A chemogenomic approach is required for effective treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

ALS is a fatal untreatable disease involving degeneration of motor neurons. Μultiple causative genes encoding proteins with versatile functions have been identified indicating that diverse biological pathways lead to ALS. Chemical entities still represent a promising choice to delay ALS progression, attenuate symptoms and/or increase life expectancy, but also gene-based and stem cell-based therapies are in the process of development, and some are tested in clinical trials. Various compounds proved effective in transgenic models overexpressing distinct ALS causative genes unfortunately though, they showed no efficacy in clinical trials. Notably, while animal models provide a uniform genetic background for preclinical testing, ALS patients are not stratified, and the distinct genetic forms of ALS are treated as one group, which could explain the observed discrepancies between treating genetically homogeneous mice and quite heterogeneous patient cohorts. We suggest that chemical entity-genotype correlation should be exploited to guide patient stratification for pharmacotherapy, that is administered drugs should be selected based on the ALS genetic background.

Las cícadas y su relación con algunas enfermedades neurodegenerativas / Cycads and their association with certain neurodegenerative diseases

Introducción: Las cícadas son plantas que en algunas partes del mundo son empleadas como alimento fresco o materia prima para la elaboración de harina con alto valor nutricional. Sin embargo, contienen principios activos como metilazoximetanol, β-metilamino-L-alanina, β-oxalilamino-L-alanina y cicasina, entre otros, que pueden producir efectos neurotóxicos. El consumo de cícadas y sus derivados se ha asociado con enfermedades neurodegenerativas, como el complejo demencia-parkinsonismo-esclerosis-lateral amiotrófica y otras enfermedades caracterizadas por alteraciones en la motricidad. Por lo tanto, no debemos perder de vista que todo producto, aunque sea de origen natural, puede ser benéfico o perjudicial para la salud, lo cual dependerá de sus componentes químicos y de la vulnerabilidad de quienes los consumen. Desarrollo: Se realizó un análisis de la literatura sobre las propiedades neurotóxicas de las cícadas y su asociación con enfermedades neurológicas, con el fin de proporcionar información estructurada a la población para contribuir a la prevención de problemas de salud en quienes interactúan con estas plantas. Conclusión: Las cícadas contienen neurotóxicos que contribuyen al desarrollo de enfermedades neurológicas cuando son ingeridas inadecuadamente, por lo que debemos considerar que si bien algunos vegetales pueden tener un alto valor nutricional y subsanar el déficit alimentario en las poblaciones vulnerables, también pueden ser tóxicos e impactar negativamente sobre la salud

Introduction: Cycads are ornamental plants that in some parts of the world are used as fresh food or raw material for producing flour with a high nutritional value. However, they also contain active compounds, including methylazoxymethanol, β-methylamino-L-alanine, β-alanine-L-oxalylamino and cycasin, which may produce neurotoxic effects. Some studies have associated consuming cycads and their derivatives with neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/Parkinsonism dementia complex, and other diseases characterised by motor impairment. Therefore, we must not forget that any product, no matter how natural, may present health risks or benefits depending on the chemical compounds it contains and the susceptibility of those who consume it. Development: We completed a literature analysis to evaluate the neurotoxic properties of cycads and their association with neurological diseases in order to provide structured scientific information that may contribute to preventing health problems in people who use these plants. Conclusion: Cycads contain neurotoxic compounds that may contribute to the development of neurological diseases when ingested improperly. We must be mindful of the fact that while some plants have a high nutritional value and may fill the food gap for vulnerable populations, they can also be toxic and have a negative impact on health

Longitud del ciclo estral en ratas Sprague Dawley tratadas in útero con extracto de Roystonea regia / Estrus cycle length in Sprague Dawley rats in uterus using Roystonea regia extract

El D-004 consiste en una mezcla de ácidos grasos que inhibe significativamente la hiperplasia prostática inducida por testosterona en roedores. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evidenciar los posibles efectos adversos sobre el ciclo estral de hembras F1 expuestas in útero al D-004. Se utilizaron ratas Sprague Dawley, distribuidas aleatoriamente en 4 grupos: un control y 3 tratados con D-004 a las dosis de 500, 750 y 1 000 mg/kg; las hembras recibieron la administración de la dosis por vía oral desde 15 días antes del apareo y hasta el fin de la lactancia. A una hembra por camada de la generación F1 se le estudió la citología vaginal y se calculó la longitud aproximada del ciclo, la cual no se vio afectada ya que no existieron diferencias significativas (p= 0,1537) entre los grupos tratados y el control. Estos resultados indican que el D-004 no reveló alteraciones del ciclo estral de las crías hembras expuestas in útero(.

