Evaluation of the Phenolic Content and the Nutraceutical Potential of Ancestor and Cultivated Artichokes.

Wild cardoon (Cynara cardunculus var. sylvestris) is the ancestor of many cultivated forms, including globe artichoke (C. cardunculus var. scolymus). Four organs (receptacles, bracts, leaves and stems) of wild and cultivated artichokes (organic and conventional) were assessed considering their individual phenolic constituents (HPLC-DAD), total phenol-flavonoid content, and pharmaceutical potentials (antibacterial and antioxidant). All three sources of artichokes had the highest concentration of 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid (cynarin) in their receptacles and cultivated artichoke receptacles had more cynarin than wild one. On the other hand, receptacles of wild cardoon had the highest 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and caffeic acid than the cultivated ones. Generally, receptacles, stems and leaves of wild cardoon were superior to both cultivated artichokes on antioxidant potential, and total phenol-flavonoid content. The rise in total phenolic content can be attributed to an increase in antioxidant capacity in all artichoke organs. Only the leaves of all different artichokes showed antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The investigated wild cardoon was believed to be a true ancestor since a comparison of wild and cultivated varieties revealed similar trends in terms of phenolic profile and biological properties. The nutraceutical industry can profit from this invasive wild cardoon due to their strong antioxidant potential and phenolic content.

Cynara Cardunculus Flavonoids-rich Fraction Alleviates Liver Injury in Mice Overconsumed Fructose Model.

BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic Fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming a major global health burden in the world. Cynara cardunculus is an edible plant growing wild in the North of Algeria. Its potential as a source of health-promoting compounds is still underexplored. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to explore the preventive effect of Cynara cardunculus (C. cardunculus) on the NAFLD model. METHODS: Total flavonoid contents (TFC) and in vitro antioxidant effects of butanolic (n- BuTOH) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fractions on scavenging the ABTS+ radical, inhibition of lipid peroxidation and reducing power proprieties were assessed. The n-ButOH fraction showed the highest TFC and antioxidant capacity in all realized assays. This fraction is used for anti- NAFLD experiments. Adult male Albinos mice were divided into four groups. Group 1 was normal control. Group 2 was watered with 30% of fructose for three weeks to induce the NAFLD model. Group 3 and Group 4 were co-treated with C. cardunculus n-ButOH fractions and Atorvastatin, respectively for three weeks. Blood and livers were collected for biochemical and histological analysis. RESULTS: The C. cardunculus n-ButOH fractions significantly restored levels of transaminases, triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL, glucose and uric acid. The n-ButOH fraction exerted an improving effect on the body and liver weight and liver index. It also significantly corrected the imbalance in liver MDA and GSH levels. The n-ButOH fractions further ameliorated abnormalities in liver histology through suppression of lipid droplets accumulation. CONCLUSION: This research proves that the flavonoid-rich fraction of C. cardunculus has protective activity against high fructose intake in mice via reversing hyperlipidemia and boosting liver antioxidant capacity.

Chemical, microbiological, textural, and sensory characteristics of pilot-scale Caciofiore cheese curdled with commercial Cynara cardunculus rennet and crude extracts from spontaneous and cultivated Onopordum tauricum.

The aim of this study was the chemical, microbiological, textural, and sensory characterization of pilot-scale prototypes of an Italian ewe's raw milk cheese (Caciofiore) curdled with commercial Cynara cardunculus rennet, used as a control, and crude extracts obtained from flowers of either spontaneous or cultivated Onopordum tauricum. Hence, the control and experimental cheese prototypes produced in two rounds of cheesemaking trials were assayed, at the end of their 60-day maturation, for the following features: pH, titratable acidity, dry matter, fat, total and soluble nitrogen (TN and SN, respectively), ash, salt, protein, lactose, viable plate counts and composition of the bacterial and fungal populations, color, texture, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and olfactory attributes by sensory analysis (the latter for the sole prototypes curdled with the commercial rennet and the extract obtained from cultivated O. tauricum). The data overall collected showed a very low impact of the type of thistle rennet on the analyzed cheese traits, with significant differences being exclusively found for SN/TN%, titratable acidity, color, and adhesiveness. By contrast, a higher impact of the cheesemaking round was seen, with significant differences being observed for salt content, load of presumptive lactobacilli, thermophilic cocci, and Escherichia coli, and levels of the following VOCs: 2,3-butanedione, 2-pentanone, 1-butanol, 2-heptanone, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-heptanol, 2-nonanone, dimethyl trisulfide, 2-methyl propanoic acid, butanoic acid, and 3-methyl butanoic acid. Sensory analysis revealed a strong ewe's cheese odor, accompanied by other olfactory notes, such as pungent, sour curd, sweet, and Parmesan cheese-like notes, in all the analysed cheese prototypes. Moreover, key odor active compounds, including butanoic acid, ethyl butanoate, 2,3-butanedione, 1-octen-3-one, and dimethyl trisulfide, were identified by GC-olfactometry analysis. Regarding the odor attributes as determined by sensory analysis, again the type of rennet had an almost negligible impact, with significant differences being only perceived for 1 or 2 out of 20 odor attributes, depending on the analytical conditions applied. Although some aspects deserve further investigation, the results herein collected confirm that O. tauricum can be regarded as an alternative source of thistle rennet for the manufacture of Caciofiore cheese, and more in general, Mediterranean ewe's milk cheeses.

