Characterization of exosome-like vesicles derived from Taenia pisiformis cysticercus and their immunoregulatory role on macrophages.

BACKGROUND: Taenia pisiformis is one of the most common intestinal parasites in canines, and leads to serious economic losses in the rabbit breeding industry. Exosome-like vesicles from parasites play crucial roles in host-parasite interactions by transferring cargo from parasites to host cells and by modulating host immunological response through inducing production of host-derived cytokines. Nevertheless, the mechanism by which exosome-like vesicles from T. pisiformis cysticercus regulate the macrophage immune response remains unknown. METHODS: Using ultracentrifugation, we isolated exosome-like vesicles from excretory/secretory products (ESP) of T. pisiformis cysticercus. The morphology and size of purified vesicles were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). The components of proteins and miRNAs within these vesicles were identified by proteomic analysis and high-throughput small RNA sequencing. The biological function of targets of exosomal miRNAs was predicted by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. Moreover, the expression of Th1- and Th2-type immune response associated cytokines in RAW264.7 macrophages were evaluated by qPCR and ELISA. We found that exosome-like vesicles were typical cup-shaped vesicles with diameters from 30 to 150 nm. A total of 87 proteins were identified by proteomic analysis, including proteins prominently associated with exosome-like vesicles biogenesis and vesicle trafficking. 41 known miRNAs and 18 novel miRNAs were identified in the exosome-like vesicles. Eleven selected miRNAs, including 7 known miRNAs (miR-71-5p, miR-10a-5p, miR-let-7-5p, miR-745-3p, miR-219-5p, miR-124-3p and miR-4989-3p) and 4 novel miRNAs (novel-mir-3, novel-mir-7, novel-mir-8 and novel-mir-11) were validated to exist in metacestiodes and exosome-like vesicles of T. pisiformis cysticercus by qPCR. The functions of most targets of exosomal miRNAs were mainly associated with signal transduction and the immune system. Additionally, T. pisiformis cysticercus-derived vesicles induced the production of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13 and Arg-1, but downregulated the expression of IL-12, IFN-γ and iNOS in RAW264.7 macrophages. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that proteins and miRNAs enclosed within exosome-like vesicles from T. pisiformis cysticercus have immunomodulatory functions. Furthermore, exosome-like vesicles were shown to induce the macrophage Th2-type immune response in vitro. Our study suggests that exosome-like vesicles play an important role in the interaction between cysticerci and their hosts.

The economic impact of pig-associated parasitic zoonosis in Northern Lao PDR.

The parasitic zoonoses human cysticercosis (Taenia solium), taeniasis (other Taenia species) and trichinellosis (Trichinella species) are endemic in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). This study was designed to quantify the economic burden pig-associated zoonotic disease pose in Lao PDR. In particular, the analysis included estimation of the losses in the pork industry as well as losses due to human illness and lost productivity. A Markov-probability based decision-tree model was chosen to form the basis of the calculations to estimate the economic and public health impacts of taeniasis, trichinellosis and cysticercosis. Two different decision trees were run simultaneously on the model's human cohort. A third decision tree simulated the potential impacts on pig production. The human capital method was used to estimate productivity loss. The results found varied significantly depending on the rate of hospitalisation due to neurocysticerosis. This study is the first systematic estimate of the economic impact of pig-associated zoonotic diseases in Lao PDR that demonstrates the significance of the diseases in that country.

Prevalência de neurocisticercose em pacientes atendidos no setor de neurologia do Hospital Universitário Regional de Maringá, Estado do Paraná, Brasil / Neurocysticercosis prevalence in patients assisted at the neurology sector of the Hospital Universitário Regional de Maringá, state of Paraná, Brazil

