Structural and microstructural predictors of cognitive decline in deep brain stimulation of subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The intricate relationship between deep brain stimulation (DBS) in Parkinson's disease (PD) and cognitive impairment has lately garnered substantial attention. The presented study evaluated pre-DBS structural and microstructural cerebral patterns as possible predictors of future cognitive decline in PD DBS patients. METHODS: Pre-DBS MRI data in 72 PD patients were combined with neuropsychological examinations and follow-up for an average of 2.3 years after DBS implantation procedure using a screening cognitive test validated for diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment in PD in a Czech population - Dementia Rating Scale 2. RESULTS: PD patients who would exhibit post-DBS cognitive decline were found to have, already at the pre-DBS stage, significantly lower cortical thickness and lower microstructural complexity than cognitively stable PD patients. Differences in the regions directly related to cognition as bilateral parietal, insular and cingulate cortices, but also occipital and sensorimotor cortex were detected. Furthermore, hippocampi, putamina, cerebellum and upper brainstem were implicated as well, all despite the absence of pre-DBS differences in cognitive performance and in the position of DBS leads or stimulation parameters between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that the cognitive decline in the presented PD cohort was not attributable primarily to DBS of the subthalamic nucleus but was associated with a clinically silent structural and microstructural predisposition to future cognitive deterioration present already before the DBS system implantation.

Designing next-generation subscalp devices for seizure monitoring: A systematic review and meta-analysis of established extracranial hardware.

Implantable brain recording and stimulation devices apply to a broad spectrum of conditions, such as epilepsy, movement disorders and depression. For long-term monitoring and neuromodulation in epilepsy patients, future extracranial subscalp implants may offer a promising, less-invasive alternative to intracranial neurotechnologies. To inform the design and assess the safety profile of such next-generation devices, we estimated extracranial complication rates of deep brain stimulation (DBS), cranial peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS), responsive neurostimulation (RNS) and existing subscalp EEG devices (sqEEG), as proxy for future implants. Pubmed was searched systematically for DBS, PNS, RNS and sqEEG studies from 2000 to February 2024 (48 publications, 7329 patients). We identified seven categories of extracranial adverse events: infection, non-infectious cutaneous complications, lead migration, lead fracture, hardware malfunction, pain and hemato-seroma. We used cohort sizes, demographics and industry funding as metrics to assess risks of bias. An inverse variance heterogeneity model was used for pooled and subgroup meta-analysis. The pooled incidence of extracranial complications reached 14.0%, with infections (4.6%, CI 95% [3.2 - 6.2]), surgical site pain (3.2%, [0.6 - 6.4]) and lead migration (2.6%, [1.0 - 4.4]) as leading causes. Subgroup analysis showed a particularly high incidence of persisting pain following PNS (12.0%, [6.8 - 17.9]) and sqEEG (23.9%, [12.7 - 37.2]) implantation. High rates of lead migration (12.4%, [6.4 - 19.3]) were also identified in the PNS subgroup. Complication analysis of DBS, PNS, RNS and sqEEG studies provides a significant opportunity to optimize the safety profile of future implantable subscalp devices for chronic EEG monitoring. Developing such promising technologies must address the risks of infection, surgical site pain, lead migration and skin erosion. A thin and robust design, coupled to a lead-anchoring system, shall enhance the durability and utility of next-generation subscalp implants for long-term EEG monitoring and neuromodulation.

Preventing Shift from Pneumocephalus During Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery: Don't Give Up the 'Fork in the Brain'.

Clinical vignette: We present the case of a patient who developed intra-operative pneumocephalus during left globus pallidus internus deep brain stimulation (DBS) placement for Parkinson's disease (PD). Microelectrode recording (MER) revealed that we were anterior and lateral to the intended target. Clinical dilemma: Clinically, we suspected brain shift from pneumocephalus. Removal of the guide-tube for readjustment of the brain target would have resulted in the introduction of movement resulting from brain shift and from displacement from the planned trajectory. Clinical solution: We elected to leave the guide-tube cannula in place and to pass the final DBS lead into a channel that was located posterior-medially from the center microelectrode pass. Gap in knowledge: Surgical techniques which can be employed to minimize brain shift in the operating room setting are critical for reduction in variation of the final DBS lead placement. Pneumocephalus after dural opening is one potential cause of brain shift. The recognition that the removal of a guide-tube cannula could worsen brain shift creates an opportunity for an intraoperative team to maintain the advantage of the 'fork' in the brain provided by the initial procedure's requirement of guide-tube placement.