The wide spectrum of industrial applications for cultivated cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L. var. Altilis DC.): A review.

Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis DC. belongs to the Asteraceae family and is widely used. This species is integrated into the Mediterranean diet and has broad applicability due to its rich chemical composition. Its flowers, used as a vegetable coagulant for gourmet cheese production, are rich in aspartic proteases. Leaves are rich in sesquiterpene lactones, the most abundant being cynaropicrin, while stems present a higher abundance of hydroxycinnamic acids. Both classes of compounds exhibit a wide range of bioactive properties. Its chemical composition makes it applicable in other industrial sectors, such as energy (e.g., manufacturing of biodiesel and biofuel) or paper pulp production, among other biotechnological applications. In the last decade, cardoon has been identified as a competitive energy crop, constituting an opportunity for the economic recovery and development of the rural areas of the Mediterranean basin. This article reviews the chemical composition, bioactive properties, and multifaceted industrial applications of cardoon.

Wild Artichoke (Cynara cardunculus subsp. sylvestris, Asteraceae) Leaf Extract: Phenolic Profile and Oxidative Stress Inhibitory Effects on HepG2 Cells.

Cynara cardunculus subsp. sylvestris (wild artichoke) is widespread in Sicily, where it has been used for food and medicinal purposes since ancient times; decoctions of the aerial parts of this plant have been traditionally employed as a remedy for different hepatic diseases. In this study, the phenolic profile and cell-free antioxidant properties of the leaf aqueous extract of wild artichokes grown in Sicily (Italy) were investigated. The crude extract was also tested in cells for its antioxidant characteristics and potential oxidative stress inhibitory effects. To resemble the features of the early stage of mild steatosis in humans, human HepG2 cells treated with free fatty acids at the concentration of 1.5 mM were used. HPLC-DAD analysis revealed the presence of several phenolic acids (caffeoylquinic acids) and flavonoids (luteolin and apigenin derivatives). At the same time, DPPH assay showed a promising antioxidant power (IC50 = 20.04 ± 2.52 µg/mL). Biological investigations showed the safety of the crude extract and its capacity to counteract the injury induced by FFA exposure by restoring cell viability and counteracting oxidative stress through inhibiting reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation and increasing thiol-group levels. In addition, the extract increased mRNA expression of some proteins implicated in the antioxidant defense (Nrf2, Gpx, and SOD1) and decreased mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1ß), which were modified by FFA treatment. Results suggest that the total phytocomplex contained in wild artichoke leaves effectively modulates FFA-induced hepatic oxidative stress.

Successive Solvent Extraction, Characterization and Antioxidant Activities of Cardoon Waste (Leaves and Stems) Extracts: Comparative Study.

The main interest in the valorization of vegetable wastes is due to the peculiarity of their chemical composition in substances that present important properties. Among these substances, antioxidants could replace those industrially manufactured. In the present study, three solvents of different polarities (hexane, ethanol, and water) were applied for the extraction of phenolic compounds from Cynara cardunculus L. waste using two extraction methods: Soxhlet Extraction (SE) and Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction (UAE). The obtained extracts were then characterized by Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and spectrophotometric determination of Total Phenolics (TPC), Total Flavonoids (TFC), and Condensed Tannins (CT). Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity of ethanol and water extracts of leaves and stems were also evaluated. High extraction yields were obtained by UAE. Water extracts had high yield regardless of the technique used for leaves and stems, and these extracts showed high TAC of 534.72 ± 3.83 mg AAE/g FM for leaves and 215.70 ± 8.87 mg AAE/g FM (mg of ascorbic acid equivalent per g of FM) for stems, and IC50 of 2077.491 µg/mL for leaves and 1248.185 µg/mL for stems. We explain the latter by the high total phenolic contents (TPCs), which reach 579.375 ± 3.662 mg GAE/g FM (mg of gallic acid equivalents per g of fresh matter) for leaves and 264.906 ± 3.500 mg GAE/g FM for stems. These results confirmed that the leaves and stems of the studied cardoon waste were, indeed, interesting sources of natural antioxidants.