Com o objetivo de estimar a prevalência de neurocisticercose, livros de registro de pacientes internados e ambulatoriais atendidos no setor de neurologia do Hospital Universitário Regional de Maringá, Estado do Paraná, no período de janeiro de 2000 a junho de 2003, foram analisados. Dos 1.713 atendimentos realizados, observaram-se 13 (0,8%) pacientes com diagnóstico de neurocisticercose. Em quatro pacientes o diagnóstico foi estabelecido no período de estudo; nos demais, entre os anos de 1993 e 1999. Com relação ao sexo, a prevalência de neurocisticercose foi de 0,8% no sexo masculino e 0,7% no sexo feminino. Quanto ? idade, a prevalência foi maior na faixa etária de 11 a 30 anos (1,3%) e acima dos 50 anos (1,2%). Dos municípios que tiveram casos de neurocisticercose, os de Ângulo, Marialva, Floresta e Mandaguaçu apresentaram as maiores prevalências. Manifestações epilépticas e cefaléia foram as principais queixas dos pacientes diagnosticados. A observação de um caso com a forma ativa e um com a forma transicional, entre os quatro diagnosticados no período analisado, indica que a infecção continua ativa em nosso meio, merecendo das autoridades sanitárias constante vigilância.

Register books of ambulatory patients and of the ones in hospital, assisted at the neurology sector of the Hospital Universitário Regional de Maringá, State of Paraná, from January, 2000 to June, 2003, were evaluated with the purpose of estimating the neurocysticercosis prevalence. Out of the 1,713 individuals attended, 13 (0.8%) patients were given the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis. In four patients, such a diagnosis was established during the study period, and the others were evaluated from 1993 to 1999. Concerning sex, the prevalence of neurocysticercosis was of 0.8% in males and 0.7% in females. As for age, the prevalence was greater in 11-30-year-old patients (1.3%) and in individuals who were above 50 years old (1.2%). With respect to the municipal districts that presented cases of neurocysticercosis, Ângulo, Marialva, Floresta and Mandaguaçu showed the greatest prevalence. Epileptic crises and headaches were the main complaint of the diagnosed patients. The observation of one active case and of a transitional one, among the four cases diagnosed in the study period, indicates that the infection is still active in our environment and that it deserves a constant vigilance from the sanitary authorities.

Prevalência de cisticercose em bovinos abatidos em matadouro-frigorífico sob inspeção federal em Minas Gerais / Measles prevalence in cattle slaughtered under sanitary inspection in Minas Gerais

Com o objetivo de pesquisar a prevalência de cisticercose foram estudados 402.177 bovinos, abatidos em matadouro-frigorífico sob inspeção federal, situado no triângulo mineiro/MG, durante os anos de 2000 a 2003. A prevalência encontrada foide 4,60 por cento, sendo a maior de 6,27 por cento no ano de 2001, e a menor, de 2,73 por cento, em 2003. A ocorrência de cisticercos degenerados(2,70 por cento) sobrepujou a de cisticercos viáveis (1,90 por cento), com exceção do ano de 2000 (2,97 por cento). Os cisticercos encontrados aolongo dos anos estavam distribuídos em maior quantidade na cabeça (55,51 por cento), seguida do coração (42,70 por cento), língua (1,10 por cento)e carcaça (0,69 por cento). Houve variação sazonal relacionada com a freqüência de animais infectados com C. bovis. Considerando-se a alta freqüência de cisticercose em nosso meio e os prejuízos relacionados com a saúde pública e o comércio de carnes,fica claro que esta zoonose é um problema grave que não pode ser desconsiderado pelo segmento político-social do país,necessitando de medidas efetivas de controle e erradicação.

Between 2000 and 2003, 402.177 slaughtered bovines from an abattoir in Minas Gerais, under sanitary inspection, wereexamined to research measles prevalence. The prevalence was 4.60 percent, being greater in 2001 (6.27 percent) and smaller in 2003(2.73 percent). The degenerate condition was predominant (2.70 percent), except for the year 2000 (2.97 percent). The cisticerci was distributed inhead (55.51 percent), heart (42.70 percent), tongue (1.10 percent) and carcass (0.69 percent). There was sazonal variation in infected animals. Due tohigh measles prevalence and the public health hazards and beef trade, it’s clear that this zoonosis it´s a concern problem thatcan´t be denay by politic-social segment and requires efective control and erradication methods.

Experimental studies on small hooks preceding large hooks in the growth and development of Taenia solium metacestodes.

