Habilidades investigativas en estudiantes del ciclo clínico de la carrera de Estomatología / Research skills in students of the clinical cycle of Stomatology pre-graduate studies

RESUMEN Introducción: las habilidades investigativas se insertan en la formación del profesional de estomatología como una de las dimensiones claves del proceso de formación. Objetivo: evaluar la percepción de los estudiantes acerca del estado actual de desarrollo de las habilidades investigativas en el ciclo clínico de la carrera de Estomatología de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Matanzas. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una investigación descriptiva, de corte transversal, en la que participaron 68 estudiantes de tercer a quinto año, durante la culminación del curso 2018-2019. Fueron seleccionados a través de un muestreo intencional. Se empleó un cuestionario de percepción del dominio de las habilidades relacionadas con el manejo de la información científica, el diseño y ejecución de investigaciones, y el análisis de situación de salud bucal. Resultados: los estudiantes reconocieron tener dominio de la habilidad para el manejo de la información científica y para el análisis de situación de salud bucal. Las acciones menos dominadas fueron la recopilación de información y el diseño de un perfil de proyecto de investigación. La Jornada Científica Estudiantil y el trabajo de curso fueron las vías más empleadas para la divulgación científica. Predominaron los obstáculos externos, seguidos de obstáculos asociados al propio dominio de la habilidad para el diseño y la ejecución de la investigación científica. Conclusión: los estudiantes del ciclo clínico de la carrera de Estomatología reconocen poseer un adecuado dominio de las habilidades investigativas, lo cual contribuye de modo satisfactorio a la formación profesional. No obstante, resulta necesario promover acciones educativas que tributen a las operaciones menos dominadas y estimulen la inserción estudiantil en proyectos de investigación para la sistematización de estas habilidades (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: research skills are inserted in the training of the stomatology professional as one of the key dimensions of the training process. Objective: to evaluate the perception of students about the current state of development of research skills in the clinical cycle of the pre-graduate studies of Stomatology of the University of Medical Sciences of Matanzas. Materials and methods: a descriptive, cross-sectional research was carried out, involving 68 third to fifth year students, during the co a descriptive, cross-sectional research was carried out, involving 68 third to fifth year students, during the completion of the 2018-2019 course. They were chosen through intentional sampling. A perception questionnaire was used for the mastering skills related to the management of scientific information, the design and execution of research, and oral health situation analysis. Results: the students recognized to master the ability of handling scientific information and oral health situation analysis. Less mastered actions were the collection of information and the design of a research project profile. The Student Science Day and the course work were the most widely used ways for scientific dissemination. External difficulties predominated, followed by difficulties associated with the own mastery of the ability to design and execute scientific research. Conclusion: the students in the clinical cycle of the pre-grade studies of Stomatology recognize having an adequate mastery of research skills, which contributes satisfactorily to professional training. However, it is necessary to promote educational actions that contribute to the less dominated operations and stimulate the insertion of students in research projects for the systematization of these skills (AU).

Research training in dental undergraduate curriculum in Chile / Formación en investigación en las mallas curriculares de odontología en Chile

Research plays a central role in professional training in dentistry. There is a clear recommendation to include a minimum training in biomedical research at undergraduate level. In Chile, there is no standardized curriculum structure including research training for undergraduate students. Objective: To describe the presence of research courses in the undergraduate dental curriculum in Chile during 2014. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study. The curriculum for all Chilean universities teaching dental careers and updated during 2014 were analyzed. Results: The dental curriculum for twenty Chilean universities was analyzed. On average, each university has 4.05+/-2.06 research courses (semesterly) from which 1+/-0.92 are thesis courses. In the private universities, these numbers were 4.64+/-1.91 and 1.18+/-0.87 respectively. Meanwhile, these numbers were 3.33+/-2.12 and 0.78+/-0.97 respectively in the traditional universities. Sixty percent of universities have thesis or research project courses. Conclusion: There is a disparate presence of research courses in the undergraduate dental curriculum in Chile, with a higher presence in private institutions. However, this does not actualize a greater scientific production by them.

La investigación juega un rol central en la formación del profesional en Odontología. Existe una clara recomendación de incluir en el pregrado una cantidad mínima de formación en investigación biomédica. En Chile no existe una estructura curricular estandarizada que incluya investigación a alumnos de pregrado. Objetivo: Identificar la presencia de asignaturas de investigación en las mallas curriculares de las carreras de odontología dictadas en Chile para el año 2014. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, la unidad de análisis correspondió a las mallas curriculares de la carrera odontología, de todas las universidades dictantes en Chile y actualizadas al año 2014. Resultados: Se analizaron las mallas curriculares de las carreras de odontología de 20 universidades chilenas. En promedio cada universidad tiene 4,05+/-2,06 ramos (semestrales) de investigación y de los cuales 1+/-0,92 son ramos de tesis. En las universidades privadas estas cifras son 4,64+/-1,91 y 1,18+/-0,87 respectivamente, mientras que en las tradicionales fueron de 3,33+/-2,12 y 0,78+/-0,97 respectivamente. El 60 por ciento de las universidades tiene algún ramo de tesis o proyecto de investigación. Conclusión: Existe una dispar presencia de ramos de investigación en los programas curriculares de odontología en Chile, con una mayor presencia en instituciones privadas. Sin embargo, esto no se materializa en una mayor producción científica por parte de ellas.

