Factores de mal pronóstico en 113 pacientes sometidos a duodenopancreatectomía cefálica por colangiocarcinoma distal / Prognostic risk factors in 113 patients undergoing cephalic duodenopancreatectomy for distal cholangiocarcinoma

Introducción El colangiocarcinoma distal es una neoplasia epitelial maligna que afecta a los conductos biliares extrahepáticos, per debajo del conducto cístico. Existe poca evidencia sobre la relación entre factores perioperatorios y peor evolución a largo plazo tras la resección quirúrgica. Objetivo Analizar los factores de riesgo de mortalidad y recidiva a largo plazo del colangiocarcinoma distal de los pacientes resecados. Material y métodos Se ha analizado una base de datos prospectiva unicéntrica de pacientes intervenidos por colangiocarcinoma distal entre los años 1990 y 2021 con la finalidad de investigar los factores de mortalidad y recidiva. Resultados Se han intervenido 113 pacientes, con una supervivencia actuarial media de 100,2 (76-124) meses tras la resección. El estudio bivariante no evidenció diferencias entre los pacientes dependiendo de la edad o variables preoperatorias estudiadas. La presencia de adenopatías afectadas fue un factor de riesgo de mortalidad a largo plazo en el estudio multivariante. La presencia de adenopatías afectadas, la recidiva tumoral y la fístula biliar durante el postoperatorio implicaron peor supervivencia actuarial al comparar las curvas de Kaplan-Meier. Conclusiones La presencia de adenopatías afectadas influyen en el pronóstico de la enfermedad. La aparición de fístula biliar durante el postoperatorio del colangiocarcinoma distal podría agravar los resultados a largo plazo, hallazgo que debe ser reafirmado en futuros estudios. (AU)

Introduction Distal cholangiocarcinoma is a malignant epithelial neoplasia that affects the extrahepatic bile ducts, below the cystic duct. No relevant relationship between perioperative factors and worse long-term outcome has been proved. Objective To analyze the risk factors for mortality and long-term recurrence of distal cholangiocarcinoma in resected patients. Materials and methods A single-center prospective database of patients operated on for distal cholangiocarcinoma between 1990 and 2021 was analyzed in order to investigate mortality and recurrence factors. Results One hundred and thirteen patients have undergone surgery, with mean actuarial survival of 100.2 (76–124) months after resection. The bivariate study did not show differences between patients depending on age or preoperative variables studied. When multivariate analysis was performed, the presence of affected adenopathy was a risk factor for long-term mortality. The presence of affected lymph nodes, tumor recurrence, and biliary fistula during the postoperative period implied worse actuarial survival when comparing the Kaplan–Meier curves. Conclusions The presence of affected lymph nodes influence the prognosis of the disease. The occurrence of biliary fistula during postoperative cholangiocarcinoma distal could aggravate long-term outcomes, a finding that should be reaffirmed in future studies. (AU)

[Cystic duct carcinoma in a patient with a history of cholecystectomy: a case report].

An 83-year-old Japanese man who underwent cholecystectomy for cholecystolithiasis 17 years ago visited our hospital owing to epigastric pain. He was initially diagnosed with choledocholithiasis and acute cholangitis following white blood cell, C-reactive protein, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase level elevations along with common bile duct stones on computed tomography (CT). Moreover, CT, magnetic resonance imaging, endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC), and endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) also revealed a 2-cm-diameter mass arising from the remnant cystic duct. The cytology of the bile at the time of ERC was not conclusive. However, EUS-assisted fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) of the mass confirmed the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the remnant cystic duct. The patient underwent extrahepatic bile duct resection. Cystic duct carcinoma following cholecystectomy is rare. We report a case diagnosed by EUS-FNA.

Clinical implication of the geometric location (fundal end versus cystic ductal end) of gallbladder cancer.