Delayed-onset seizures after subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation surgery for Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND: Delayed-onset seizures after deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery were seldom reported. This study summarized the clinical characteristics of delayed-onset seizures after subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS surgery for Parkinson's disease (PD) and analyzed risk factors. METHODS: A single-center retrospective study containing consecutive STN-DBS PD patients from 2006 to 2021 was performed. Seizures occurred during the DBS surgery or within one month after DBS surgery were identified based on routine clinical records. Patients with postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were included to further analyze the risk factors for postoperative seizures with univariate and multivariate statistical methods. RESULTS: 341 consecutive PD patients treated with bilateral STN-DBS surgery wereidentified, and five patients experienced seizures after DBS surgery with an incidence of 1.47 %. All seizures of the five cases were characterized as delayed onset with average 12 days post-operatively. All seizures presented as generalized tonic-clonic seizures and didn't recur after the first onset. In those seizures cases, peri-electrode edema was found in both hemispheres without hemorrhage and infarction. The average diameter of peri-electrode edema of patients with seizures was larger than those without seizures (3.15 ± 1.00 cm vs 1.57 ± 1.02 cm, p = 0.005). Multivariate risk factor analysis indicated that seizures were only associated with the diameter of peri-electrode edema (OR 4.144, 95 % CI 1.269-13.530, p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: Delayed-onset seizures after STN-DBS surgery in PD patients were uncommon with an incidence of 1.47 % in this study. The seizures were transient and self-limiting, with no developing into chronic epilepsy. Peri-electrode edema was a risk factor for delayed-onset seizures after DBS surgery. Patients with an average peri-electrode edema diameter > 2.70 cm had a higher risk to develop seizures.

General anesthesia versus local anesthesia for deep brain stimulation targeting of STN in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) is a viable therapeutic for advanced Parkinson's disease. However, the efficacy and safety of STN-DBS under local anesthesia (LA) versus general anesthesia (GA) remain controversial. This meta-analysis aims to compare them using an expanded sample size. METHODS: The databases of Embase, Cochrane Library and Medline were systematically searched for eligible cohort studies published between 1967 and 2023. Clinical efficacy was assessed using either Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) section III scores or levodopa equivalent dosage requirements. Subgroup analyses were performed to assess complications (adverse effects related to stimulation, general neurological and surgical complications, and hardware-related complications). RESULTS: Fifteen studies, comprising of 13 retrospective cohort studies and 2 prospective cohort studies, involving a total of 943 patients were included in this meta-analysis. The results indicate that there were no significant differences between the 2 groups with regards to improvement in UPDRS III score or postoperative levodopa equivalent dosage requirement. However, subgroup analysis revealed that patients who underwent GA with intraoperative imaging had higher UPDRS III score improvement compared to those who received LA with microelectrode recording (MER) (P = .03). No significant difference was found in the improvement of UPDRS III scores between the GA group and LA group with MER. Additionally, there were no notable differences in the incidence rates of complications between these 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our meta-analysis indicates that STN-DBS performed under GA or LA have similar clinical outcomes and complications. Therefore, GA may be a suitable option for patients with severe symptoms who cannot tolerate the procedure under LA. Additionally, the GA group with intraoperative imaging showed better clinical outcomes than the LA group with MER. A more compelling conclusion would require larger prospective cohort studies with a substantial patient population and extended long follow-up to validate.

A retrospective, naturalistic study of deep brain stimulation and vagal nerve stimulation in young patients.

INTRODUCTION: Invasive neuromodulation interventions such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) and vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) are important treatments for movement disorders and epilepsy, but literature focused on young patients treated with DBS and VNS is limited. This retrospective study aimed to examine naturalistic outcomes of VNS and DBS treatment of epilepsy and dystonia in children, adolescents, and young adults. METHODS: We retrospectively assessed patient demographic and outcome data that were obtained from electronic health records. Two researchers used the Clinical Global Impression scale to retrospectively rate the severity of neurologic and psychiatric symptoms before and after patients underwent surgery to implant DBS electrodes or a VNS device. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to examine clinical effects. RESULTS: Data from 73 patients were evaluated. Neurologic symptoms improved for patients treated with DBS and VNS (p < .001). Patients treated with DBS did not have a change in psychiatric symptoms, whereas psychiatric symptoms worsened for patients treated with VNS (p = .008). The frequency of postoperative complications did not differ between VNS and DBS groups. CONCLUSION: Young patients may have distinct vulnerabilities for increased psychiatric symptoms during treatment with invasive neuromodulation. Child and adolescent psychiatrists should consider a more proactive approach and greater engagement with DBS and VNS teams that treat younger patients.

