Multicentre, retrospective cohort study protocol to identify racial and ethnic differences in acute kidney injuries in children and adolescents with diabetic ketoacidosis.

INTRODUCTION: Approximately 40% of children with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) develop acute kidney injury (AKI), which increases the risk of chronic kidney damage. At present, there is limited knowledge of racial or ethnic differences in diabetes-related kidney injury in children with diabetes. Understanding whether such differences exist will provide a foundation for addressing disparities in diabetes care that may continue into adulthood. Further, it is currently unclear which children are at risk to develop worsening or sustained DKA-related AKI. The primary aim is to determine whether race and ethnicity are associated with DKA-related AKI. The secondary aim is to determine factors associated with sustained AKI in children with DKA. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This retrospective, multicentre, cross-sectional study of children with type 1 or type 2 diabetes with DKA will be conducted through the Paediatric Emergency Medicine Collaborative Research Committee. Children aged 2-18 years who were treated in a participating emergency department between 1 January 2020 and 31 December 2023 will be included. Children with non-ketotic hyperglycaemic-hyperosmolar state or who were transferred from an outside facility will be excluded. The relevant predictor is race and ethnicity. The primary outcome is the presence of AKI, defined by Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes criteria. The secondary outcome is 'sustained' AKI, defined as having AKI ≥48 hours, unresolved AKI at last creatinine measurement or need for renal replacement therapy. Statistical inference of the associations between predictors (ie, race and ethnicity) and outcomes (ie, AKI and sustained AKI) will use random effects regression models, accounting for hospital variation and clustering. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The Institutional Review Board of Children's Minnesota approved this study. 12 additional sites have obtained institutional review board approval, and all sites will obtain local approval prior to participation. Results will be presented at local or national conferences and for publication in peer-reviewed journals.

Superior ophthalmic vein thrombosis in unique double origin: a case report.

Superior ophthalmic vein thrombosis (SOVT) is a rare orbital pathology. It can cause serious complications if it isn´t diagnosed appropriately. It can be secondary to many etiologies, septic or aseptic ones. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) may disturb the vascular endothelium and promote a prothrombotic state. The presence of which is related to a significantly increased risk of morbidity and mortality. We report the case of a 45-year-old woman who presented a SOVT revealing DKA. Orbit magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed thrombosis of the right superior ophthalmic vein. A treatment based on thrombolytic treatment, associated with antibiotic coverage and a glycemic balance was initiated. This case highlights the importance of considering both infection and diabetes as an important part of the diagnosis and management of SOVT.

Clinical and Prognostic Features of Diabetic Ketoacidosis According to the Trigger of the Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute metabolic, life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus with a mortality rate that now stand at less than 1%. Although mortality is coupled with the etiology of DKA, literature on the influence of DKA etiology on patient outcome is scarce. OBJECTIVES: To study different triggers for DKA and their effect on outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study that include 385 DKA patients from 2004 to 2017. The study compared demographics, clinical presentation, and mortality rates by different precipitating factors. RESULTS: Patients with DKA due to infections had a higher risk to develop in-hospital mortality after controlling for age and sex (odds ratio 4.40, 95% confidence interval 1.35-14.30), had a higher Charlson Comorbidity Index score, a higher risk of being mechanical ventilated (14% vs. 3%, P < 0.01), and a longer duration of hospitalization (5 days vs. 3 days, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: It is crucial to find the triggers that precipitate DKA and start the treatment as early as possible in addition to the metabolic aspect of the treatment especially when the trigger is an infectious disease.

