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1.
J Endocrinol Invest ; 43(6): 703-716, 2020 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31853887

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of indeterminate lesions of the thyroid is a challenge in cytopathology practice. Indeed, up to 30% of cases lack the morphological features needed to provide definitive classification. Molecular tests have been developed to assist in the diagnosis of these indeterminate cases. The first studies dealing with the preoperative molecular evaluation of FNA samples focused on the analysis of BRAFV600E or on the combined evaluation of two or three genetic alterations. The sensitivity of molecular testing was then improved through the introduction of gene panels, which became available for clinical use in the late 2000s. Two different categories of molecular tests have been developed, the 'rule-out' methods, which aim to reduce the avoidable treatment of benign nodules, and the 'rule-in' tests that have the purpose to optimize surgical management. The genetic evaluation of indeterminate thyroid nodules is predicted to improve patient care, particularly if molecular tests are used appropriately and with the awareness of their advantages and weaknesses. The main disadvantage of these tests is the cost, which makes them rarely used in Europe. To overcome this limitation, customized panels have been set up, which are able to detect the most frequent genetic alterations of thyroid cancer. CONCLUSIONS: In the present review, the most recent available versions of commercial molecular tests and of custom, non-commercial panels are described. Their characteristics and accuracy in the differential diagnosis of indeterminate nodules, namely Bethesda classes III (Atypical follicular lesion of undetermined significance, AUS/FLUS) and IV (Suspicious for follicular neoplasm, FN/SFN) are fully analyzed and discussed.


Subject(s)
Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/classification , Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/methods , Thyroid Nodule/classification , Thyroid Nodule/diagnosis , Cytological Techniques/classification , Cytological Techniques/methods , Diagnosis, Differential , Humans , Thyroid Nodule/genetics
2.
Cytopathology ; 23(6): 353-9, 2012 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23173804

ABSTRACT

The provision of guidance on cytology reporting and evaluation, first outlined in 1995 with the publication of Achievable Standards, Benchmarks for Reporting, and Criteria for Evaluating Cervical Cytopathology (ABC), and subsequently revised and expanded in a second edition in 2000, has been pivotal to the success of the National Health Service Cervical Screening Programme (NHSCSP), ensuring that standards are upheld, and that rigorous evaluation and quality assurance take place. In the last decade, major changes to the NHSCSP, notably the adoption of revised age ranges and screening intervals for all women in England, implementation of liquid-based cytology and, most recently, the decision to introduce high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) testing for triage of low-grade and borderline (equivalent to 'atypical') cytological abnormalities and test of cure after treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) determined that an updated version of ABC was required. The third edition of ABC recommends adoption, with minor modification, of the revised British Society for Clinical Cytology terminology and provides guidance on the management of abnormal cytology results linked to this terminology taking account of HR-HPV testing. To accommodate these changes, expanded result codes, which are electronic codes used to transfer management information to central computers for follow-up, call and recall of individual women, have been developed. Further guidance on specimen adequacy is also provided. Revised performance indicators are described and explained in a separate article by R. Blanks in this issue of Cytopathology. All the changes in ABC3 are designed to support the mission statement of the NHSCSP that 'the objective of cervical screening is to reduce cervical cancer incidence and mortality by screening with a high sensitivity for the detection of CIN2 or worse, whilst maintaining a high specificity'.


Subject(s)
Cervix Uteri/pathology , Cytological Techniques/classification , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Terminology as Topic , England , Female , Humans , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/diagnosis , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/pathology
3.
Pol Merkur Lekarski ; 18(104): 173-5, 2005 Feb.
Article in Polish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17877124

ABSTRACT

Asymptomatic erythrocyturia is an early symptom of urinary tracts and kidney diseases, including bladder carcinoma. The aim of the research was to compare the diagnostic validity of the cytological urine analysis and the DNA flow cytometry in detecting cancer cells in urine and bladder washings, taken from patients with asymptomatic erythrocyturia, as an early symptom of the bladder carcinoma in situ. The research was conducted on a group of 48 patients (32 male, 16 female, aged 28-55) with asymptomatic erythrocyturia, caused, in 16 cases, by bladder carcinoma in situ, in 18 cases, by bladder carcinoma in situ with urinary tracts infection, and in 14 cases, by the infection alone. Flow cytomery showed a higher sensitivity and a higher negative prediction value in detecting cancer cells in bladder washings. Flow cytometry analysis of DNA and phase S is used for detecting early disturbances in the cell cycle which result in aneuploidia, which is impossible to detect in cytological analysis. However peculiarity and positive prediction value were the same (100%) in both methods. On the basis of the research it has been proved that asymptomatic erythrocyturia classifies patients for further, in-depth diagnostic examination for the presence of bladder carcinoma in situ. Furthermore, morning urine and bladder washings analysis, which are non-intrusive tests, are an outstanding diagnostic material for screening for this disease. Detecting aneuploidia with flow cytometry can be an early-detection screening test for bladder carcinoma, while the cytological tests should still be used for confirming the diagnosis.