Differential Cognitive Effects of Unilateral Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the cognitive effects of unilateral directional versus ring subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN DBS) in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease. METHODS: We examined 31 participants who underwent unilateral STN DBS (left n = 17; right n = 14) as part of an National Institutes of Health (NIH)-sponsored randomized, double-blind, crossover study contrasting directional versus ring stimulation. All participants received unilateral DBS implants in the hemisphere more severely affected by motor parkinsonism. Measures of cognition included verbal fluency, auditory-verbal memory, and response inhibition. We used mixed linear models to contrast the effects of directional versus ring stimulation and implant hemisphere on longitudinal cognitive function. RESULTS: Crossover analyses showed no evidence for group-level changes in cognitive performance related to directional versus ring stimulation. Implant hemisphere, however, impacted cognition in several ways. Left STN participants had lower baseline verbal fluency than patients with right implants (t [20.66 = -2.50, p = 0.02]). Verbal fluency declined after left (p = 0.013) but increased after right STN DBS (p < 0.001), and response inhibition was faster following right STN DBS (p = 0.031). Regardless of hemisphere, delayed recall declined modestly over time versus baseline (p = 0.001), and immediate recall was unchanged. INTERPRETATION: Directional versus ring STN DBS did not differentially affect cognition. Similar to prior bilateral DBS studies, unilateral left stimulation worsened verbal fluency performance. In contrast, unilateral right STN surgery increased performance on verbal fluency and response inhibition tasks. Our findings raise the hypothesis that unilateral right STN DBS in selected patients with predominant right brain motor parkinsonism could mitigate declines in verbal fluency associated with the bilateral intervention. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:1205-1219.

A multicenter double-blind randomized crossover study comparing the impact of dorsal subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation versus standard care on apathy in Parkinson's disease: a study protocol.

BACKGROUND: Neuroimaging studies suggest an association between apathy after deep brain stimulation (DBS) and stimulation of the ventral part of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) due to the associative fibers connected to the non-motor limbic circuits that are involved in emotion regulation and motivation. We have previously described three patients with severe apathy that could be fully treated after switching stimulation from a ventral electrode contact point to a more dorsal contact point. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether more dorsal stimulation of the STN decreases apathy compared to standard care in a multicenter randomized controlled trial with a crossover design. METHODS: We will include 26 patients with a Starkstein Apathy Scale (SAS) score of 14 or more after subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) for refractory Parkinson's disease. This is a multicenter trial conducted in two teaching hospitals and one university medical center in the Netherlands after at least 3 months of STN DBS. Our intervention will consist of 1 month of unilateral dorsal STN stimulation compared to treatment as usual. The primary outcome is a change in SAS score following 1 month of DBS on the original contact compared to the SAS score following 1 month of DBS on the more dorsal contact. Secondary outcomes are symptom changes on the Movement Disorders Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor part III, Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale, 39-item Parkinson's disease questionnaire, Parkinson's disease impulsive-compulsive disorders questionnaire, changes in levodopa-equivalent daily dosage, apathy rated by the caregiver, and burden and quality of life of the caregiver. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NL8279. Registered on January 10, 2020.

Restless legs syndrome in the dominant Parkinson's side related to subthalamic deep-brain stimulation.