Clinical variables influencing the severity of diabetes ketoacidosis.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate clinical indicators in order to examine the intensity of diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA) episodes in children and adolescents diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). METHODS: Data from 156 T1DM patients aged 6 months to 14 years, who presented with DKA to the emergency room, were retrospectively reviewed from 2018 to 2022. Data on demographic characteristics, economic status, initial clinical presentation, glycemic control, DKA severity, and laboratory evaluations were also collected. RESULTS: Diabetes ketoacidosis episodes were more prevalent among male patients during the middle childhood age group. Notably, these episodes displayed seasonal patterns. The severity was found to be inversely associated with economic status and positively correlated with early adolescence. Newly diagnosed T1DM patients constituted 52.9%, with a statistically significant connection observed between severe DKA and this subgroup. Furthermore, there was a significant escalation in poor glycemic control with episode severity. Prolonged episode duration also exhibited a statistically significant association with more severity. Gastrointestinal symptoms were commonly reported during the presentation. Moreover, several clinical signs and symptoms, including decreased consciousness, reduced activity, drowsiness, Kussmaul breathing, shortness of breath, vomiting, tachycardia, and severe dehydration, were significantly correlated with the severity of DKA (p<0.05). Hypernatremia was more frequent among children with severe DKA. CONCLUSION: Diabetes ketoacidosis was observed to occur more frequently among males in middle childhood with seasonal variations. Furthermore, the severity of DKA was associated with lower economic status, early adolescence, and the presence of hypernatremia.

Transient albuminuria in the setting of short-term severe hyperglycemia in type 1 diabetes.

In a cohort of 1817 children with type 1 diabetes (T1D), short-term hyperglycemia was associated with transient albuminuria (11 % during new-onset T1D without diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), 12 % during/after DKA, 6 % during routine screening). Our findings have implications regarding future risk of diabetic kidney disease and further investigation is needed.

Persistent chronic calcific pancreatitis with intraductal calculi associated with secondary diabetes mellitus type 3 and diabetic ketoacidosis - A case report.

Diabetes mellitus type 3 refers to diabetes secondary to an existing disease or condition of the exocrine pancreas and is an uncommon cause of diabetes occurring due to pancreatogenic pathology. It accounts for 15-20% of diabetic patients in Indian and Southeast Asian continents. This is case report of a rare case of type 3 diabetes mellitus (T3DM) presenting with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The patient was admitted for DKA along with complaint of hyperglycemia, blood glucose of 405 mg/dl with HbA1c level of 13.7%. Computed tomography evidence revealed chronic calcific pancreatitis with intraductal calculi and dilated pancreatic duct.

Decompression sickness followed by diabetic ketoacidosis and sepsis shock: an unusual case report.

Decompression sickness (DCS) is caused by abrupt changes in extracorporeal pressure with varying severity. Symptoms range from mild musculoskeletal pain to severe organ dysfunction and death, especially among patients with chronic underlying disease. Here, we report an unusual case of a 49-year-old man who experienced DCS after a dive to a depth of 38 meters. The patient's symptoms progressed, starting with mild physical discomfort that progressed to disturbance of consciousness on the second morning. During hospitalization, we identified that in addition to DCS, he had also developed diabetic ketoacidosis, septic shock, and rhabdomyolysis. After carefully balancing the benefits and risks, we decided to provide supportive treatment to sustain vital signs, including ventilation support, sugar-reducing therapy, fluid replacement, and anti-infection medications. We then administered delayed hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) when his condition was stable. Ultimately, the patient recovered without any sequelae. This is the first case report of a diver suffering from DCS followed by diabetic ketoacidosis and septic shock. We have learned that when DCS and other critical illnesses are highly suspected, it is essential to assess the condition comprehensively and focus on the principal contradiction.

Missed postoperative metabolic acidosis associated with sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors in cardiac surgery patients: a retrospective analysis.