In the present study, we have determined the growth and development pattern of rostellar hooklets of Taenia solium cysticerci (Zhengzhou and Harbin strains) in three pigs (1 SEM and 2 L-SEM strains) 89-196 days post experimental infection. A total of 3,675 cysticerci were collected from 3 pigs, 3,007 (82%) of 3,675 cysticerci were evaginated by enzyme method. 439 (15%) evaginated cysticerci were carefully examined and measured after dehydration, staining, and mounting on microscopic slides. Among 439 cysticerci, 234 (53%) had pair rostellar hooks, 88 (20%) with unpair hooks, 60 (14%) only small (outer row) hooks, and 57 (13%) no hooks including 34 hooks were completely dropped and 23 no hooks developed. The number ranged from 10 to 17 pairs for pair hooks and 1 to 29 for unpair ones. The length and width of rostallar hooks on the scolex of cysticerci were usually larger in the pig with longer infection time. Moreover, cysticerci with pair and unpair rostellar hooks had only small hooks and no hooks were present on their scolices. However, cysticerci with only large (inner row) hooks were not found. These findings indicate that the growth and development of small hooks precedes that of the large hooks in the formation of the two-row pattern rostellar hook in Cysticercus cellulosae.

Epidemiologia da teníase/cisticercose por Taenia solium e Taenia saginata / Epidemiology of teniasis/cysticercosis by Taenia solium and Taenia saginata

No presente artigo, os autores fazem uma revisäo dos aspectos epidemiológicos da teníase e cisticercose. A cisticercose é produzida pelo desenvolvimento da forma larval da Taenia, o Cysticercus, nos tecidos, sendo transmitida pela ingestäo de ovos de Taenia. A cisticercose humana e animal säo consideradas um grande problema sócio-econônico em muitos países. É considerada uma zoonose endêmica, estando distribuída nos países em desenvolvimento, especialmente nas áreas rurais. A invasäo da larva no sistema nervoso central em humanos constitui uma séria complicaçäo. A cisticercose é um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública dos países em desenvolvimento e a neurocisticercose é considerada a doença parasitária mais comum do sistema nervoso humano. A conservaçäo da carne em temperatura inferior a -15§ durante seis dias, sua cocçäo adequada, além da inspeçäo sanitária das carnes e o diagnóstico e tratamento da teníase humana em áreas endêmicas constituem as principais medidas de controle.

Neurocisticercosis en fase granulomatosa: presentación de un caso / A case report of glanulomatous-phase neurocysticercosis

El 13 de diciembre de 1997 acudió al servicio de urgencias del Hospital Mocel una paciente femenina de 27 años de edad con historia de cefalea de seis meses de evolución. Había sido diagnosticada en otro hospital con neurocisticercosis y tratada médicamente en forma muy irregular. Dos días antes de su ingreso presentó síndrome cráneo-hipertensivo con deterioro del estado de conciencia, hemiparesia derecha y síndrome de babinski bilateral de predominio derecho. Se le practicó una tomografía de cráneo urgente que demostró lesión anular con centro hipodenso, punto pericentral y bordes de hiperdensidad mayor, localizado en la porción anterior del lóbulo frontal izquierdo, hasta la convexidad, compresión del cuerno frontal, gran edema perilesional e importante efecto de masa, motivo por el cual fue sometida a una operación quirúrgica de urgencia

Impairment of the inflammatory reaction on implanted Taenia solium metacestodes in mice by a T. solium RNA-peptide: a scanning electron microscopy study.

Inhibition of inflammation by a Taenia solium RNA-peptide (metacestode factor, MF) was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Viable (96%) T. solium metacestodes obtained from a naturally infected pig were dissected and implanted in treated and control mice, removed at 6 and 12 days postimplantation (p.i.), and studied by SEM. At day 6, metacestodes in control mice showed vigorous inflammation, whereas in mice treated with MF they were apparently intact with exiguous inflammation. Mice immunized with T. solium metacestode antigens showed a moderate inflammation; those treated with both MF and T. solium antigens presented scanty inflammation. At day 12, metacestodes presented copious inflammation and severe damage to the sucker tissues in mice immunized with T. solium; in mice treated with either MF or MF and T. solium antigens there was only discrete inflammation. These observations illustrate the central role of MF in the inhibition of the early events leading to the parasite's destruction by means of an inflammatory response.