U.S. dental students' attitudes toward research and science: impact of research experience.

This study aimed to provide a first nationwide assessment of dental students' attitudes toward the importance of research and its integration into the dental curriculum. For this purpose, the American Association for Dental Research National Student Research Group developed an online survey that was distributed to 89 percent of U.S. dental students in May 2012. The survey consisted of twenty-one Likert-type items divided into three groups: importance of research in dentistry, barriers to research involvement, and exposure to research in the dental curriculum. There were 733 responses (3.9 percent response rate), including students in all stages of education representing fifty-eight out of sixty-one dental schools. Age and race/ethnic distributions corresponded with U.S. dental school enrollees. Results showed that 63 percent of respondents had conducted research before matriculation, and of the 34 percent that participated in research during dental school, only 27 percent were newcomers. Respondents strongly agreed that scientific research enabled their progress in dentistry. Inadequate time in the curriculum was an obstacle they perceived to research involvement during dental school. Respondents agreed that dental curricula emphasize evidence-based practices but may be inadequately teaching biostatistics and research methodologies. Students with research experience tended to have stronger positive opinions about the importance of research in dental education. Efforts to foster research in schools have been well received by students, but several issues remain for enriching dental education through greater involvement of students in research.

Remembering Juan Navia.

Juan Navia died on September 4, 2010. Those who knew him as the director of the University of Alabama's John J. Sparkman Center for International Public Health Education and later the dean of UAB School of Public Health watched him train and shape the next generation of global public health leaders with a kind heart and a firm, but gentle, hand. On this third anniversary of Professor Navia's passing, in response to an invitation from the Journal of Dental Research to write an essay on an educator who influenced the professional trajectories of many people, we have put together an account of some of his contributions and attributes to highlight this remarkable leader's accomplishments in and impact on dental public health and global nutrition.

O lugar da pesquisa na reorganização curricular em odontologia: desafios de origem para um debate atual / Research and curricular reform in dentistry undergraduate courses: origin challenges to current problems

O presente estudo tem por objeto a caracterização do lugar da pesquisa na organização curricular em instituições de ensino superior de Odontologia na cidade de São Paulo, com vistas à identificação de tendências de reformulações no contexto imediato à aprovação das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais. A partir da análise de documentos e entrevistas com os responsáveis pelos respectivos cursos, a investigação focaliza a institucionalização da pesquisa no desenvolvimento da estrutura curricular, referenciadas às perspectivas de mudanças no ensino. As instituições contemplam a instrução científica na graduação e os alunos são estimulados a se envolver em projetos de pesquisa no âmbito do programa de iniciação científica, no espaço extracurricular. Ao lado dos limites institucionais relacionados à prática da pesquisa nas instituições (públicas e privadas), estas disposições atestam movimentos de revisão curricular em atenção às recomendações legais, sem alcançar, entretanto, a estruturação de um currículo fundamentado no ensino pela pesquisa.

Factors influencing students' performance in a Brazilian dental school.

Comprehensive assessment of students' academic performance plays an important role in educational planning. The aim of this study was to investigate variables that influence student's performance in a retrospective sample including all undergraduate students who entered in a Brazilian dental school, in a 20-year period between 1984 and 2003 (n=1182). Demographic and educational variables were used to predict performance in the overall curriculum and course groups. Cluster analysis (K-means algorithm) categorized students into groups of higher, moderate or lower performance. Clusters of overall performance showed external validity, demonstrated by Chi-square test and ANOVA. Lower performance groups had the smallest number of students in overall performance and course groups clusters, ranging from 11.8% (clinical courses) to 19.2% (basic courses). Students' performance was more satisfactory in dental and clinical courses, rather than basic and non-clinical courses (p<0.001). Better student's performance was predicted by lower time elapsed between completion of high school and dental school admission, female gender, better rank in admission test, class attendance rate and student workload hours in teaching, research and extension (R(2)=0.491). Findings give evidence about predictors of undergraduate students' performance and reinforce the need for curricular reformulation focused on with improvement of integration among courses.