The increasing use of sodium glucose transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) for treating cardiovascular (CV) diseases and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is accompanied by a rise in euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis occurrences in cardiac surgery patients. Patients undergoing cardiac surgery, due to their pre-existing CV disease which often requires SGLT2i prescriptions, face an increased risk of postoperative metabolic acidosis (MA) or ketoacidosis (KA) associated with SGLT2i, compounded by fasting and surgical stress. The primary aim of this study is to quantify the incidence of SGLT2i-related postoperative MA or KA and to identify related risk factors. We analyzed data retrospectively of 823 cardiac surgery patients, including 46 treated with SGLT2i from November 2019 to October 2022. Among 46 final cohorts treated preoperatively with SGLT2i, 29 (63%) developed postoperative metabolic complications. Of these 46 patients, stratified into two categories based on postoperative laboratory findings, risk factor analysis were conducted and compared. Analysis indicated a prescription duration over one week significantly elevated the risk of complications (Unadjusted OR, 11.7; p = 0.032*; Adjusted OR, 31.58; p = 0.014*). A subgroup analysis showed that a cardiopulmonary bypass duration of 60 min or less significantly raises the risk of SGLT2i-related postoperative MA in patients with a sufficient prescription duration. We omitted the term "diabetes" in describing complications related to SGLT2i, as these issues are not exclusive to T2D patients. Awareness of SGLT2i-related postoperative MA or KA can help clinicians distinguish between non-life-threatening conditions and severe causes, thereby preventing unnecessary tests and ensuring best practice.

Effectiveness of a standardized scenario in teaching the management of pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) to residents: a simulation cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a frequent manifestation at the onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children, possibly associated with a wide range of complications, often as a consequence of wrong or delayed treatment. Due to its complex and risky management, direct exposure to real situations alone is not sufficient to achieve adequate skills in pediatric DKA for residents. Simulation could be a valuable aid, allowing to practice a standardized scenario of a complex real-world situation. We aimed to test the effectiveness of a standardized scenario of pediatric DKA in teaching its recognition and treatment. METHODS: We develop a standardized scenario able to guide step-by-step the learners through the flowchart of DKA management and considering alternative evolutions in the case of possible deviations from guidelines. It was a real-life simulation with the use of a high-fidelity pediatric simulator. It was played by 78 pediatrics 20 and emergency medicine residents. At the end of the simulation, a validated questionnaire was administered to collect feedback from participants regarding the impact of the simulation on learning. All materials to reproduce the DKA scenario are provided. RESULTS: Overall, the scenario was rated as realistic (mean score 4.37 ± 0.68, from 1 to 5) and relevant to professional training (4.72 ± 0.47), useful in increasing confidence in interpreting laboratory tests (3.97 ± 0.65), group organization and communication strategies (3.49 ± 0.94), and managing the treatment of DKA (3.46 ± 0.92). CONCLUSIONS: The use of a standardized scenario of pediatric DKA may be a valid tool to reinforce theoretical knowledge in residents, both in pediatrics and in emergency medicine, and to directly and safely practice pediatric DKA management.

Prevalence and prognosis of fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus in The Middle East: a comparative analysis in a 5-year nationwide cohort.

PURPOSE: To analyze the prevalence and progression of fulminant type 1 diabetes (FT1D) in Qatar. METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed consecutive index- diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) admissions (2015-2020) among patients with new-onset T1D (NT1D) in Qatar. RESULTS: Of the 242 patients, 2.5% fulfilled the FT1D diagnostic criteria. FT1D patients were younger (median-age 4-years vs.15-years in classic-T1D). Gender distribution in FT1D was equal, whereas the classic-T1D group showed a female predominance at 57.6% (n = 136). FT1D patients had a mean C-peptide of 0.11 ± 0.09 ng/ml, compared to 0.53 ± 0.45 ng/ml in classic-T1D. FT1D patients had a median length of stay (LOS) of 1 day (1-2.2) and a DKA duration of 11.25 h (11-15). The median (length of stay) LOS and DKA duration in classic-T1D patients were 2.5 days (1-3.9) and 15.4 h (11-23), respectively. The FT1D subset primarily consisted of moderate (83.3%) and severe 916.7%) DKA, whereas classic T1D had 25.4% mild, 60.6% moderate, and 14% severe DKA cases. FT1D was associated with a higher median white cell count (22.3 × 103/uL) at admission compared to classic T1D (10.6 × 103/uL). ICU admission was needed for 66.6% of FT1D patients, compared to 38.1% of classic-T1D patients. None of the patients in the FT1D group had mortality, while two died in the classic-T1D group. CONCLUSION: This is the first study establishing the existence of FT1D in ME, which presented distinctively from classic-T1D, exhibiting earlier age onset and higher critical care requirements. However, the clinical outcomes in patients with FT1D seem similar to classic T1D.

