Change in Micronutrient Intake among People with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Adapting the Swank and Wahls Diets: An Analysis of Weighed Food Records.

The low-saturated fat (Swank) and modified Paleolithic elimination (Wahls) diets have shown promise for MS symptoms; however, due to their restriction of specific foods, inadequate intake of micronutrients is concerning. Therefore, as part of a randomized trial, weighed food records were collected on three consecutive days and were used to evaluate the intake of micronutrients among people with relapsing remitting MS adapting these diets. After randomization to either the Swank or Wahls diets, diet education and support was provided by registered dietitians at baseline and throughout the first 12 weeks of the intervention. Usual intake of each micronutrient was estimated and then evaluated with the EAR-cut point method. At 12 weeks, the Swank group had significant reductions in the proportion with inadequate intake from food for vitamins C, D, and E, while the Wahls group had significant reductions for magnesium and vitamins A, C, D, and E. However, the proportion with inadequate intake significantly increased for calcium, thiamin, and vitamin B12 in the Wahls group and for vitamin A in the Swank group. Inclusion of intake from supplements reduced the proportion with inadequate intake for all micronutrients except calcium among the Wahls group but increased the proportion with excessive intake for vitamin D and niacin among both groups and magnesium among the Swank group. Both diets, especially when including intake from supplements, are associated with reduced inadequate intake compared to the normal diet of people with relapsing remitting MS.

Short-Term Diet Induced Changes in the Central and Circulating IGF Systems Are Sex Specific.

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1 exerts a wide range of functions in mammalians participating not only in the control of growth and metabolism, but also in other actions such as neuroprotection. Nutritional status modifies the IGF system, although little is known regarding how diet affects the newest members of this system including pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and PAPP-A2, proteases that liberate IGF from the IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), and stanniocalcins (STCs) that inhibit PAPP-A and PAPP-A2 activity. Here we explored if a 1-week dietary change to either a high-fat diet (HFD) or a low-fat diet (LFD) modifies the central and peripheral IGF systems in both male and female Wistar rats. The circulating IGF system showed sex differences in most of its members at baseline. Males had higher levels of both free (p < 0.001) and total IGF1 (p < 0.001), as well as IGFBP3 (p < 0.001), IGFBP5 (p < 0.001), and insulin (p < 0.01). In contrast, females had higher serum levels of PAPP-A2 (p < 0.05) and IGFBP2 (p < 0.001). The responses to a short-term dietary change were both diet and sex specific. Circulating levels of IGF2 increased in response to LFD intake in females (p < 0.001) and decreased in response to HFD intake in males (p < 0.001). In females, LFD intake also decreased circulating IGFBP2 levels (p < 0.001). In the hypothalamus LFD intake increased IGF2 (p < 0.01) and IGFBP2 mRNA (p < 0.001) levels, as well as the expression of NPY (p < 0.001) and AgRP (p < 0.01), but only in males. In conclusion, short-term LFD intake induced more changes in the peripheral and central IGF system than did short-term HFD intake. Moreover, these changes were sex-specific, with IGF2 and IGFBP2 being more highly affected than the other members of the IGF system. One of the main differences between the commercial LFD employed and the HFD or normal rodent chow is that the LFD has a significantly higher sucrose content, suggesting that this nutrient could be involved in the observed responses.

The Facts about Food after Cancer Diagnosis: A Systematic Review of Prospective Cohort Studies.

Nutritional guidelines suggest specific energy and protein requirements for patients with cancer. However, cancer patients, often malnourished, use self-made or web-based diets to ameliorate the prognosis of their disease. This review aimed to investigate the associations between post-diagnostic diet and prognostic outcomes in cancer patients. A systematic literature search was performed in Pubmed and Web of Science databases from inception to 30 October 2019, based on fixed inclusion and exclusion criteria. The risk of bias was assessed. A total of 29 prospective studies was identified. Breast (n = 11), colorectal (n = 9), prostate (n = 8) cancers are the most studied. Low- fat diet, healthy quality diet, regular consumption of fiber such as vegetables and high-quality protein intake are beneficial while Western diet (WD) and high consumption of saturated fats could be associated with a higher risk of mortality. Bladder (n = 1), gynecological (n = 1), lung, stomach, and pancreatic cancers still remain almost unexplored. This systematic review suggested that detrimental dietary patterns such as WD should be avoided but none of the food categories (meat, dairy products) should be eliminated in cancer patients' diet. Further large prospective studies are needed to assess the role of post-diagnostic diet in patients with cancer.