Subject(s)
Carcinoma in Situ/pathology , Carcinoma in Situ/urine , Carcinoma/pathology , Carcinoma/urine , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/urine , Adult , Aneuploidy , Carcinoma/genetics , Carcinoma in Situ/genetics , Cytological Techniques/classification , Early Diagnosis , Erythrocytes/cytology , Feasibility Studies , Female , Flow Cytometry/classification , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Ploidies , Predictive Value of Tests , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and Specificity , Therapeutic Irrigation , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/genetics , Urine/cytology
4.
Fontilles, Rev. leprol ; 23(3): 241-249, Sep.-Dic. 2001. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | Sec. Est. Saúde SP, HANSEN, Hanseníase Leprosy, SESSP-ILSLACERVO, Sec. Est. Saúde SP | ID: biblio-1225859

ABSTRACT

La lepra es, sobre todo, una enfermedad de los nervios periféricos y se requiere una técnica más sencilla que a biopsia neural para evaluar el compromiso neural, especialmente en lepra neurítica pura (PN). Este trabajo fue diseñado para evaluar el papel de la FNAC en el diagnóstico y clasificación de la lepra. Se efectuó un estudio prospectivo en 25 pacientes con lepra clínicamente activa y al menos un nervio periférico sensitivo engrosado. Los aspirados neurales se evalúan por May-Grunwald-Giemsa y tinción Fite. Se realizan tests de la lepromina, frotis cutáneos (SSS), y biopsias cutáneas (excepto en casos PN) y biopsias neurales y con FNAC. El FNAC neural en 23 casos (92%) proporciona aspirados y se comparan con valor diagnóstico. Basados en estos resultados, se desarrolló un criterio citológico para la interpretación de aspirados neurales y los casos se clasifican como paucibacilares (18), BB(2), LL(1) y no-diagnósticos (2). Todos los casos PN en lepra son comparables con la patología neural y el criterio citológico propuesto puede ser útil en la clasificación de los aspirados neurales.


Subject(s)
Leprosy , Leprosy/drug therapy , Cytological Techniques/classification , Cytological Techniques/methods
6.
Rev. esp. patol ; 34(1): 25-31, ene. 2001. ilus, tab
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-7880

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La citología es la técnica diagnóstica más eficaz para detectar lesiones precancerosas de cérvix; sin embargo, la presencia de errores en el screening citológico sugiere emplear distintos controles de calidad en nuestros laboratorios. Material y métodos: Tres citotécnicos y un patólogo revisamos 48 citologías cervicovaginales con diagnóstico de displasia en la citología que no fue confirmado en la biopsia. Resultados: En la mayoría de los casos el diagnóstico (citología y biopsia) se confirmó en la revisión. Las discrepancias diagnósticas se atribuyeron a los siguientes tipos de errores: de muestro (56 por ciento), de interpretación (21 por ciento), de screening (15 por ciento), y una combinación de error de muestreo y de interpretación (8 por ciento).Conclusiones: La correlación interobservador es mayor en la lesión intraepitelial escamosa de alto grado (HSIL) que en la lesión intraepitelial escamosa de bajo grado (LSIL), y el error de muestreo fue el más frecuente. Este último resultado sugiere que en estos casos la citología puede ser más representativa que la biopsia (AU)


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Middle Aged , Humans , Vagina/cytology , Vagina/anatomy & histology , Vagina/pathology , Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/diagnosis , Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/etiology , Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/pathology , Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/surgery , Histocytological Preparation Techniques/classification , Histocytological Preparation Techniques , Cytological Techniques/classification , Cytological Techniques , Biopsy/methods , 31574/diagnosis , 31574/pathology , Vaginal Smears/methods , Vaginal Smears , Cytodiagnosis/methods , Vaginal Neoplasms/diagnosis , Vaginal Neoplasms/etiology , Vaginal Neoplasms/pathology , Vaginal Neoplasms/ultrastructure , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/diagnosis , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/surgery , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/pathology , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/etiology , Neoplasms, Squamous Cell/diagnosis , Neoplasms, Squamous Cell/pathology , Retrospective Studies , Quality Control , Sampling Studies , Diagnostic Errors , False Positive Reactions , False Negative Reactions , Genitalia, Female/pathology , Genitalia, Female/cytology
7.
Rev. Fac. Odontol. Bauru ; 6(1): 67-70, jan.-mar. 1998. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BBO - Dentistry | ID: lil-230051

