplercardiografia como método diagnóstico definitivo da doença.

Tetralogia de Fallot em cão - relato de caso / Tetralogy of Fallot in a dog - case report / Tetralogía de Fallot en perro - relato de caso

La tetralogía de Fallot es una enfermedad congénita rara, caracterizada por estenosis de la válvula pulmonar, hipertrofia ventricular derecha, comunicación interventricular y dextroposición de la arteria aorta. La fisiopatología y las características clínicas con que se presenta dependen principalmente del grado de obstrucción de la arteria pulmonar. Desde el punto de vista clínico, los animales presentan cianosis, resistencia al ejercicio, disnea y síncopes. El diagnóstico definitivo y el pronóstico se obtienen mediante ecocardiografía (Doppler). Si bien la cirugía es el único método efectivo de tratamiento, en casos menos graves, existen medicamentos que actúan de manera paliativa. Este trabajo relata el caso de un perro mestizo de once meses con diagnóstico de tetralogía de Fallot, haciendo énfasis en la ecocardiografia (Doppler) como método de diagnóstico definitivo.(AU)

Tetralogy of Fallot is a rare congenital disease consisting of pulmonary valve stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, ventricular septal defect and aortic dextroposition. Pathophysiological consequences and clinical presentation depend mainly on the degree of pulmonary artery obstruction. Symptoms include cyanosis, exercise intolerance, dyspnea, and syncope. Definitive diagnosis and prognosis are obtained by Doppler echocardiography. Surgery is the only effective method of treatment, however, pharmacotherapy may be indicated as palliative treatment in mild cases of the disease. This work reports on the case of an eleven-month-old mongrel, diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot and highlights the importance of Doppler echocardiography as the definitive diagnostic tool for this disease.(AU)

A tetralogia de Fallot é urna rara doença congênita, definida por estenose da valva pulmonar, hipertrofia ventricular direita, defeito do septo interventricular e dextroposição da aorta. Suas consequências fisiopatológicas, assim como a apresentação clínica, dependem principalmente do grau de obstrução da artéria pulmonar. Clinicamente, os animais apresentam cianose, intolerância ao exercício, dispneia e síncopes. O diagnóstico definitivo e o prognóstico são obtidos por meio da ecodopplercardiografia. A cirurgia é o único método efetivo para o tratamento; no entanto, em casos brandos, a terapia medicamentosa pode ser indicada como forma paliativa. O presente trabalho relata o caso de um cão de onze meses de idade, sem raça definida, diagnosticado com tetralogia de Fallot, enfatizando a ecoclopplercardiografia como método diagnóstico definitivo da doença.(AU)

Clinical, pathological and immunohistochemical evaluation of a primary hemangiosarcoma in a pinscher dog

Background: Hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is a malignant tumor that arises from the vascular endothelium affecting more often dogs than other species as cats, cows and horses. It comprises approximately 2% of all tumors in dogs. The most common primary site for the HSA in dogs is the spleen, and other locations include the right atrium, pericardium, liver and prostate. Other authors have reported this tumor in lungs, kidney, oral cavity, muscle, bone, urinary bladder, left ventricle, tongue and retroperitoneum. Due to the importance of the HSA in canine species, the aim of this study was to describe the clinical and pathological findings, besides therapeutic protocol in an unusual case of HSA. Case: A six-year-old male pinscher was referred to the veterinary hospital with a history of cyanosis and choking. The animal was submitted to radiographic examination in lateral cervical view, which identified the presence of a mass of 1.2 cm in diameter near the pharynx. In order to evaluate the oral cavity, general anesthesia was performed, and it was possible to see a soft, rosy, circumscribed and vascularized lump in pharyngeal region. Due to suspicion of neoplasm, excisional biopsy without surgical margin was performed. The histopathological exam diagnosed hemangiosarcoma. Immunohistochemistry against vimentin, factor VIII, VEGF and Ki67 was performed and confirmed diagnosis of low grade [...]

Clinical, pathological and immunohistochemical evaluation of a primary hemangiosarcoma in a pinscher dog

Background: Hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is a malignant tumor that arises from the vascular endothelium affecting more often dogs than other species as cats, cows and horses. It comprises approximately 2% of all tumors in dogs. The most common primary site for the HSA in dogs is the spleen, and other locations include the right atrium, pericardium, liver and prostate. Other authors have reported this tumor in lungs, kidney, oral cavity, muscle, bone, urinary bladder, left ventricle, tongue and retroperitoneum. Due to the importance of the HSA in canine species, the aim of this study was to describe the clinical and pathological findings, besides therapeutic protocol in an unusual case of HSA. Case: A six-year-old male pinscher was referred to the veterinary hospital with a history of cyanosis and choking. The animal was submitted to radiographic examination in lateral cervical view, which identified the presence of a mass of 1.2 cm in diameter near the pharynx. In order to evaluate the oral cavity, general anesthesia was performed, and it was possible to see a soft, rosy, circumscribed and vascularized lump in pharyngeal region. Due to suspicion of neoplasm, excisional biopsy without surgical margin was performed. The histopathological exam diagnosed hemangiosarcoma. Immunohistochemistry against vimentin, factor VIII, VEGF and Ki67 was performed and confirmed diagnosis of low grade [...](AU)

Cianose e metahemoglobinemia associada à deficiência de NADH-metahemoglobina redutase em um cão sob anestesia / Cyanosis and methahemoglobinaemia associated with NADH-methahemoglobin reductase deficiency in a dog under anesthesia

Este estudo relata a ocorrência de cianose em um cão sob anestesia geral. O paciente não apresentava sinal de doençacardíaca ou respiratória, não havia possibilidade de ingestão acidental de agentes oxidantes, resultando então na suspeita demetahemoglobinemia associada à deficiência de NADH-metahemoglobina redutase. Sendo esta confirmada após testesugestivo e confirmação laboratorial por teste específico

This study reports the occurrence of cyanosis in a dog under general anesthesia. The patient didn’t present any sign of heart orrespiratory disease, the accidental ingestion of oxidizers agents wasn’t possible. Therefore resulting the suspicion ofmetahemoglobinemia associated to the deficiency of NADH-metahemoglobina redutase. This was confirmed after suggestivetest and laboratorial specific test