The Effect of an Innovative Combination of Bergamot Polyphenolic Fraction and Cynara cardunculus L. Extract on Weight Gain Reduction and Fat Browning in Obese Mice.

Obesity is one of the world's most serious public health issues, with a high risk of developing a wide range of diseases. As a result, focusing on adipose tissue dysfunction may help to prevent the metabolic disturbances commonly associated with obesity. Nutraceutical supplementation may be a crucial strategy for improving WAT inflammation and obesity and accelerating the browning process. The aim of this study was to perform a preclinical "proof of concept" study on Bergacyn®, an innovative formulation originating from a combination of bergamot polyphenolic fraction (BPF) and Cynara cardunculus (CyC), for the treatment of adipose tissue dysfunction. In particular, Bergacyn® supplementation in WD/SW-fed mice at doses of 50 mg/kg given orally for 12 weeks, was able to reduce body weight and total fat mass in the WD/SW mice, in association with an improvement in plasma biochemical parameters, including glycemia, total cholesterol, and LDL levels. In addition, a significant reduction in serum ALT levels was highlighted. The decreased WAT levels corresponded to an increased weight of BAT tissue, which was associated with a downregulation of PPARγ as compared to the vehicle group. Bergacyn® was able to restore PPARγ levels and prevent NF-kB overexpression in the WAT of mice fed a WD/SW diet, suggesting an improved oxidative metabolism and inflammatory status. These results were associated with a significant potentiation of the total antioxidant status in WD/SW mice. Finally, our data show, for the first time, that Bergacyn® supplementation may be a valuable approach to counteract adipose tissue dysfunction and obesity-associated effects on cardiometabolic risk.

Microbiological, morpho-textural, and volatile characterization of Portuguese Queijo de Nisa PDO cheese.

Queijo de Nisa PDO (Protected Designation of Origin) is a semi-hard cheese obtained from raw ewe's milk clotted with cardoon (Cynara cardunculus, L.) rennet. The aim of the present study was to characterize the bacterial communities naturally occurring in Queijo de Nisa PDO cheese samples through viable counting and metataxonomic analysis. Moreover, physico-chemical and morpho-textural analyses were also performed, together with the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) through solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In the analyzed samples, pH values were comprised between 4.84 and 5.74. As for lactic acid, the concentration varied between 0.83 and 2.10 g 100 g-1. Water activity varied between 0.942 and 0.960. Lightness of the samples ranged from 107.82 to 119.16, whereas hardness ranged between 34.45 N and 126.05 N. As for microbiological analyses, lactococci and lactobacilli counts were up to 9.01 Log CFU g-1. Coagulase-negative cocci and enterococci counts were up to 7 Log CFU g-1. Metataxonomic analysis revealed that Lactococcus lactis and Leuconostoc mesenteroides occurred at high frequency in all the analyzed samples. Moreover, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lactococcus piscium, and Lacticaseibacillus zeae were also detected. The most represented VOCs were carboxylic acids, carbonyl compounds, alcohols, and esters. In the analyzed cheese samples, significant relationships between bacteria and VOCs were also evidenced. Of note, research on the microbiological and chemical features, as well as on morpho-textural characteristics, of Queijo de Nisa PDO  cheese can increase the knowledge on the interactions between raw materials, environment, and autochthonous microorganisms, thus enabling protection of biodiversity and tradition.

Neuroprotective Properties of Cardoon Leaves Extracts against Neurodevelopmental Deficits in an In Vitro Model of Rett Syndrome Depend on the Extraction Method and Harvest Time.

