ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine classification criteria for cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis. DESIGN: Machine learning of cases with CMV retinitis and 4 other infectious posterior/ panuveitides. METHODS: Cases of infectious posterior/panuveitides were collected in an informatics-designed preliminary database, and a final database was constructed of cases achieving supermajority agreement on diagnosis using formal consensus techniques. Cases were split into a training set and a validation set. Machine learning using multinomial logistic regression was used in the training set to determine a parsimonious set of criteria that minimized the misclassification rate among the infectious posterior/panuveitides. The resulting criteria were evaluated in the validation set. RESULTS: A total of 803 cases of infectious posterior/panuveitides, including 211 cases of CMV retinitis, were evaluated by machine learning. Key criteria for CMV retinitis included: 1) necrotizing retinitis with indistinct borders due to numerous small satellites; 2) evidence of immune compromise; and either 3) a characteristic clinical appearance, or 4) positive polymerase chain reaction assay results for CMV from an intraocular specimen. Characteristic appearances for CMV retinitis included: 1) wedge-shaped area of retinitis; 2) hemorrhagic retinitis; or 3) granular retinitis. Overall accuracy for infectious posterior/panuveitides was 92.1% in the training set and 93.3% (95% confidence interval: 88.2-96.3) in the validation set. The misclassification rates for CMV retinitis were 6.9% in the training set and 6.3% in the validation set. CONCLUSIONS: The criteria for CMV retinitis had a low misclassification rate and appeared to perform sufficiently well for use in clinical and translational research.
Subject(s)
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis/classification , Cytomegalovirus/isolation & purification , Eye Infections, Viral/classification , Machine Learning , Adult , Cytomegalovirus/genetics , Cytomegalovirus Retinitis/virology , DNA, Viral/analysis , Eye Infections, Viral/virology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To determine the feasibility of remote diagnostic screening for cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis among HIV patients in northern Thailand. DESIGN: Prospective, observational cross-sectional study. METHODS: One hundred eighty-two eyes from 94 consecutive patients with HIV seen in 2008 and 2009 at a tertiary university-based medical center were photographed using a digital retinal camera. Individual and composite images were uploaded to a secure web site. Three expert graders accessed the electronic images and graded each image for signs of CMV retinitis. Results of remote expert grading were compared with on-site patient examination by local expert ophthalmologists. RESULTS: On-site ophthalmologists diagnosed CMV retinitis in 89 (48.9%) of 182 eyes. Trained ophthalmic photographers obtained digital retinal images for all 182 eyes. As compared with the on-site examinations, the sensitivity for detecting CMV retinitis by remote readers using composite retinal images ranged from 89% to 91%. The specificity for detecting CMV retinitis by remote readers ranged from 85% to 88%. Intrarater reliability was high, with each grader achieving a κ value of 0.93. Interrater reliability among the 3 graders also was high, with a κ value of 0.86. CONCLUSIONS: Remote diagnostic screening for CMV retinitis among HIV-positive patients may prove to be a valuable tool in countries where the burden of HIV exceeds the capacity of the local eye care providers to screen for ocular opportunistic infections.
Subject(s)
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis/diagnosis , Ophthalmology/standards , Remote Consultation/standards , Adult , Cross-Sectional Studies , Cytomegalovirus Retinitis/classification , Feasibility Studies , Female , HIV Seropositivity/complications , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Predictive Value of Tests , Prospective Studies , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and Specificity , ThailandABSTRACT
An open prospective trial of combined ganciclovir and foscarnet therapy for 3 weeks was initiated in 14 episodes of severe CMV-disease in 13 HIV-infected patients (all CDC class IV, age 30-42, median 34 years, CD4+ cell count 0-80, median 10/microliters). In seven episodes of gastrointestinal disease (five colitis, two esophagitis) remission of symptoms and mucosal changes was achieved in five. In seven episodes of retinitis, scarring was achieved in six. Renal toxicity was seen in two patients, moderate hematologic toxicity in eight patients. Overall efficacy was comparable to monotherapy; no new toxicities were seen with the combination of these two drugs.