BACKGROUND: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) has an increased estimated prevalence in patients with Parkinson's disease (PS). RLS frequently mimics symptoms intrinsic to PD, such as motor restlessness, contributing to making its diagnosis challenging in this population. We report the case of a patient with new-onset RLS following subthalamic deep-brain stimulation (DBS-STN). We assessed symptoms using suggested immobilization test (SIT) with both DBS-STN activated and switched off. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 59-year-old man with idiopathic PD developed disabling RLS following DBS-STN at age 58, with PD onset at 50 manifesting as left arm tremor. Despite improved motor symptoms during the month following surgery, the patient experienced left leg discomfort at rest, transiently alleviated by movements due to an irrepressible urge to move, and worsened at night. Symptoms had no temporal relationship with oral dopa-therapy and disappeared when DBS-STN was deactivated. A 1 h SIT assessed motor behavior with irrepressible urge to move, as well as sensory symptoms by visual analog scale. After 30 m DBS-STN was switched off followed by the appearance of tremor in the left arm while both motor and sensory symptoms of RLS disappeared in the left leg. DISCUSSION: The mechanisms of DBS-STN's impact on RLS remain controversial. We hypothesize the DBS-STN to induce in our patient a hyperdopaminergic tone. DBS-induced and DBS-ameliorated RLS represent interesting conditions to further understand the pathophysiology of RLS. Moreover, the present observation suggests that SIT can be a valuable tool to assess RLS in PD patients before and after DBS-STN in future prospective studies.

Decreased brain volume may be associated with the occurrence of peri-lead edema in Parkinson's disease patients with deep brain stimulation.

BACKGROUND: Peri-lead edema (PLE) is a poorly understood complication of deep brain stimulation (DBS), which has been described in patients presenting occasionally with profound and often delayed symptoms with an incidence ranging from 0.4% up to even 100%. Therefore, our study aims to investigate the association of brain and brain compartment volumes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with the occurrence of PLE in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients after DBS implantation in subthalamic nuclei (STN). METHODS: This retrospective study included 125 consecutive PD patients who underwent STN DBS at the Department of Neurosurgery, Dubrava University Hospital from 2010 to 2022. Qualitative analysis was done on postoperative MRI T2-weighted sequence by two independent observers, marking PLE on midbrain, thalamus, and subcortical levels as mild, moderate, or severe. Quantitative volumetric analysis of brain and brain compartment volumes was conducted using an automated CIVET processing pipeline on preoperative MRI T1 MPRAGE sequences. In addition, observed PLE on individual hemispheres was delineated manually and measured using Analyze 14.0 software. RESULTS: In our cohort, PLE was observed in 32.17%, mostly bilaterally. Mild PLE was observed in the majority of patients, regardless of the level observed. Age, sex, diabetes, hypertension, vascular disease, and the use of anticoagulant/antiplatelet therapy showed no significant association with the occurrence of PLE. Total grey matter volume showed a significant association with the PLE occurrence (r = -0.22, p = 0.04), as well as cortex volume (r = -0.32, p = 0.0005). Cortical volumes of hemispheres, overall hemisphere volumes, as well as hemisphere/total intracranial volume ratio showed significant association with the PLE occurrence. Furthermore, the volume of the cortex and total grey volume represent moderate indicators, while hemisphere volumes, cortical volumes of hemispheres, and hemisphere/total intracranial volume ratio represent mild to moderate indicators of possible PLE occurrence. CONCLUSION: The results of our study suggest that the morphometric MRI measurements, as a useful tool, can provide relevant information about the structural status of the brain in patients with PD and represent moderate indicators of possible PLE occurrence. Identifying patients with greater brain atrophy, especially regarding grey matter before DBS implantation, will allow us to estimate the possible postoperative symptoms and intervene in a timely manner. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings and to investigate other potential predictors and risk factors of PLE occurrence.