This study investigates the bioactive properties of different extracts of cardoon leaves in rescuing neuronal development arrest in an in vitro model of Rett syndrome (RTT). Samples were obtained from plants harvested at different maturity stages and extracted with two different methodologies, namely Naviglio® and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). While scCO2 extracts more hydrophobic fractions, the Naviglio® method extracts phenolic compounds and less hydrophobic components. Only the scCO2 cardoon leaves extract obtained from plants harvested in spring induced a significant rescue of neuronal atrophy in RTT neurons, while the scCO2 extract from the autumn harvest stimulated dendrite outgrowth in Wild-Type (WT) neurons. The scCO2 extracts were the richest in squalene, 3ß-taraxerol and lupeol, with concentrations in autumn harvest doubling those in spring harvest. The Naviglio® extract was rich in cynaropicrin and exerted a toxic effect at 20 µM on both WT and RTT neurons. When cynaropicrin, squalene, lupeol and 3ß-taraxerol were tested individually, no positive effect was observed, whereas a significant neurotoxicity of cynaropicrin and lupeol was evident. In conclusion, cardoon leaves extracts with high content of hydrophobic bioactive molecules and low cynaropicrin and lupeol concentrations have pharmacological potential to stimulate neuronal development in RTT and WT neurons in vitro.

Valorisation, Green Extraction Development, and Metabolomic Analysis of Wild Artichoke By-Product Using Pressurised Liquid Extraction UPLC-HRMS and Multivariate Data Analysis.

Valorisation of food by-products has recently attracted considerable attention due to the opportunities to improve the economic and environmental sustainability of the food production chain. Large quantities of non-edible parts of the artichoke plant (Cynara cardunculus L.) comprising leaves, stems, roots, bracts, and seeds are discarded annually during industrial processing. These by-products contain many phytochemicals such as dietary fibres, phenolic acids, and flavonoids, whereby the most challenging issue concerns about the recovery of high-added value components from these by-products. The aim of this work is to develop a novel valorisation strategy for the sustainable utilisation of artichoke leaves' waste, combining green pressurised-liquid extraction (PLE), spectrophotometric assays and UPLC-HRMS phytochemical characterization, to obtain bioactive-rich extract with high antioxidant capacity. Multivariate analysis of the major selected metabolites was used to compare different solvent extraction used in PLE.

Upgrading cardoon biomass into Polyhydroxybutyrate based blends: A holistic approach for the synthesis of biopolymers and additives.

Cardoon, Cynara cardunculus L. represents a biorefinery crop with a great potential in the bioplastic field. This work investigates the valorization of different cardoon components into high added value products, finally recombined into novel upgraded bioplastics. Bioprocesses for Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and medium-chain-length Polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHA) production were set up starting from root inulin and seed oil respectively, highlighting the effect of process conditions on polymer properties. The ternary blend, in which the PHB polymer matrix was added with mcl-PHA and epoxidized cardoon oil, evidenced a synergic effect of both additives in modulating PHB structural and thermal properties, promoted by the physical interaction occurring among the components. This proof-of concept frames the paper in the holistic approach of circular economy applied to bioplastic production.

Antiproliferative Effects of Cynara Cardunculus in Colorectal Cancer Cells Are Modulated by the Circadian Clock.

The circadian clock generates 24 h rhythms in behavioural, cellular and molecular processes. Malfunctions of the clock are associated with enhanced susceptibility to cancer, worse treatment response and poor prognosis. Clock-controlled genes are involved in cellular processes associated with tumour development and progression including metabolism of drugs and the cell cycle. Cynara cardunculus, a plant of the Asteraceae family, has been reported to have antiproliferative effects on breast cancer cells. Here, we used the human colorectal cancer (CRC) cell line HCT116 and its knockout variants for different core-clock genes (BMAL1, PER2, NR1D1), to investigate the treatment effect of C. cardunculus lipophilic leaf extract under different clock scenarios. Our results show a direct effect of C. cardunculus on the circadian phenotype of the cells, as indicated by alterations in the phase, amplitude, and period length of core-clock gene oscillations. Furthermore, our data indicate a role for the circadian clock in sensitivity to C. cardunculus treatment. In particular, the treatment inhibited proliferation and induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in a clock knockout-specific manner, in CRC cells. These results point to a potential effect of C. cardunculus lipophilic leaf extracts as a modulator of the circadian clock, in addition to its anti-proliferative properties.

Membrane fractionation of Cynara cardunculus swine blood hydrolysate: Ingredients of high nutritional and nutraceutical value.