Inflammatory biomarkers predict higher risk of hyperglycemic crises but not outcomes in diabetic patients with COVID-19.

Background: Inflammation is a predictor of severe complications in patients with COVID-19 infection under a variety of clinical settings. A few studies suggested that COVID-19 infection was a trigger of hyperglycemic crises including diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and/or hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS). However, the association between inflammation and hyperglycemic crises in diabetic patients with COVID-19 infection is unclear. Methods: One hundred and twenty-four patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and COVID-19 infection from January 2023 to March 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data, especially inflammatory markers including white blood cell (WBC), neutrophils, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), c-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) were collected and compared between patients with or without DKA and/or HHS. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to explore the association between inflammatory biomarkers and the prevalence of hyperglycemic crises. Patients were followed up 6 months for outcomes. Results: Among 124 diabetic patients with COVID-19, 9 were diagnosed with DKA or HHS. Comparing COVID-19 without acute diabetic complications (ADC), patients with DKA or HHS showed elevated levels of c-reactive protein (CRP, P=0.0312) and procalcitonin (PCT, P=0.0270). The power of CRP and PCT to discriminate DKA or HHS with the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC) were 0.723 and 0.794, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression indicated 1.95-fold and 1.97-fold increased risk of DKA or HHS with 1-unit increment of CRP and PCT, respectively. However, neither CRP nor PCT could predict poor outcomes in diabetic patients with COVID-19. Conclusion: In this small sample size study, we firstly found that elevated serum CRP and PCT levels increased the risk of hyperglycemic crises in T2DM patients with COVID-19 infection. More study is needed to confirm our findings.

Case report: catamenial hyperglycemia: the trigger of recurrent DKA in a female patient with three-year follow-up.

Background: Catamenial hyperglycemia is a rare type of spontaneous, recurring Diabetic Ketoacidosis(DKA) in females during the luteal phase, most commonly observed in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Even with controlled serum glucose levels, adherence to a diabetic diet, medications, and in the absence of other common influencing factors such as infection, glucose levels tend to increase during the premenstrual period. This uncommon issue related to the menstrual cycle phase has not been extensively researched. Therefore, this study aims to diagnose catamenial hyperglycemia promptly and initiate early treatment to prevent complications. Case report: We presented a case of a 19-year-old girl who experienced recurrent DKA during the premenstrual period, without an apparent cause. She was admitted multiple times to various hospitals and sought consultations, undergoing numerous laboratory and imaging examinations, yet the etiology remained elusive. Ultimately, she received a diagnosis of catamenial diabetic hyperglycemia. To prevent recurrence of complications associated with catamenial hyperglycemia, we initiated a comprehensive approach which included continuous glucose monitoring, adherence to a strict diabetic diet, diabetic health education, regular exercise, timely medication administration, and increase in insulin dosage during the premenstrual period based on glucose levels. Conclusions: Although catamenial hyperglycemia is rare, it should be considered a cause of recurrent hyperglycemia in any postpubertal female to prevent complications. The specific underlying mechanisms responsible for catamenial hyperglycemia or DKA remain unidentified.

Clinical findings of acute necrotizing esophagitis complicated by diabetic ketoacidosis.