Efficacy and safety of combined deep brain stimulation with capsulotomy for comorbid motor and psychiatric symptoms in Tourette's syndrome: Experience and evidence.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of combined deep brain stimulation (DBS) with capsulotomy for comorbid motor and psychiatric symptoms in patients with Tourette's syndrome (TS). METHODS: This retrospective cohort study consecutively enrolled TS patients with comorbid motor and psychiatric symptoms who were treated with combined DBS and anterior capsulotomy at our center. Longitudinal motor, psychiatric, and cognitive outcomes and quality of life were assessed. In addition, a systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to summarize the current experience with the available evidence. RESULTS: In total, 5 eligible patients in our cohort and 26 summarized patients in 6 cohorts were included. After a mean 18-month follow-up, our cohort reported that motor symptoms significantly improved by 62.4 % (P = 0.005); psychiatric symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and anxiety significantly improved by 87.7 % (P < 0.001) and 78.4 % (P = 0.009); quality of life significantly improved by 61.9 % (P = 0.011); and no significant difference was found in cognitive function (all P > 0.05). Combined surgery resulted in greater improvements in psychiatric outcomes and quality of life than DBS alone. The synthesized findings suggested significant improvements in tics (MD: 57.92, 95 % CI: 41.28-74.56, P < 0.001), OCD (MD: 21.91, 95 % CI: 18.67-25.15, P < 0.001), depression (MD: 18.32, 95 % CI: 13.26-23.38, P < 0.001), anxiety (MD: 13.83, 95 % CI: 11.90-15.76, P < 0.001), and quality of life (MD: 48.22, 95 % CI: 43.68-52.77, P < 0.001). Individual analysis revealed that the pooled treatment effects on motor symptoms, psychiatric symptoms, and quality of life were 78.6 %, 84.5-87.9 %, and 83.0 %, respectively. The overall pooled rate of adverse events was 50.0 %, and all of these adverse events were resolved or alleviated with favorable outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Combined DBS with capsulotomy is effective for relieving motor and psychiatric symptoms in TS patients, and its safety is acceptable. However, the optimal candidate should be considered, and additional experience is still necessary.

Minimizing pneumocephalus during deep brain stimulation surgery.

BACKGROUND: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery is an effective treatment for movement disorders. Introduction of intracranial air following dura opening in DBS surgery can result in targeting inaccuracy and suboptimal outcomes. We develop and evaluate a simple method to minimize pneumocephalus during DBS surgery. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data was performed on patients undergoing DBS surgery at our institution from 2014 to 2022. A total of 172 leads placed in 89 patients undergoing awake or asleep DBS surgery were analyzed. Pneumocephalus volume was compared between leads placed with PMT and leads placed with standard dural opening. (112 PMT vs. 60 OPEN). Immediate post-operative high-resolution CT scans were obtained for all leads placed, from which pneumocephalus volume was determined through a semi-automated protocol with ITK-SNAP software. Awake surgery was conducted with the head positioned at 15-30°, asleep surgery was conducted at 0°. RESULTS: PMT reduced pneumocephalus from 11.2 cm3±9.2 to 0.8 cm3±1.8 (P<0.0001) in the first hemisphere and from 7.6 cm3 ± 8.4 to 0.43 cm3 ± 0.9 (P<0.0001) in the second hemisphere. No differences in adverse events were noted between PMT and control cases. Lower rates of post-operative headache were observed in PMT group. CONCLUSION: We present and validate a simple yet efficacious technique to reduce pneumocephalus during DBS surgery.

The promise and challenges of transcranial magnetic stimulation and deep brain stimulation as therapeutic options for obsessive-compulsive disorder.

INTRODUCTION: Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) represents a complex and often difficult to treat disorder. Pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions are often associated with sub-optimal outcomes, and 40-60% of patients are resistant to first line therapies and thus left with few treatment options. OCD is underpinned by aberrant neurocircuitry within cortical, striatal, and thalamic brain networks. Considering the neurocircuitry impairments that underlie OCD symptomology, neurostimulation therapies provide an opportunity to modulate psychopathology in a personalized manner. Also, by probing pathological neural networks, enhanced understanding of disease states can be obtained. AREAS COVERED: This perspective discusses the clinical efficacy of TMS and DBS therapies, treatment access options, and considerations and challenges in managing patients. Recent scientific progress is discussed, with a focus on neurocircuitry and biopsychosocial aspects. Translational recommendations and suggestions for future research are provided. EXPERT OPINION: There is robust evidence to support TMS and DBS as an efficacious therapy for treatment resistant OCD patients supported by an excellent safety profile and favorable health economic data. Despite a great need for alternative therapies for chronic and severe OCD patients, resistance toward neurostimulation therapies from regulatory bodies and the psychiatric community remains. The authors contend for greater access to TMS and DBS for treatment resistant OCD patients at specialized sites with appropriate clinical resources, particularly considering adjunct and follow-up care. Also, connectome targeting has shown robust predictive ability of symptom improvements and holds potential in advancing personalized neurostimulation therapies.