Prediabetes diagnosis criteria, type 2 diabetes risk and dietary modulation: The CORDIOPREV study.

AIM: Our objective was to investigate the role of two healthy diets in modulating the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) development associated with each prediabetes diagnosis criteria in coronary heart disease patients. Additionally, we explored the pathophysiological characteristics and the risk of developing T2DM in patients with different prediabetes criteria. METHODS: We included 462 patients from the CORDIOPREV study without T2DM at baseline: 213 had prediabetes defined by impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and/or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (PreDM-IFG/IGT); 180 had prediabetes by isolated hemoglobin glycated plasma levels (PreDM-isolated-HbA1c), and 69 were not prediabetics (non-PreDM), according to the American Diabetes Association criteria. Patients were randomized to consume either a Mediterranean or a low-fat diet. We performed a COX proportional hazards regression analysis to determine the T2DM risk according to diet and the prediabetes criteria after a median follow-up of 60 months. RESULTS: We found higher T2DM risk (HR: 2.98; 95% CI 1.27-6.98) in PreDM-IFG/IGT than in PreDM-isolated-HbA1c (HR: 2.31; 95% CI 0.97-5.49) compared with non-PreDM. Long-term consumption of a low-fat diet was associated with a lower risk of T2DM when compared to the Mediterranean diet in the PreDM-IFG/IGT group (HR: 3.20; 95% CI 0.75-13.69 versus HR: 4.70; 95% CI 1.12-19.67, respectively). Moreover, we found the highest risk of T2DM development associated with patients who had both IFG and IGT (HR: 2.15; 95% CI 1.11-4.16). Patients who had both IFG and IGT and consumed a low-fat diet had a lower T2DM risk than those who consumed a Mediterranean diet (HR: 1.53; 95% CI 0.53-4.39 versus HR: 3.33; 95% CI 1.34-8.30, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the type of diet consumed may modulate the risk of T2DM development according to the prediabetes diagnosis criteria. Specifically, our study showed that the consumption of a low-fat diet was more beneficial than a Mediterranean diet in patients with IFG and IGT. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ClinicalTrials.govNCT00924937.

Australian patients with coronary heart disease achieve high adherence to 6-month Mediterranean diet intervention: preliminary results of the AUSMED Heart Trial.

OBJECTIVE: It is unclear whether the cardioprotective Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) can be adhered to in non-Mediterranean populations. The aim of this study was to report preliminary results on adherence to a 6-mo ad libitum MedDiet intervention in multiethnic Australian patients with coronary heart disease, including maintenance at 12 mo. METHODS: Participants (62 ± 9 y of age, 83% men) were randomized to the MedDiet (n = 34) or a low-fat diet (n = 31). Dietitian-led appointments occurred at 0, 3, and 6 mo with a follow-up phone review at 12 mo. Dietary intake was assessed via 7-d food diaries analyzed in FoodWorks8, and MedDiet adherence was measured by a validated 14-item questionnaire. RESULTS: In the pooled cohort, the MedDiet adherence score was low at baseline (5.2 ± 2.1 of 14), with only 6.2% achieving a high score (≥9). MedDiet participants significantly improved the MedDiet adherence score compared with low-fat diet participants after 6 mo (+4.8 ± 2.7 versus +1.2 ± 2 points, respectively; P < 0.001). MedDiet participants significantly increased intake of olive oil, nuts, tomato, yogurt, legumes, and seafood and decreased intake of processed meats and added sugars compared with low-fat diet participants (P < 0.05). Maintenance of the MedDiet at 12 mo was high with 78% of MedDiet participants maintaining an adherence score ≥9; however, mean adherence score decreased by 1 ± 1.9 point (P = 0.01) between 6 and 12 mo. CONCLUSIONS: The MedDiet intervention in this pilot trial of Australian patients with coronary heart disease was well adhered to, improved diet quality, and could therefore provide a feasible alternative to a low-fat diet. Notably, improvement in adherence to the MedDiet was achieved through dietitian-led intervention and cross-cultural translation of dietary principles.

Carrying minor allele of FADS1 and haplotype of FADS1 and FADS2 increased the risk of metabolic syndrome and moderate but not low fat diets lowered the risk in two Korean cohorts.