This work proposes an innovative approach to valorise swine blood based on enzymatic hydrolysis and membrane fractionations. Hydrolysis with Cynara cardunculus enzymes, followed by microfiltration and double nanofiltration generated three high protein fractions, retentate of microfiltration (RMF; >0.5 µm) and retentate of nanofiltration (RNF; >3 kDa) with approximately 90% of protein on a dry basis and filtrate of nanofiltrate (FNF; <3 kDa) with 65%. FNF, rich in low molecular weight peptides, showed excellent antioxidants (ABTS and ORAC of 911.81 and 532.82 µmol TE g-1 DB, respectively) and antihypertensive (IC50 of 28.51 µg mL-1) potential. By peptidomics and in silico analysis, 43 unique sequences of interest were found, among which LVV-Hemorphin-7 was identified. This hemorphin was demonstrated as the main responsible for the observed bioactivity. Complementary results showed a prebiotic effect mainly for the growth of Bifidobacterium animalis Bo, as well as interesting free amino acids (mainly glutamic acid, leucine, alanine, phenylalanine and aspartic acid) and mineral (e.g., Ca, Mg, P, K and Na) profiles. No antibacterial effect was verified for the seven pathogenic bacteria tested. This study allowed obtaining new ingredient of high nutritional and nutraceutical value for human consumption, with a perspective of sustainability and industrial viability.

Chemical composition of cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis) petioles as affected by plant growth stage.

In the present study petioles were collected from cultivated cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L. var altilis) plants in central Greece at sixteen harvest dates (samples P1-P16) and nine growth stages (principal growth stages (PGS) 1-9). The main objective of this study was to study the influence of petioles' growth cycle on their chemical composition. The lipidic content, fatty acids, free sugars, organic acids, and tocopherol composition were analyzed. A total of 27 fatty acids were identified, being the palmitic acid (C16:0, 12.42-50%) the most abundant, except for samples P4 and P5 where linoleic acid revealed the highest relative abundance (C18:2n6c, 46.5 and 39.05%, respectively). The α-, ß-, and γ-tocopherols were the identified isoforms of vitamin E, with sample P1 recording the highest tocopherol content. The detected organic acids were oxalic, quinic, malic, citric, and fumaric acids with the highest content being observed in sample P1. Sucrose was the major sugar in all the analyzed samples, followed by fructose, glucose, trehalose, and raffinose. The obtained results allowed us to characterize the chemical composition of cardoon petioles throughout its growth cycle and, consequently, to valorize the species through the exploitation of underutilized plant tissues.

The Employment of Genera Vaccinium, Citrus, Olea, and Cynara Polyphenols for the Reduction of Selected Anti-Cancer Drug Side Effects.

Cancer is one of the most widespread diseases globally and one of the leading causes of death. Known cancer treatments are chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy, targeted hormonal therapy, or a combination of these methods. Antitumor drugs, with different mechanisms, interfere with cancer growth by destroying cancer cells. However, anticancer drugs are dangerous, as they significantly affect both cancer cells and healthy cells. In addition, there may be the onset of systemic side effects perceived and mutagenicity, teratogenicity, and further carcinogenicity. Many polyphenolic extracts, taken on top of common anti-tumor drugs, can participate in the anti-proliferative effect of drugs and significantly reduce the side effects developed. This review aims to discuss the current scientific knowledge of the protective effects of polyphenols of the genera Vaccinium, Citrus, Olea, and Cynara on the side effects induced by four known chemotherapy, Cisplatin, Doxorubicin, Tamoxifen, and Paclitaxel. In particular, the summarized data will help to understand whether polyphenols can be used as adjuvants in cancer therapy, although further clinical trials will provide crucial information.

Effects of Ethanolic Extract of Cynara cardunculus (Artichoke) Leaves on Neuroinflammatory and Neurochemical Parameters in a Diet-Induced Mice Obesity Model.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Cynara cardunculus leaf ethanol extract on inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters in the hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum, cerebral cortex and liver of high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Food intake, body weight, visceral fat weight, and liver weight were also evaluated. Male Swiss mice were divided into control (low-fat purified diet) and obese (high-fat purified diet) groups. After 6 weeks, mice were divided into control + saline, control + C. cardunculus leaf ethanol extract, obese + saline, obese + C. cardunculus leaf ethanol extract. Cynara cardunculus leaf ethanol extract (1600 mg/kg/day) or saline was administered orally for 4 weeks. Brain structures (hypothalamus, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, striatum and cerebral cortex) and liver were removed. Treatment with C. cardunculus leaf ethanol extract did not affect body weight but did reduce visceral fat. Obesity can cause inflammation and oxidative stress and increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes in brain structures. Treatment with ethanolic extract of C. cardunculus leaves partially reversed the changes in inflammatory damage parameters and oxidative damage parameters and attenuated changes in the antioxidant defense. The C. cardunculus leaf ethanol extract benefited from the brains of obese animals by partially reversing the changes caused by the consumption of a high-fat diet and the consequent obesity. These results corroborate those of studies indicating that the C. cardunculus leaf ethanol extract can contribute to the treatment of obesity.