BACKGROUND: Management of early-stage gallbladder cancer is becoming more important as the rate of early detection is increasing. Although there have been many studies about the clinical implication of the invasion depth or peritoneal/hepatic location of gallbladder cancers, there is no study on the clinical implication of the geometric location of cancer along the longitudinal length of the gallbladder. METHODS: The location of gallbladder cancer was defined as the geometric center of the primary site of a tumour, which lies on the longitudinal diameter of the surgical specimens. We compared the oncologic outcomes following surgery between gallbladder cancers located on the fundal end and those located on the cystic ductal end. We also analysed patients with stage 1 gallbladder cancer who recurred after surgery. RESULTS: A total of 575 patients with gallbladder cancer were included in this study. Patients with gallbladder cancer on the cystic ductal end had significantly lower rates of recurrence-free survival (P = 0.016) and overall survival (P = 0.023) compared to those with gallbladder cancer on the fundal end. Among 90 patients with stage 1 gallbladder cancer, three patients had a recurrence, all of whom had cystic ductal end gallbladder cancer and showed cystic duct invasion or concomitant xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis in permanent pathology. CONCLUSIONS: Gallbladder cancers on the cystic ductal end had worse postoperative oncologic outcomes compared with those on the fundal end.

Acute cholecystitis: how to avoid subtotal cholecystectomy-preliminary results.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this manuscript is to illustrate a new method permitting safe cholecystectomy in terms of complications with respect to the common bile duct (CBD). METHODS: The core of this new technique is identification of the continuity of the cystic duct with the infundibulum. The cystic duct can be identified between the inner gallbladder wall and inflamed outer wall. RESULTS: In the last 2 years, from January 2019 until December 2021, 3 patients have been treated with the reported technique without complications. CONCLUSIONS: Among the various cholecystectomy procedures, this is a new approach that ensures the safety of the structures of Calot's triangle while providing the advantages gained from total removal of the gallbladder.

Variations in the cystic duct: frequency and the relationship among insertion sides and heights on the bile duct.

BACKGROUND: Evaluation of the cystic duct anatomy prior to bile duct or gallbladder surgery is important, to decrease the risk of bile duct injury. This study aimed to clarify the frequency of cystic duct variations and the relationship between them. METHODS: Data of 205 patients who underwent cholecystectomy after imaging at Sada Hospital, Japan, were analyzed. The Chi-square test was used to analyze the relationships among variations. RESULTS: The lateral and posterior sides of the bile duct were the two most common insertion points (92 patients, 44.9%), and the middle height was the most common insertion height (135 patients, 65.9%). Clinically important variations (spiral courses, parallel courses, low insertions, and right hepatic duct draining) relating to the risk of bile duct injury were observed in 24 patients (11.7%). Regarding the relationship between the insertion sides and heights, we noticed that the posterior insertion frequently existed in low insertions (75.0%, P < 0.001) and did not exist in high insertions. In contrast, the anterior insertion coexisted with high and never low insertions. Spiral courses have two courses: anterior and posterior, and anterior ones were only found in high insertion cases. CONCLUSIONS: The insertion point of the cystic duct and the spiral courses tended to be anterior or lateral superiorly and posterior inferiorly. Clinically significant variations in cystic duct insertions are common and surgeons should be cautious about these variations to avoid complications.

A systematic review on laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy for difficult gallbladders: a lifesaving bailout or an incomplete operation?

INTRODUCTION: Laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy (LSTC) is a bailout procedure that is undertaken when it is not safe to proceed with a laparoscopic total cholecystectomy owing to dense adhesions in Calot's triangle. The main aim of this review was to investigate the early (≤30 days) and late (>30 days) morbidity and mortality of LSTC. METHODS: A literature search of the PubMed® (MEDLINE®), Google Scholar™ and Embase® databases was conducted to identify all studies on LSTC published between 1985 and December 2020. A systematic review was then performed. RESULTS: Overall, 45 studies involving 2,166 subtotal cholecystectomy patients (51% female) were identified for inclusion in the review. The mean patient age was 55 years (standard deviation: 15 years). Just over half (53%) of the patients had an elective procedure. The conversion rate was 6.2% (n=135). The most common indication was acute cholecystitis (49%). Different techniques were used, with the majority having a closed cystic duct/gallbladder stump (71%). The most common closure technique was intracorporeal suturing (53%), followed by endoloop closure (15%). Four patients (0.18%) died within thirty days of surgery. Morbidity within 30 days included bile duct injury (0.23%), bile leak (18%) and intra-abdominal collection (4%). Reoperation was reported in 23 patients (1.2%), most commonly for unresolving intra-abdominal collections and failed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography to control bile leak. Long-term follow-up was reported in 30 studies, the median follow-up duration being 22 months. Late morbidity included incisional hernias (6%), symptomatic gallstones (4%) and common bile duct stones (2%), with 2% of cases requiring completion of cholecystectomy. CONCLUSIONS: LSTC is an acceptable alternative in patients with a "difficult" Calot's triangle.

