Contribution of herpesviruses in the progression of periodontal and peri-implant diseases in systemically healthy individuals.

The aim of this review was to assess the contribution of herpesviruses in the subgingival oral biofilm in the progression of periodontal and peri-implant diseases in systemically healthy individuals. The literature review was customized to summarize the pertinent information for the following reasons: (1) A systematic review regarding the role of herpesviruses in the etiopathogenesis of periodontal disease has recently been published; and (2) a limited number of studies have assessed the association of herpesviruses with peri-implant diseases. To date, five observational studies have assessed the presence of herpesviruses in the subgingival oral biofilm of individuals with peri-implant diseases. In these studies, dental implants were in place for up to approximately 8 years. In two studies, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) was more often isolated from the peri-implant sulci of sites with than without peri-implantitis. In one study, a low prevalence of HCMV compared with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was associated with the progression of peri-implantitis. In previous studies, the presence of EBV in the subgingival oral biofilm was associated with the onset of peri-implantitis and peri-implant mucositis, respectively. Major limitations of the studies assessed were the absence of blinding and lack of power analysis for sample size estimation. In conclusion, the presence of herpesviruses in the periodontal and peri-implant subgingival oral biofilm is an indicator of periodontal and peri-implant diseases in systemically healthy individuals; however, further studies with a statistically justified sample-size are needed to understand and refine this association.

Human cytomegalovirus-1 and Epstein-Barr virus-1 viral colonization of titanium and zirconia abutments: a split-mouth study.

AIM: Human cytomegalovirus-1 (HCMV-1) and Epstein-Barr virus-1 (EBV-1) detection in submarginal plaque is linked to diseased states of the periodontium. In the present study, we evaluated the viral colonization of titanium and zirconia abutments by HCMV-1 and EBV-1 in a split-mouth study. METHODS: Forty dental implant abutments placed in 20 non-smokers were evaluated retrospectively. Each participant had received at least one each of titanium and zirconia abutments (in function for at least 1 year). HCMV-1 and EBV-1 were evaluated in these clinically-healthy peri-implant sites' submarginal plaque biofilm at one titanium and one zirconia abutment, one healthy tooth site, and serum using polymerase chain reaction assays. Related-samples McNemar test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to determine the differences in viral detection frequency and load, respectively. RESULTS: EBV-1 was detected at the titanium abutment in 60% of participants, but in none at their zirconia abutment (P = 0.04). HCMV-1 was detected at the titanium abutments in 90% of participants, and at the zirconia abutments in 70% of participants. This difference was not significant (P = 0.25). The differences in HCMV-1 viral load between the abutment types were insignificant (P = 0.075). CONCLUSION: EBV-1 did not colonize the biofilm at the zirconia abutments as opposed to the titanium abutments in the same participants. Abutment material could contribute to differences in biofilm characteristics.

Prevalence of human cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus in subgingival plaque at peri-implantitis, mucositis and healthy sites. A pilot study.

This study evaluated the prevalence of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in peri-implantitis and mucositis sites and the correlation between herpesvirus and clinical parameters. Fifty-six dental implants (mean time of loading, 4.27±1.6 years) were evaluated (20 peri-implantitis, 18 mucositis, 18 healthy peri-implant sites.) The clinical parameters assessed were: visible plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), suppuration (SUP), probing depth (PD). A polymerase chain reaction assay identified HCMV and EBV in subgingival plaque samples. The percent of sites with plaque and BOP was significantly higher around mucositis and peri-implantitis compared with healthy implants (p<0.05). The mean PD around the implants was significantly higher in peri-implantitis, followed by mucositis and healthy implants (p<0.05). HCMV was detected in 13 (65%) and EBV in 9 (45%) of the 20 peri-implantitis sites. HCMV was found in 1 of the 18 (6%) healthy periodontal sites and EBV in 2 (11%). A statistically significant correlation was found between presence of HCMV and EBV subgingivally and clinical parameters of peri-implantitis and healthy sites. These results confirm the high prevalence of HCMV and EBV in subgingival plaque of peri-implantitis sites and suggest the viruses have a possible active pathogenic role in peri-implantitis.

[Use of molecular genetic diagnostic methods in periodontology and implantology].

The authors have studied the species-specific composition of major periodontopathogenic bacteria (P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, B. forsythus, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and T. denticola), by applying the Russian reagent kit developed and made by HPF "GENETECH", and some fungi, microorganisms, and viruses among the Moscow Region inhabitants with chronic generalized periodontitis in 2006-2008. The studies have shown it possible to use molecular genetic methods for diagnosis, drug therapy monitoring, and epidemiological studies in periodontology and implantology.