Outcomes of Unilateral Pallidotomy in Focal and Hemidystonia Cases: A Single-Blind Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: The role of deep brain stimulation in the treatment of dystonia has been widely documented. However, there is limited literature on the outcome of lesioning surgery in unilateral dystonia. OBJECTIVE: We restrospectively reviewed our cases of focal and hemidystonia undergoing unilateral Pallidotomy at our institute to evaluate the short-term and long-term outcome. METHODS: Patients who underwent radiofrequency lesioning of GPi for unilateral dystonia between 1999 and 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. All patients were evaluated using the Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS) and Dystonia Disability Scale (DDS) preoperatively at the short term follow-up (<1 year) and at long-term follow-up (2-7.5 years). Video recordings performed at these time points were independently reviewed by a blinded movement disorders specialist. RESULTS: Eleven patients were included for analysis. The preoperative, short-term, and long-term follow-up motor BFMDRS and DDS scores were 15.5 (IQR [interquartile range]: 10.5, 23.75) and 10.5 (IQR: 6.0, 14.5); 3.0 (IQR: 1.0, 6.0, P = 0.02) and 3.0 (IQR: 3.0, 8.0, P = 0.016); and 14.25 (IQR: 4.0, 20.0, P = 0.20) and 10.5 (IQR: 2.0, 15.0, P = 0.71) respectively. For observers B, the BFMDRS scores at the same time points were 19 (IQR: 12.5, 27.0), 7.5 (IQR: 6.0, 15.0, P = 0.002), and 21 (IQR: 7.0, 22.0, P = 0.65) respectively. The improvement was statistically significant for all observations at short-term follow-up but not at long-term follow-up. CONCLUSION: Pallidotomy is effective for hemidystonia or focal dystonia in the short term. Continued benefit was seen in the longer term in some patients, whereas others worsened. Larger studies may be able to explain this in future.

Dual target deep brain stimulation for complex essential and dystonic tremor - A 5-year follow up.

BACKGROUND: Essential tremor (ET) is characterized by action tremor of the upper limbs, head tremor and voice tremor. Dystonic tremor (DT) is produced by muscle contractions in a body affected by dystonia. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus (VIM) is the most well-known advanced treatment for medication-refractory tremor. However, decline in efficacy overtime has led to explore other targets. This study aimed to measure the efficacy of bilateral dual targeting ViM/caudal Zona Incerta (cZI) stimulation on tremor control. A secondary aim was to evaluate if there was a difference in the efficacy between ET and DT. METHODS: 36 patients were retrospectively recruited at the Walton NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK. Patients were assessed pre-operatively, and then at 1-year, 3-years, and 5-years post-operatively with the following scales: Fahn-Tolosa-Marin tremor rating (FTMTR) scale, EuroQol-5D, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. RESULTS: Bilateral ViM-cZI DBS significantly improved overall tremor score by 45.1% from baseline to 3-years post-operatively (p < 0.001). It continued to show improvement in overall FTMTR score by 30.7% at 5-years but this failed to meet significance. However, there was no significant improvement of mood or quality of life (QoL) scores. ET group on average showed a significant better clinical outcome compared to the DT group (p > 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study found that bilateral ViM-cZI DBS treatment had a favourable effect on motor symptoms sustained over the 5-years in tremor patients, especially in ET group. There was limited effect on mood and QoL with similar trends in outcomes for both tremor types.

Brain Shift during Staged Deep Brain Stimulation for Movement Disorders.

INTRODUCTION: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a routine neurosurgical procedure utilized to treat various movement disorders including Parkinson's disease (PD), essential tremor (ET), and dystonia. Treatment efficacy is dependent on stereotactic accuracy of lead placement into the deep brain target of interest. However, brain shift attributed to pneumocephalus can introduce unpredictable inaccuracies during DBS lead placement. This study aimed to determine whether intracranial air is associated with brain shift in patients undergoing staged DBS surgery. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 46 patients who underwent staged DBS surgery for PD, ET, and dystonia. Due to the staged nature of DBS surgery at our institution, the first electrode placement is used as a concrete fiducial marker for movement in the target location. Postoperative computed tomography (CT) images after the first electrode implantation, as well as preoperative, and postoperative CT images after the second electrode implantation were collected. Images were analyzed in stereotactic targeting software (BrainLab); intracranial air was manually segmented, and electrode shift was measured in the x, y, and z plane, as well as a Euclidian distance on each set of merged CT scans. A Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between intracranial air and brain shift, and student's t test was used to compare means between patients with and without radiographic evidence of intracranial air. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients had pneumocephalus after the first electrode implantation, while 35 had pneumocephalus after the second electrode implantation. Accumulation of intracranial air following the first electrode implantation (4.49 ± 6.05 cm3) was significantly correlated with brain shift along the y axis (0.04 ± 0.35 mm; r (34) = 0.36; p = 0.03), as well as the Euclidean distance of deviation (0.57 ± 0.33 mm; r (34) = 0.33; p = 0.05) indicating statistically significant shift on the ipsilateral side. However, there was no significant correlation between intracranial air and brain shift following the second electrode implantation, suggesting contralateral shift is minimal. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in brain shift between patients with and without radiographic evidence of intracranial air following both electrode implantation surgeries. CONCLUSION: Despite observing volumes as high as 22.0 cm3 in patients with radiographic evidence of pneumocephalus, there was no significant difference in brain shift when compared to patients without pneumocephalus. Furthermore, the mean magnitude of brain shift was <1.0 mm regardless of whether pneumocephalus was presenting, suggesting that intracranial air accumulation may not produce clinical significant brain shift in our patients.