PURPOSE: Delta-5-desaturase (fatty acid desaturase-1, FADS1) and delta-6 desaturase (fatty acid desaturase-2, FADS2), rate-limiting enzymes in the biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, may be associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). We investigated how FADS1 rs174547 and FADS2 rs2845573 variants modify the prevalence of MetS and whether the risk is modulated by interactions with dietary fat. METHODS: Genetic, anthropometric, biochemical, and dietary data were collected from the Ansan/Ansung (8842 adults) and City-Rural (5512 adults) cohorts in Korea. The association between FADS1 rs174547(C/T) and FADS2 rs2845573(C/T) variants and MetS was analyzed, as was the interaction of genotypes and fatty acid intake and the risk of MetS after adjusting for MetS-related confounders. RESULTS: Carriers of FADS1 rs174547 and FADS2 rs2845573 minor alleles had lower serum HDL-cholesterol and glucose levels and higher triglyceride levels than those with major alleles. Ansan/Ansung cohort individuals with FADS1 minor alleles or haplotypes of FADS1 and FADS2 minor alleles had increased risk of MetS, including lower serum HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels and blood pressure after adjusting for MetS-related confounders. The City-Rural cohort showed similar results. Total fat intake showed interactions with FADS1 and haplotype variants on MetS risk: MetS frequency was reduced in people consuming moderate fat diets as compared to low fat diets in FADS1 and haplotype of FADS1 and FADS2 major alleles. CONCLUSION: Korean carriers of the FADS1 rs174547 and FADS2 rs2845573 minor alleles have a greater susceptibility to MetS and moderate fat intake protected against the risk of MetS in carriers of the FADS1 major alleles.

Changes in arginine are inversely associated with type 2 diabetes: A case-cohort study in the PREDIMED trial.

The associations between arginine-based metabolites and incident type 2 diabetes (T2D) are unknown. We employed a case-cohort design, nested within the PREDIMED trial, to examine six plasma metabolites (arginine, citrulline, ornithine, asymmetric dimethylarginine [ADMA], symmetric dimethylarginine [SDMA] and N-monomethyl-l-arginine [NMMA]) among 892 individuals (251 cases) for associations with incident T2D and insulin resistance. Weighted Cox models with robust variance were used. The 1-year changes in arginine (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] per SD 0.68, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.49, 0.95; Q4 vs. Q1 0.46, 95% CI 0.21, 1.04; P trend = 0.02) and arginine/ADMA ratio (adjusted HR per SD 0.73, 95% CI 0.51, 1.04; Q4 vs. Q1 0.52, 95% CI 0.22, 1.25; P trend = 0.04) were associated with a lower risk of T2D. Positive changes of citrulline and ornithine, and negative changes in SDMA and arginine/(ornithine + citrulline) were associated with concurrent 1-year changes in homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance. Individuals in the low-fat-diet group had a higher risk of T2D for 1-year changes in NMMA than individuals in Mediterranean-diet groups (P interaction = 0.02). We conclude that arginine bioavailability is important in T2D pathophysiology.

Association of dairy intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 21 countries from five continents (PURE): a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Dietary guidelines recommend minimising consumption of whole-fat dairy products, as they are a source of saturated fats and presumed to adversely affect blood lipids and increase cardiovascular disease and mortality. Evidence for this contention is sparse and few data for the effects of dairy consumption on health are available from low-income and middle-income countries. Therefore, we aimed to assess the associations between total dairy and specific types of dairy products with mortality and major cardiovascular disease. METHODS: The Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study is a large multinational cohort study of individuals aged 35-70 years enrolled from 21 countries in five continents. Dietary intakes of dairy products for 136 384 individuals were recorded using country-specific validated food frequency questionnaires. Dairy products comprised milk, yoghurt, and cheese. We further grouped these foods into whole-fat and low-fat dairy. The primary outcome was the composite of mortality or major cardiovascular events (defined as death from cardiovascular causes, non-fatal myocardial infarction, stroke, or heart failure). Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using multivariable Cox frailty models with random intercepts to account for clustering of participants by centre. FINDINGS: Between Jan 1, 2003, and July 14, 2018, we recorded 10 567 composite events (deaths [n=6796] or major cardiovascular events [n=5855]) during the 9·1 years of follow-up. Higher intake of total dairy (>2 servings per day compared with no intake) was associated with a lower risk of the composite outcome (HR 0·84, 95% CI 0·75-0·94; ptrend=0·0004), total mortality (0·83, 0·72-0·96; ptrend=0·0052), non-cardiovascular mortality (0·86, 0·72-1·02; ptrend=0·046), cardiovascular mortality (0·77, 0·58-1·01; ptrend=0·029), major cardiovascular disease (0·78, 0·67-0·90; ptrend=0·0001), and stroke (0·66, 0·53-0·82; ptrend=0·0003). No significant association with myocardial infarction was observed (HR 0·89, 95% CI 0·71-1·11; ptrend=0·163). Higher intake (>1 serving vs no intake) of milk (HR 0·90, 95% CI 0·82-0·99; ptrend=0·0529) and yogurt (0·86, 0·75-0·99; ptrend=0·0051) was associated with lower risk of the composite outcome, whereas cheese intake was not significantly associated with the composite outcome (0·88, 0·76-1·02; ptrend=0·1399). Butter intake was low and was not significantly associated with clinical outcomes (HR 1·09, 95% CI 0·90-1·33; ptrend=0·4113). INTERPRETATION: Dairy consumption was associated with lower risk of mortality and major cardiovascular disease events in a diverse multinational cohort. FUNDING: Full funding sources are listed at the end of the paper (see Acknowledgments).