Acute necrotizing esophagitis (ANE) is a rare and potentially life-threatening complication of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). While its association with DKA is established, specific clinical characteristics that predict ANE in DKA patients remain less understood. This study aimed to identify these characteristics by analyzing data from 30 DKA patients admitted from January 2018 to September 2022. Seven patients in this study presented with ANE, forming the ANE group. The remaining 23 constituted the non-ANE group. We compared the clinical parameters and computed tomography (CT) between the groups. The mean age of participants was 57.7 ± 20.4 years, and their mean HbA1c was 11.1 ± 3.3%. Notably, ethanol intake was significantly higher in the ANE group (44.4 ± 25.4 g/day) compared to the non-ANE group (6.8 ± 14.0 g/day; p = 0.013). Additionally, sodium-glucose transport protein 2 inhibitor use was significantly more prevalent in the ANE group (p = 0.013). Gastrointestinal symptoms were also significantly more pronounced in the ANE group, with vomiting occurring in 85.7% of patients compared to only 13.0% in the non-ANE group. Admission CT scans revealed further distinguishing features, with the ANE group showing significantly higher rates of esophageal wall thickening, intra-esophageal effusion, and calcification of the celiac artery origin (p < 0.0001, 0.0038, 0.0038, respectively). In conclusion, our study suggests that heavy alcohol consumption and strong gastrointestinal symptoms in DKA patients warrant a heightened suspicion of ANE. Early consideration of CT or upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is recommended in such cases.

Severe lophomoniasis in a patient with diabetes and past history of COVID-19 in Central Iran: case report.

In this case report, we address the diagnostic challenges and clinical implications of severe infection with Lophomonas blattarum in a patient initially suspected of experiencing long COVID symptoms. We describe the patient's medical history, initial symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment. A female patient with diabetes in her early 60s presented with severe shortness of breath and was initially diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). After resolution of her DKA symptoms, persistent respiratory issues led to a COVID-19 test, which was negative. A chest computed tomography scan revealed abnormalities, prompting bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis, which confirmed the presence of L. blattarum. Notably, the protozoan remained mobile and viable even after a 4-day transport at ambient temperature. This case emphasizes the importance of considering alternative diagnoses and improving awareness about L. blattarum infection in patients with respiratory symptoms, for timely and accurate management.

Effects of ADHD and ADHD treatment on glycemic management in type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

AIMS: Studies suggested a higher prevalence of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in individuals with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1D). However, it is unclear how ADHD impacts glycemia and diabetes-related complications. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effect of ADHD and ADHD medications on HbA1c and acute complications in T1D. METHODS: A literature search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, PsycINFO, CENTRAL, and Web of Science collections up to November 22, 2023. Seventeen studies were selected for the systematic review by independent reviewers, with twelve included in the meta-analysis. RESULTS: Mean HbA1c levels were significantly higher in T1D individuals with ADHD compared to those without ADHD (MD = 0.60; 95 % CI: 0.41, 0.79; I2 = 90.1 %; p-value < 0.001). The rates of suboptimal HbA1c levels, hospitalization, diabetic ketoacidosis, and hypoglycemia were all substantially higher in T1D individuals with ADHD than those without ADHD. No difference was found in mean HbA1c between those who received ADHD treatment and those who did not (mean difference = -0.52; 95 % confidence interval: -1.16, 0.13; I2 = 78.6 %; p-value = 0.12). CONCLUSIONS: ADHD is associated with higher HbA1c and increased acute diabetes-related complications. More research is needed to assess the effects of ADHD treatments on T1D management.

Pediatric mucormycosis associated with COVID-19: A systematic review of clinical cases.

The occurrence of mucormycosis has been observed in individuals with COVID-19. However, there is limited information on the epidemiological factors, presentation, diagnostic certainty, and outcome of this infection in children. PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, LitCovid, and back-references of the identified manuscripts were systematically searched from December 2019 to March 2023. We have identified 14 cases of pediatric mucormycosis in patients with COVID-19. The median age of patients was 10.7 years. Among these cases, 10 were associated with active COVID-19. In 7 cases, the patients had pre-existing diabetes mellitus and concomitant diabetic ketoacidosis. Corticosteroids were administered to treat COVID-19 in 7 of the patients. The most common clinical presentation of the disease was rhino-orbital cerebral mucormycosis. Seven patients died (50%). Given the high mortality rate, clinicians should maintain a high level of clinical suspicion of mucormycosis in pediatric patients with COVID-19.