D-004 is a mix of fatty acids inhibiting significantly Testosterone- induced prostatic hyperplasia in rodents. The aim of present paper was to demonstrate the potential side effects on estrus cycle of F1 female rats exposed in uterus to D-004. We used Sprague Dawley rats, distributed randomly in 4 groups: a control one and another three treated with D-004 at a dosage of 500, 750 and 1 000 mg/kg; in the female rats we administered the dose by mouth from the 15 days before mating, and up to breast feeding termination. In each female rat by litter of F1 generation, the vaginal cytology was studied, and we estimated the approximate length of cycle, remained un-affected since there were not significant differences (p= 0,1537) among treatment groups and the control one. These results show that D-004 fails to reveals alterations in the estrum cycle of female litters exposed in uterus.

Longitud del ciclo estral en ratas Sprague Dawley tratadas in útero con extracto de Roystonea regia / Estrus cycle length in Sprague Dawley rats in uterus using Roystonea regia extract

El D-004 consiste en una mezcla de ácidos grasos que inhibe significativamente la hiperplasia prostática inducida por testosterona en roedores. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evidenciar los posibles efectos adversos sobre el ciclo estral de hembras F1 expuestas in útero al D-004. Se utilizaron ratas Sprague Dawley, distribuidas aleatoriamente en 4 grupos: un control y 3 tratados con D-004 a las dosis de 500, 750 y 1 000 mg/kg; las hembras recibieron la administración de la dosis por vía oral desde 15 días antes del apareo y hasta el fin de la lactancia. A una hembra por camada de la generación F1 se le estudió la citología vaginal y se calculó la longitud aproximada del ciclo, la cual no se vio afectada ya que no existieron diferencias significativas (p= 0,1537) entre los grupos tratados y el control. Estos resultados indican que el D-004 no reveló alteraciones del ciclo estral de las crías hembras expuestas in útero(AU)

D-004 is a mix of fatty acids inhibiting significantly Testosterone- induced prostatic hyperplasia in rodents. The aim of present paper was to demonstrate the potential side effects on estrus cycle of F1 female rats exposed in uterus to D-004. We used Sprague Dawley rats, distributed randomly in 4 groups: a control one and another three treated with D-004 at a dosage of 500, 750 and 1 000 mg/kg; in the female rats we administered the dose by mouth from the 15 days before mating, and up to breast feeding termination. In each female rat by litter of F1 generation, the vaginal cytology was studied, and we estimated the approximate length of cycle, remained un-affected since there were not significant differences (p= 0,1537) among treatment groups and the control one. These results show that D-004 fails to reveals alterations in the estrum cycle of female litters exposed in uterus(AU)

Cycad exposure and risk of dementia, MCI, and PDC in the Chamorro population of Guam.

OBJECTIVE: To study cycad-derived products as possible risk factors for dementia, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and parkinsonism-dementia complex (PDC) on Guam. METHODS: Complete risk factor data from in-person interviews of 166 cases of Guam dementia, 50 cases of amnestic MCI, and 21 cases of PDC were compared with 1,581 controls in the base population regarding exposure to cycad-derived products from a traditional food (fadang), consumption of fruit bats, and use of cycad-derived topical medicine. RESULTS: Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for picking, processing, and eating fadang in young adulthood ranged from 1.42 (1.05 to 1.91) to 2.87 (1.48 to 5.56) and were consistently elevated and significant across all three diagnostic outcomes. Associations independent of exposure in young adulthood were for picking (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.64 to 0.96) and processing (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.94) fadang in childhood with Guam dementia. Men showed stronger and more consistent relations across exposure groups in young adulthood compared with women. No associations were found for consumption of fruit bats or exposure to cycad used as a topical medicine for any of the outcomes. Estimated adjusted population attributable risks suggest that exposure to eating fadang in young adulthood incurred the highest attributable risk percent. CONCLUSIONS: Environmental lifestyle and diet may contribute to the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases in the native population of Guam.