Adherence to Mediterranean and low-fat diets among heart and lung transplant recipients: a randomized feasibility study.

BACKGROUND: Heart and lung transplant recipients are at a substantially increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Since both low-fat and Mediterranean diets can reduce CVD in immunocompetent people at high risk, we assessed adherence among thoracic transplant recipients allocated to one or other of these diets for 12 months. METHODS: Forty-one transplant recipients (20 heart; 21 lung) randomized to a Mediterranean or a low-fat diet for 12 months received diet-specific education at baseline. Adherence was primarily assessed by questionnaire: 14-point Mediterranean diet (score 0-14) and 9-point low-fat diet (score 0-16) respectively, high scores indicating greater adherence. Median scores at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, and 6-weeks post-intervention were compared by dietary group. We further assessed changes in weight, body mass index (BMI) and serum triglycerides from baseline to 12 months as an additional indicator of adherence. RESULTS: In those randomized to a Mediterranean diet, median scores increased from 4 (range 1-9) at baseline, to 10 (range 6-14) at 6-months and were maintained at 12 months, and also at 6-weeks post-intervention (median 10, range 6-14). Body weight, BMI and serum triglycerides decreased over the 12-month intervention period (mean weight - 1.8 kg, BMI -0.5 kg/m2, triglycerides - 0.17 mmol/L). In the low-fat diet group, median scores were 11 (range 9-14) at baseline; slightly increased to 12 (range 9-16) at 6 months, and maintained at 12 months and 6 weeks post-intervention (median 12, range 8-15). Mean changes in weight, BMI and triglycerides were - 0.2 kg, 0.0 kg/m2 and - 0.44 mmol/L, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Thoracic transplant recipients adhered to Mediterranean and low-fat dietary interventions. The change from baseline eating habits was notable at 6 months; and this change was maintained at 12 months and 6 weeks post-intervention in both Mediterranean diet and low-fat diet groups. Dietary interventions based on comprehensive, well-supported education sessions targeted to both patients and their family members are crucial to success. Such nutritional strategies can help in the management of their substantial CVD risk. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The IRAS trial registry ( ISRCTN63500150 ). Date of registration 27 July 2016. Retrospectively registered.

Factors associated with fruit and vegetable and total fat intake in university students: A cross-sectional explanatory study.

AIM: This study assessed sociodemographics, general health, personal and environmental factors associated with fruit and vegetable (F&V) and total fat intake in Belgian university students. METHODS: In total, 185 students completed a self-reported online questionnaire assessing daily F&V and fat intake, as well as sociodemographic, personal and environmental variables related to F&V and fat intake. Mean F&V and fat consumption were compared with Belgian recommendations. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with F&V and fat intake. RESULTS: Respectively, 90.3 and 50.8% of students failed to meet the recommendations for F&V and fat consumption. Agreeing more with the fact that one should eat F&V on most days of the week (individual subjective norm), finding it less difficult to eat F&V at home or at university (perceived behavioural control) and experiencing more modelling were associated with higher F&V consumption. Increasing age, higher educational level of the father and higher individual subjective norm about eating low-fat foods were associated with lower fat intake. CONCLUSIONS: Future interventions aiming to improve dietary intake among university students should focus on younger students with lower socioeconomic status and should enhance students' subjective norm and behavioural control concerning healthy eating.