Factors influencing students' performance in a Brazilian dental school

Comprehensive assessment of students' academic performance plays an important role in educational planning. The aim of this study was to investigate variables that influence student's performance in a retrospective sample including all undergraduate students who entered in a Brazilian dental school, in a 20-year period between 1984 and 2003 (n=1182). Demographic and educational variables were used to predict performance in the overall curriculum and course groups. Cluster analysis (K-means algorithm) categorized students into groups of higher, moderate or lower performance. Clusters of overall performance showed external validity, demonstrated by Chi-square test and ANOVA. Lower performance groups had the smallest number of students in overall performance and course groups clusters, ranging from 11.8 percent (clinical courses) to 19.2 percent (basic courses). Students' performance was more satisfactory in dental and clinical courses, rather than basic and non-clinical courses (p<0.001). Better student's performance was predicted by lower time elapsed between completion of high school and dental school admission, female gender, better rank in admission test, class attendance rate and student workload hours in teaching, research and extension (R²=0.491). Findings give evidence about predictors of undergraduate students' performance and reinforce the need for curricular reformulation focused on with improvement of integration among courses.

A análise do desempenho acadêmico apresenta importante papel no planejamento educacional. O objetivo desse trabalho foi investigar fatores influenciadores do desempenho acadêmico de uma amostra retrospectiva constituída pelos estudantes de graduação ingressantes em uma Faculdade de Odontologia brasileira, em um período de 20 anos, entre 1984 e 2003 (n=1182). Variáveis demográficas e educacionais foram utilizadas para predizer o desempenho acadêmico global e por grupos de disciplinas. A análise de cluster (K-means) segmentou os estudantes em grupos de desempenho alto, moderado e baixo. Os clusters de desempenho global apresentaram validade externa, verificada pelo Teste do Qui-quadrado e ANOVA. O segmento com desempenho baixo apresentou menor número de estudantes nos clusters de desempenho global e por grupos de disciplinas, variando entre 11,8 por cento (disciplinas clínicas) e 19,2 por cento (disciplinas do ciclo básico). O desempenho acadêmico por grupos de disciplinas foi superior em disciplinas profissionalizantes e clínicas (p<0,001). Melhor desempenho acadêmico relacionou-se ao menor tempo entre ensino médio e ingresso na graduação, gênero feminino, melhor classificação no vestibular, maior freqüência no curso e carga horária do estudante em ensino, pesquisa e extensão (R²=0,491). Nossos achados fornecem evidências sobre fatores preditores do desempenho acadêmico e reforçam a necessidade de reestruturação curricular focada na integração disciplinar.

Pesquisa odontológica no Brasil: caracteristicas da produção científica no inicio do século XXI / Odontológica research in Brazil: characteristics of the scientific production at the beginning of century XXI

A odontologia, como ciência e campo do saber tem apresentado um desenvolvimento substancial nas últimas décadas na área científica em Odontologia no Brasil, a partir de seu delineamentos metodológicos e novos rumos do conhecimento, que caracteriza o inicio do século XXI. Foram avaliados 5.203 resumos dos estudos apresentados nas reuniões da Sociedade Brasileira de Pesquisa Odontológica (SBPq)) no periodo de 2001 a 2006. Os principais resultados identificam que, quanto à metodologia usada nas pesquisas, houve predominio dos estudos de natureza individuada, intervencional e longitudinal; das pesquisas das áreas...

Trabalho de conclusão de Curso: construçao ao longo do curso ou tarefa para finalizá-lo? / Course conclusion paper: should it be constructed during, or at the end of the course?

Desenvolvendo-se a face educativa da pesquisa, favorece-se o questionamento sobre a realidade e, também, não se restringe a pesquisa às etapas de coleta e acumulação de dados. Assim, pode-se conceituar pesquisa como uma atividade de inquirição da realidade, como uma atividade que permite (re)elaborar um conhecimento que auxilie na compreensão dessa realidade e oriente as ações dos profissionais. Este artigo enfoca a experiência do curso de Odontologia da Universidade do Vale do Itajaí em adotar a pesquisa como uma atividade integrada ao processo de ensino-aprendizagem, vinculando-a ao Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso

Perceived competency at graduation among dental alumni of the University of the West Indies.

The aims of this study were to describe levels of self-rated competency of dental graduates from the University of the West Indies (UWI) and to investigate relationships with gender and the effect of curriculum change. A thirty-two item self-reported postal questionnaire was sent to UWI dental alumni (1994-2002). The questionnaire included twenty-eight competencies that could be rated on a 5-point scale: 1 (not at all competent) to 5 (very competent). Overall preparedness for practice could also be rated from 1 (not at all prepared) to 5 (very prepared). The response rate was 77.4 percent, with a mean age of 29.3 years. Items with the highest mean scores were taking an adequate medical history (4.49), recognizing and treating dental caries (4.46), oral examination (4.36), and giving dental health education (4.35). Those with the lowest rating were designing and undertaking clinical research (2.29), dealing with practice management issues (2.52), designing and delivering crown and bridge work (3.33), and recognizing pathologic occlusions (3.33). Overall preparedness for practice was rated as 3.27. Female graduates rated four competencies significantly higher than males. Graduates exposed to the new curriculum perceived greater overall preparedness for general dental practice, suggesting the change to a competency-based curriculum was effective.