Cycad toxins, Helicobacter pylori and parkinsonism: cholesterol glucosides as the common denomenator.

Understanding sporadic cases of age-dependent neurodegenerative diseases such as parkinsonism requires the evaluation of potential environmental factors. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-parkinsonism dementia complex (ALS-PDC), a neurological disorder in which features of parkinsonism are present and for which no consistent genetic explanation has been found, has been linked to the consumption of cycad (Cycas micronesica). Similarly, epidemiological evidence suggests an association between parkinsonism and gastric ulcer caused by Helicobacter pylori infection. While common immunological and inflammatory changes have been proposed to account for the link between parkinsonism and H. pylori infection, we propose an alternate explanation based on our work on the "cycad theory" of ALS-PDC. Recent experiments in our laboratory have identified several sterol glucosides in cycad that have neurotoxic properties in vitro and that appear to be linked to the development of neurodegenerative disease in vivo. Specifically, mice fed cycad display behavioural symptoms of parkinsonism such as reduced gait length, as well as neuropathological signs such as a loss of striatal dopaminergic (DAergic) terminals and an upregulation of the dopamine D2 receptor. These cycad-derived sterol glucosides are structurally similar to cholesterol glucosides that account for a significant part pf the lipid profile of H. pylori. We hypothesize that cholesterol glucosides arising from H. pylori infection may act as neurotoxins, promoting the degeneration of the DAergic neurons affected in parkinsonism, in a similar reaction to that which is thought to link cycad consumption and ALS-PDC. This hypothesis will be tested in future studies that will include exposing mice to purified sterol or cholestorol glucosides derived from cycad and comparing these mice behaviourally and neuropathologically to ones chronically infected with H. pylori.

Examining the interaction of apo E and neurotoxicity on a murine model of ALS-PDC.

Epidemiological studies have shown a positive relationship between cycad flour consumption and the development of the neurodegenerative disorder, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - parkinsonism - dementia complex (ALS-PDC). Apolipoprotein E (apo E) allele variations have been associated with genetic susceptibility in neurodegenerative diseases, including ALS-PDC. We have studied cycad toxicity in a mouse model of ALS-PDC with a particular interest in its impact on the central nervous system (CNS) in both apo E knock-out (KO) mice and their wild-type (WT) counterparts. Behavioral motor tests, motor neuron counts, and immunohistochemical staining in brain and spinal cord, as well as routine histological examinations on internal organs, were performed to evaluate cycad toxicity. Plasma cholesterol levels were also measured before and during the study. Cycad treatment was associated with higher levels of plasma cholesterol only in apo E KO mice; increased levels of plasma cholesterol did not result in increased athero genesis. Cycad-fed wild-type mice developed progressive behavioral deficits including ALS-PDC-like pathological outcomes, while cycad-fed apo E KO mice were not significantly affected. Cycad-fed wild-type mice had shorter gait length measurements along with higher active caspase-3 levels in the striatum, substantia nigra, primary motor cortex, and spinal cord as compared with corresponding controls. These changes were associated with decreased labeling for glutamate transporter 1B and tyrosine hydroxylase activity levels. No evidence of cycad toxicity was observed in internal organs of either wild-type or apo E KO mice. Our data demonstrate that apo E KO mice are less susceptible to cycad toxicity, suggesting a role for apo E as a possible genetic susceptibility factor for some forms of toxin-induced neurodegeneration.

Cycad neurotoxins, consumption of flying foxes, and ALS-PDC disease in Guam.

The Chamorro people of Guam have been afflicted with a complex of neurodegenerative diseases (now known as ALS-PDC) with similarities to ALS, AD, and PD at a far higher rate than other populations throughout the world. Chamorro consumption of flying foxes may have generated sufficiently high cumulative doses of plant neurotoxins to result in ALS-PDC neuropathologies, since the flying foxes forage on neurotoxic cycad seeds.