Recognition and Surgical Management of Aberrant Right Hepatic Duct Originating From the Cystic Duct.

An aberrant right hepatic duct is a rare congenital anomaly of the biliary system. Failure to recognize these anomalies can result in serious complications. In this case, we present a patient who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for chronic cholecystitis. Post-operatively she developed a bile leak for which she underwent reoperation. On re-exploration, she was discovered to have a cystic stump leak and a rare Hisatsugu type V anatomic anomaly of the right hepatic duct originating from the cystic duct. She was subsequently managed with oversewing of the cystic duct stump and drainage. This case demonstrates the importance of recognizing these rare anomalies and the challenges of management in a rural, resource-limited setting.

High-grade dysplasia of the cystic duct margin: how should this be managed?

High-grade dysplasia (HGD) in the cystic duct is a rare epithelial lesion that may lead to biliary tract malignancy. Due to its association with aggressive multifocal cholangiocarcinoma, it is important to investigate for concurrent malignancy, remove all areas of HGD and monitor for recurrence or metastasis.We present a case of a woman in her 60s with cholecystitis who underwent a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. On histopathology, the patient was found to have incidental HGD involving the cystic duct margin. After ensuring the absence of concurrent malignancy on cross-sectional imaging, she underwent further resection until the margins were clear of dysplasia. In the absence of clear follow-up guidelines, the patient was closely monitored with outpatient scans for up to 5 years.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the cystic duct: A case report and literature review.

RATIONALE: Pure squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the gallbladder is a rare malignant biliary tract tumor predominantly found in the body and neck of the gallbladder. However, its occurrence in the cystic duct is even rarer. Given its rarity, no established guidelines or consensus currently exist regarding the treatment of pure SCC of the gallbladder. We report an unusual case of SCC originating from the cystic duct with the intent of providing insights into the therapeutic approach for this type of malignancy. PATIENT CONCERNS: A male patient presented to our hospital with acute cholecystitis. Unexpectedly, imaging revealed gallbladder malignancy. DIAGNOSES: Pathologic examination after surgery confirmed SCC of the cystic duct. INTERVENTIONS: Despite elevated bilirubin levels, we were able to exclude hilar involvement, enabling radical tumor resection. Intraoperatively, we discovered that the tumor was located in the cystic duct, a site associated with a high likelihood of invasion into neighboring organs. The tumor demonstrated a predominantly exophytic growth pattern, which prompted us to refrain from extending the resection range, thereby striking a balance between complete tumor removal and surgical trauma. We performed liver wedge resection only to ensure a negative resection margin while preserving the anatomical structure to the greatest extent possible. Postoperative recovery was rapid and uncomplicated. Pathological examination confirmed pure SCC, which led us to initiate a regimen of nab-paclitaxel and cisplatin, which is known to be effective in other organ SCCs. Remarkably, the patient experienced a rare and severe posttreatment cardiovascular event. Consequently, we switched the patient to a chemotherapy regimen of gemcitabine and cisplatin, which ultimately yielded positive clinical outcomes. OUTCOMES: no evidence of tumor recurrence was observed within 1 year after surgery. LESSONS: The diagnosis and therapeutic strategy for rare tumors such as gallbladder SCC should be meticulously tailored based on their unique characteristics to optimize postoperative patient outcomes.

Peri-Hilar Cystic Lymphangioma Mimicking a Biliary Cystic Lesion Causing Biliary Obstruction: A Case Report and Literature Review.