Sistematización de experiencias investigativas en el pregrado de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Antioquia / Systematization of investigative experiences in the predental of the School of Dentistry, University of Antioquia

La sistematización es un proceso de construcción de conocimientos a partir de lo que enseña la misma práctica, que le aporta al mejoramiento de las condiciones materiales y congnitivas bajo las cuales tiene lugar la experiencia analizada. Se realizó una sistematización participativa del proceso investigativo de cuatro grupos inscritos en un semillero de investigación. El diseño descriptivo e interpretativo se aobrdó a partir de guías de recuperación semiestructuradas, técnicas grupales y conversatorios libres aplicados a cuatro grupos de interés. Se configuraron cinco categorías para la recolección e interpretación de la información: motivaciones e intereses, aprendizajes significativos, procesos directivos, coherencia y articulación curricular y evaluación de resultados-proyecciones. Se destacaron la obligatoriedad del curso y la agrupacion por intereses temáticos comounes como los potenciadores primarios del proceso. Los aprendizajes significativos estuvieron mediados por el papel del docente, la dinámica que les imprime el proceso, los espacios extracurriculares y las interacciones propiciadas por el Centro de Investigación. Se concluye que el pregrado debe optar por la investigación formativa, de allí que el presente estudio recomiende su implementación como herramiento fundamental que permita la sensibilización del estudiante y lo acerque al discurrir metodológico, a la producción de conocimiento disciplinar y a la problematización para la comprensión de los fenómenos sociales, como un aporte a la formación integral de los ciudadanos estudiantes de odontología. La estrategia de los semilleros de investigación se convierte en una herramienta fundamental que potencia la articulación de la investigación en el discurrir académico, científico y social de la universidad.

Orthodontics around the world: orthodontics in Brazil: excellence for a minority.

Brazil is the largest country of South America, with an area of 8.511.965 km(2) and 150 million people. It has 113 dental schools and several orthodontic postgraduate courses variously at Certificate, Master, and Doctoral levels. The current article gives an overview of the speciality in Brazil. The discussion puts the delivery of orthodontic care within the context of social conditions in Brazil. Included is a description of two full-time orthodontic courses located in the city of Rio de Janeiro.

Produçäo científica na área de odontologia preventiva e social: Brasil, 1986-1993 / Scientific literature in social and preventive dentistry: Brazil, 1986-1993

A produçäo científica brasileira na área de odontologia preventiva e social, no período de 1986 a 1993, foi identificada e analisada com o objetivo de verificar a hipótese de essa produçäo ter contemplado as temáticas relativas às políticas de saúde e ao sistema de saúde, contribuindo assim para a compreensäo e superaçäo dos problemas enfrentados pelo país no âmbito da saúde bucal coletiva. A abordagem dessa produçäo foi feita através de artigos publicados em revistas científicas brasileiras, dirigidas à odontologia ou à saúde pública/coletiva lato sensu, admitindo-se que tais artigos säo indicadores da referida produçäo. Realizou-se um survey analítico através do qual foi possível conhecer, dentre outros aspectos, a origem institucional dos autores, suas titulaçöes e preocupaçöes temáticas, os tipos de pesquisas realizadas e as modalidades de artigos delas decorrentes, bem como suas fontes de financiamento. O período estudado abrangeu o intervalo entre a I e a II Conferência Nacional de Saúde Bucal. Foram analisados 386 artigos, publicados em 19 periódicos, por pelo menos 866 autores. Mais de três quartas partes dessa produçäo tiveram origem na universidade pública. RGO foi o periódico que mais publicou nesta área, seguido pela Revista da APCD. Dos textos, 56,7 por cento corresponderam a artigos originais. Revisöes de literatura e ensaios somaram 30,3 por cento. Mais da metade dos autores desenvolviam suas atividades no estado de Säo Paulo. O sexo masculino predominou. Admite-se deficiência quantitativa no conjunto da produçäo da área, a qual se situa em torno de no máximo 50 por cento do seu potencial. A política de saúde foi tema específico em apenas 3 artigos (0,8 por cento) e sistema de saúde em 7 (1,8 por cento). Tais resultados, modestíssimos e indicativos de desinteresse e/ou dificuldades dos autores em abordá-los, levaram à rejeiçäo da hipótese, concluindo-se que, no crucial período histórico de reconquista e consolidaçäo das liberdades democráticas, a produçÝo científica odontológica näo se ocupou devidamente das questöes relacionadas às políticas de saúde e ao sistema de saúde brasileiro.