ABSTRACT

Os autores apresentam com o intuito de divulgaçäo, um método para se estimar o grau de precisäo na avaliaçäo morfométrica do número absoluto de células em um orgäo. Este método permitirá ao pesquisador durante a fase de planejamento do projeto de pesquisa, calcular à partir de contagens iniciais, o tamanho da amostra (número total de campos histológicos) necessário para se trabalhar com um nível pré-estabelecido de erro nas avaliaçöes. Este fato é muito importante porque, às vezes, dependendo do objetivo do trabalho, um grau muito alto de precisäo pode näo ser necessário, nesse caso, estabelecendo-se um coeficiente de variaçäo aceitável, ocorrerá um enorme ganho no consumo de tempo


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Mice , Cell Count/methods , Submandibular Gland/cytology , Research Design/standards , Sampling Studies , Cytological Techniques/classification , Cytological Techniques/standards , Histological Techniques/standards
8.
In. Palomo González, Iván; Ferreira Vigoroux, Arturo; Sepúlveda Carvajal, Cecilia; Rosemblatt Silber, Mario; Vergara Castillo, Ulises. Fundamentos de inmunología. Talca, Universidad de Talca, 1998. p.569-91, ilus.
Monography in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-284827
9.
Gac. méd. Méx ; 132(5): 489-92, sept.-oct. 1996. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-202940

ABSTRACT

Por medio de video-microscopía de contraste acentuado electrónicamente, se consiguió el primer análisis cinemático de la descarga del filamento polar y el esporoplasma por esporas de un microsporidio. La estimulación in vitro de esporas de Nosema algerea, un parásito de los mosquitos, provoca la salida explosiva del filamento polar con una velocidad instantánea máxima de 105 µm/s en promedio, seguida por la expulsión del esporoplasma en el extremo del filamento luego de un lapso variable con un máximo de 500 ms. La descarga total se completa en menores de 2 s. La morfología de la parte del filamento ya descargada en cada instante no cambia durante la salida, lo que sugiere que el alargamiento ocurre tan solo en el extremo distal, conforma a la opinión de que el filamento es extruido por eversión. Por lo común, la longitud del filamento disminuye entre 5 y un 10 por ciento después de la expulsión del esporoplasma, lo que indica elasticidad del material constitutivo y presurización interna durante el proceso. Una vez liberado el esporoplasma aumenta de volumen, como es de esperar de una alta presión osmótica residual que, de acuerdo con la hipótesis prevaleciente, es ocasionada por la estimulación. Los resultados apoyan el modelo de que las esporas de los microsporidios germinan cuando el estímulo causa un aumento de presión osmótica interna, que a su vez determina un influjo de agua de manera que la presión hidrostática se eleva y finalmente rompe la tapa polar de la espora, por donde son entonces expulsados el filamento y enseguida el esporoplasma.


Subject(s)
Culicidae/parasitology , Eukaryota/physiology , In Vitro Techniques , Insecta/parasitology , Microscopy, Electron/methods , Microsporida/pathogenicity , Nosema/physiology , Cytological Techniques/classification , Videotape Recording
10.
Arq. bras. oftalmol ; 57(2): 80-3, abr. 1994. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-134122

ABSTRACT

Para avaliar a eficácia e a confiabilidade da citologia esfoliativa, para lesöes conjuntivais, foram estudadas 65 lesöes. A colheita do material foi realizada, utilizando-se a espátula de Kimura e raspando-se as lesöes, após instilaçäo de colírio anestésico. As mesmas lesöes foram, em seguida, submetidas à exerese. As lâminas do exame citológico foram coradas pela técnica de Papanicolaou, modificada por Masson. O exame histológico utilizou sempre o método da hematoxilina-eosina. Entre as 35 lesöes que apresentaram diagnóstico citológico de benignidade, 32 foram confirmadas pelo exame histológico, enquanto uma foi diagnosticada como lesäo maligna e as duas restantes, como lesöes pré-neoplásicas. Nos 10 casos de citologia indicativa de malignidade houve confirmaçäo histológica. Em 18 casos houve diagnóstico citológico de suspeita de malignidade; o exame histopatológico nesses pacientes revelou dois casos de diagnóstico benigno, nove de lesäo pré-neoplásica e sete de lesäo maligna. A sensibilidade do teste foi de 90 por cento, a especificidade de 94 por cento, o valor preditivo positivo de 93 por cento e o valor preditivo negativo de 95 por cento. O método citológico pode ser considerado um método simples, de baixo custo, eficaz e confiável como auxílio diagnóstico de lesöes tumorais da conjuntiva


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Conjunctival Neoplasms/diagnosis , Cytological Techniques/classification
12.
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