BACKGROUND Lymphangiomas are rare and benign malformations of the lymphatic system. The presentation of intra-abdominal lymphangiomas, especially from within the hepatoduodenal ligament, is rare in the adult population. In this report, we examine a lymphangioma within the hepatoduodenal ligament resulting in biliary obstruction. CASE REPORT A 62-year-old man with surgical history of cholecystectomy presented to the hepatobiliary clinic for a peri-hilar cystic lesion identified on surveillance magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The patient's MRI revealed a 5.5-cm cystic lesion at the peri-hilar region, likely arising from the biliary tree, which had been increasing in size and causing biliary dilatation. The patient underwent an endoscopic ultrasound, showing a 4.3×2.2 cm cystic structure likley arising from the cystic duct stump with internal septation. An endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was performed and demonstrated no communication between the biliary tree and the cystic lesion. Given the uncertain etiology of the lesion and its obstructive nature, the patient was moved to the operating room for a complete excision. A well-encapsulated cystic lesion was identified between the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct, which did not communicate with the biliary tree. Pathology confirmed the diagnosis of lymphangioma with features of vascular channel proliferation in the background of fibrotic stroma and lymphoid aggregates. The vascular channel proliferation demonstrated positive immunohistochemical staining for D2-40. At 3-year follow-up, there was no evidence of post-resection recurrence. CONCLUSIONS This case represents an acquired lymphangioma occurring as a sequela of cholecystectomy, likely caused by interruption of the lymphatic drainage system secondary to surgical manipulation.

Long-Term Feasibility of Rescue Reconstruction for Isolated Bile Ducts With Using Cystic Duct in Living Donor Liver Transplantation.

BACKGROUND: The isolated bile duct is sometimes observed in the right liver graft of living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). Even though, as a rescue option, it is known to use the recipient's cystic duct (CyD) for duct-to-duct anastomosis, the long-term feasibility of rescue duct-to-CyD (D-CyD) anastomosis remains unclear. METHODS: We prospectively collected data in the right liver-LDLT cohort and compared rescue D-CyD anastomosis (n = 4) with standard duct-to-hepatic duct (D-HD, n = 45) anastomosis (D-CyD group, n = 4). RESULTS: The observation period was over 5 years (range, 68-171 mo) after LDLT. The D-CyD group included the following anastomosis procedures: anastomosis between the intrahepatic bile duct of the graft and the CyD of the recipient and anastomosis between the posterior HD and the CyD. Surgical outcomes between the 2 groups are similar, excluding the time for the biliary reconstruction (D-CyD, 116 ± 13 min vs D-HD, 57 ± 3 min). During the period, one recipient in the D-CyD group exhibited postoperative biliary stricture and biliary stone, and 6 recipients underwent those complications in the D-HD group (D-CyD, 25.0% vs D-HD, 13.3%) All recipients in the D-CyD group are presently alive and have not experienced liver dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that rescue D-CyD anastomosis for an isolated bile duct in a right liver LDLT is acceptable as a life-saving option in terms of long-term feasibility.

The impact of cystic duct tube on the onset time of postoperative bile leakage after hepatectomy: A propensity score-matched analysis.

BACKGROUND: The cystic duct tube (C-tube) was used to reduce bile leakage (BL) incidence after hepatectomy. Nevertheless, delayed BL is sometimes experienced even using C-tube. This study investigates the impact of C-tube use on the onset time of post-hepatectomy BL. METHODS: Data from 455 consecutive patients who underwent hepatectomy without biliary reconstruction between November 2007 and July 2020 were analyzed retrospectively. A C-tube was used for intraoperative biliary injury or in consideration of BL risk. BL was divided into two groups according to the postoperative onset time: early onset and late onset. To assess the association between C-tube use and BL, propensity score matching in a 1:1 ratio was performed to match BL risk factors between the C-tube and no-C-tube groups. RESULTS: BL occurred in 30 (6.6%) of the 455 included patients. C-tubes were used in 51 patients (11.2%) with open hepatectomy, high-risk hepatectomy, massive blood loss, long operation time, or prophylactic drain placement. After propensity score matching, BL occurred in 17 of 102 patients (16.7%). Early-onset BL occurred significantly less frequently in the C-tube group than in the no-C-tube group (3.9% vs. 15.7%, p = 0.046); however, late-onset BL was more common in the C-tube group (9.8% vs. 3.9%, p = 0.24). Six of seven patients (85.7%) with BL with C-tube use developed BL after C-tube removal. CONCLUSION: C-tube drainage may reduce early-onset BL in cases having risk factors for BL. Conversely, since late-onset BL often occurs after C-tube removal, attention should be paid to those cases.