ABSTRACT
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are important players in skin homeostasis, wound repair, and in the pathogenesis of skin cancer. It is now well established that most of their functions are related to processing of bioactive proteins rather than components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). MMP10 is highly expressed in keratinocytes at the wound edge and at the invasive front of tumors, but hardly any non-ECM substrates have been identified and its function in tissue repair and carcinogenesis is unclear. To better understand the role of MMP10 in the epidermis, we employed multiplexed iTRAQ-based Terminal Amine Isotopic Labeling of Substrates (TAILS) and monitored MMP10-dependent proteolysis over time in secretomes from keratinocytes. Time-resolved abundance clustering of neo-N termini classified MMP10-dependent cleavage events by efficiency and refined the MMP10 cleavage site specificity by revealing a so far unknown preference for glutamate in the P1 position. Moreover, we identified and validated the integrin alpha 6 subunit, cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 and dermokine as novel direct MMP10 substrates and provide evidence for MMP10-dependent but indirect processing of phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1. Finally, we sampled the epidermal proteome and degradome in unprecedented depth and confirmed MMP10-dependent processing of dermokine in vivo by TAILS analysis of epidermis from transgenic mice that overexpress a constitutively active mutant of MMP10 in basal keratinocytes. The newly identified substrates are involved in cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and/or differentiation, indicating a contribution of MMP10 to local modulation of these processes during wound healing and cancer development. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD002474.
Subject(s)
Epidermis/metabolism , Keratinocytes/metabolism , Matrix Metalloproteinase 10/metabolism , Proteome/isolation & purification , Animals , Cell Adhesion , Cell Movement , Cell Proliferation , Cysteine-Rich Protein 61/chemistry , Cysteine-Rich Protein 61/isolation & purification , Cysteine-Rich Protein 61/metabolism , Female , Humans , Integrin alpha6/chemistry , Integrin alpha6/isolation & purification , Integrin alpha6/metabolism , Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins , Isotope Labeling , Mice , Proteins/chemistry , Proteins/isolation & purification , Proteins/metabolism , Proteolysis , Proteome/chemistry , Proteome/metabolism , Proteomics/methodsABSTRACT
Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and subsequent uncontrolled accumulation of altered extracellular matrix (ECM) underpin liver fibrosis, a wound healing response to chronic injury, which can lead to organ failure and death. We sought to catalogue the components of fibrotic liver ECM to obtain insights into disease etiology and aid identification of new biomarkers. Cell-derived ECM was isolated from the HSC line LX-2, an in vitro model of liver fibrosis, and compared to ECM from human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) as a control. Mass spectrometry analyses of cell-derived ECMs identified, with ≥99% confidence, 61 structural ECM or secreted proteins (48 and 31 proteins for LX-2 and HFF, respectively). Gene ontology enrichment analysis confirmed the enrichment of ECM proteins, and hierarchical clustering coupled with protein-protein interaction network analysis revealed a subset of proteins enriched to fibrotic ECM, highlighting the existence of cell type-specific ECM niches. Thirty-six proteins were enriched to LX-2 ECM as compared to HFF ECM, of which Wnt-5a and CYR61 were validated by immunohistochemistry in human and murine fibrotic liver tissue. Future studies will determine if these and other components may play a role in the etiology of hepatic fibrosis, serve as novel disease biomarkers, or open up new avenues for drug discovery.