Uncovering neuroanatomical correlates of impaired coordinated movement after pallidal deep brain stimulation.

BACKGROUND: The loss of the ability to swim following deep brain stimulation (DBS), although rare, poses a worrisome risk of drowning. It is unclear what anatomic substrate and neural circuitry underlie this phenomenon. We report a case of cervical dystonia with lost ability to swim and dance during active stimulation of globus pallidus internus. We investigated the anatomical underpinning of this phenomenon using unique functional and structural imaging analysis. METHODS: Tesla (3T) functional MRI (fMRI) of the patient was used during active DBS and compared with a cohort of four matched patients without this side effect. Structural connectivity mapping was used to identify brain network engagement by stimulation. RESULTS: fMRI during stimulation revealed significant (Pbonferroni<0.0001) stimulation-evoked responses (DBS ON

Neurostimulation for childhood epilepsy.

The experience with neurostimulation for childhood epilepsy is far less extensive than for adults. Nevertheless, the implementation of these techniques could be of great value, especially considering the detrimental effects of ongoing seizures on the developing brain. In this review, we discuss the available evidence for neurostimulation for childhood epilepsy. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is the most studied neurostimulation modality in children. Based on mostly retrospective, open-label studies, we can conclude that VNS has a similar safety and efficacy profile in children compared to adults. Although there is little available evidence for deep brain stimulation (DBS) and responsive neurostimulation (RNS) in children, both DBS and RNS show promise in reducing seizure frequency with few complications. The implementation of non-invasive techniques with a more appealing safety profile has gained interest. Small randomized control trials and open-label studies have investigated transcranial direct current simulation for childhood epilepsy, demonstrating promising but inconsistent findings.

Deep brain stimulation of globus pallidus internus and subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease: a multicenter, retrospective study of efficacy and safety.

BACKGROUND: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established therapeutic option in advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). Literature data and recent guidelines remain inconclusive about the best choice as a target between the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the globus pallidus internus (GPi). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical efficacy outcomes of 48 DBS-implanted patients (33 STN-DBS and 15 GPi-DBS) at a short- (<1 year from the surgery) and long-term (2-5 years) follow-up. Also, clinical safety outcomes, including postoperative surgical complications and severe side effects, were collected. RESULTS: We found no difference between STN-DBS and GPi-DBS in improving motor symptoms at short-term evaluation. However, STN-DBS achieved a more prominent reduction in oral therapy (L-DOPA equivalent daily dose, P = .02). By contrast, GPi-DBS was superior in ameliorating motor fluctuations and dyskinesia (MDS-UPDRS IV, P < .001) as well as motor experiences of daily living (MDS-UPDRS II, P = .03). The greater efficacy of GPi-DBS on motor fluctuations and experiences of daily living was also present at the long-term follow-up. We observed five serious adverse events, including two suicides, all among STN-DBS patients. CONCLUSION: Both STN-DBS and GPi-DBS are effective in improving motor symptoms severity and complications, but GPi-DBS has a greater impact on motor fluctuations and motor experiences of daily living. These results suggest that the two targets should be considered equivalent in motor efficacy, with GPi-DBS as a valuable option in patients with prominent motor complications. The occurrence of suicides in STN-treated patients claims further attention in target selection.