Encapsulation of Cynara Cardunculus Guaiane-type Lactones in Fully Organic Nanotubes Enhances Their Phytotoxic Properties.

The encapsulation of bioactive natural products has emerged as a relevant tool for modifying the poor physicochemical properties often exhibited by agrochemicals. In this regard, natural guaiane-type sesquiterpene lactones isolated from Cynara cardunculus L. have been encapsulated in a core/shell nanotube@agrochemical system. Monitoring of the F and O signals in marked sesquiterpenes confirmed that the compound is present in the nanotube cavity. These structures were characterized using scanning transmission electron microscopy-X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometry techniques, which revealed the spatial layout relationship and confirmed encapsulation of the sesquiterpene lactone derivative. In addition, biological studies were performed with aguerin B (1), cynaropicrin (2), and grosheimin (3) on the inhibition of germination, roots, and shoots in weeds (Phalaris arundinacea L., Lolium perenne L., and Portulaca oleracea L.). Encapsulation of lactones in nanotubes gives better results than those for the nonencapsulated compounds, thereby reinforcing the application of fully organic nanotubes for the sustainable use of agrochemicals in the future.

Artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus L.) by-products as a source of inulin: how to valorise an agricultural supply chain extracting an added-value compound.

This study is aimed at valorizing artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus L.) by-products as source of inulin, a fiber showing relevant prebiotic properties, through the realization of a waste value chain. Starting from artichoke by-products, the inulin fraction was assessed both in terms of total amount and degree of polymerization as a function of the harvest season and storage conditions. These parameters have been found significant at influencing inulin yield of extraction. For the first time, artichoke wastes were proposed to be exploited taking into account the optimal conditions to preserve their high-added chemical value. Our data suggest that Italian farms could obtain from their wastes a total amount of 16 t/year of inulin with an average polymerization degree higher than 40 and would allow the development of a circular economy process within the artichoke supply chain, by exploiting its wastes representing 70% of the total artichoke biomass.

Investigation of wound healing activity Cynara humilis of root extracts.

BACKGROUND: Wound healing is among the frequent illnesses that affects the skin, and therefore, the screening of natural preparation to treat skin burn is important. In Morocco, Cynara humilis is a Moroccan medicinal plant widely used for the treatment of skin burn. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the safety of C. humilis and its wound healing potential against skin burn. METHODS: In this work, C. humilis was selected based on an ethnopharmacological survey. As revealed by traditional medicine, C. humilis powder extract (CHPE) was used to test wound healing effects. Furthermore, to assure the safety of this powder, acute and subchronic dermal toxicities were investigated on animal models. RESULTS: The oral acute toxicity test of CHPE did not show mortality in treated rats (LD50 >2000 mg/kg). Moreover, in the acute dermal toxicity, CHPE at 5 g/kg did not induce clinical signs observed during the observation period of 48 h. In the subchronic toxicity test, CHPE did not cause significant abnormalities in the physiological parameters and pathological changes in the major organs of the rats. Body weight evolution and macroscopic analysis of skin burn showed CHPE exhibited important wound healing effects in a time-dependent manner. CHPE reduced significantly wound surface (6.93 ± 0.25 cm2 ) compared with the SDA group (8.30 ± 0.37 cm2 ) and the no-treated group (10.05 ± 0.28 cm2 ). Moreover, the retention rate was increased importantly after the treatment with CHPE (61.66 ± 1.42%) compared with the SDA-treated group (53.57% ± 2.83%) and the no-treated group control animals (43.34% ± 1.27%). CONCLUSION: These results were confirmed by a histological evaluation, which showed that CHPE increased the neovascularization, the collagen deposition, and the re-epithelialization. The findings of this work suggest that CHPE could be a promising source for developing drugs against skin burn.