Dietary patterns in toddlers with excess weight. The 2016 pitnuts study.

INTRODUCTION: Children's appropriate dietary pattern determines their optimal development, reduces the risk of childhood diseases and the risk of diet-dependent diseases, including obesity in adulthood. AIM: To analyze the dietary patterns of children with excess weight aged 1-3 years in comparison with the main components of the safe nutrition model including: the organization of meals (frequency of meals), selection of products (food intake), energy and nutritional value of children's diets. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was carried out in 2016 on a representative nationwide sample of children aged 5-36 months (n=1059). The analysis of dietary patterns covered 173 with excess weight children aged 13-36 months (BMI-z-score >1 SD). Their nutritional status was evaluated based on BMI and its standardisation according to the WHO reference child growth standards for children aged 0-5 years (BMI z-score). The diets of children were assessed using 3-day dietary records. The dietary patterns of the children who were analysed were determined using the cluster analysis (k-means method), including 11 variables concerning average daily intake of main food group products (cow's milk, junior formula, milk products, bread, groats and rice, cereals, cured meats, fats, sugar and sweets, fruits, nectars and juices). RESULTS: Three clusters of overweight and obese children with different dietary patterns were identified. The diet of children from the first cluster (n=58) was based primarily on junior formula and foods for infants and toddlers. This dietary pattern was defined as the "baby food diet". The second cluster comprised 33 children whose diets were characterised by high consumption of cow's milk and dairy products, as well as cereal products, including bread, groats, rice and breakfast cereals. This dietary pattern was defined the "milk and cereals diet". The third cluster consisted of 82 children whose dietary pattern was characterised by high consumption of bread, cold meats and fats, sweets, juices and fruits (the "sandwich and sugar diet"). In all the clusters the average intake of vegetables and fruit by children with excess weight was significantly lower than the recommended amounts. The study showed too high intake of energy, protein, sodium, B vitamins and saccharose and an insufficient supply of calcium, fibre, vitamin D, vitamin E, LCPUFA, iodine and potassium in the children's diet in reference to nutritional recommendations. Younger children with the "baby food diet" pattern, due to the contribution of enriched food, had a more balanced diet in relation to the model of safe nutrition (nutritional norms). Older children's diets - in the third year of life, were characterized by a diversified choice of products that are a source of protein and carbohydrates (milk, breakfast cereals, meat, bread, cold meats, sugar from beverages, dairy desserts and juices). CONCLUSION: The identified dietary patterns of toddlers with excess weight differ from the safe nutrition model in terms of product selection and nutrient profile.

Low-Fat Dietary Pattern and Breast Cancer Mortality in the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial.

Purpose Earlier Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification trial findings suggested that a low-fat eating pattern may reduce breast cancers with greater mortality. Therefore, as a primary outcome-related analysis from a randomized prevention trial, we examined the long-term influence of this intervention on deaths as a result of and after breast cancer during 8.5 years (median) of dietary intervention and cumulatively for all breast cancers diagnosed during 16.1 years (median) of follow-up. Patients and Methods The trial randomly assigned 48,835 postmenopausal women with normal mammograms and without prior breast cancer from 1993 to 1998 at 40 US clinical centers to a dietary intervention with goals of a reduction of fat intake to 20% of energy and an increased intake of fruits, vegetables, and grains (40%; n = 19,541) or to a usual diet comparison (60%; n = 29,294). Results In the dietary group, fat intake and body weight decreased (all P < .001). During the 8.5-year dietary intervention, with 1,764 incident breast cancers, fewer deaths occurred as a result of breast cancer in the dietary group, which was not statistically significant (27 deaths [0.016% per year] v 61 deaths [0.024% per year]; hazard ratio [HR], 0.67; 95% CI, 0.43 to 1.06; P = .08). During the same period, deaths after breast cancer (n = 134) were significantly reduced (40 deaths [0.025% per year] v 94 deaths [0.038% per year]; HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.45 to 0.94; P = .02) by the dietary intervention. During the 16.1-year follow-up, with 3,030 incident breast cancers, deaths after breast cancer also were significantly reduced (234 deaths [0.085% per year] v 443 deaths [0.11% per year]; HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.70 to 0.96; P = .01) in the dietary group. Conclusion Compared with a usual diet comparison group, a low-fat dietary pattern led to a lower incidence of deaths after breast cancer.

Reducing fat intake using implementation intentions: A meta-analytic review.

PURPOSE: To study the efficacy of forming implementation intentions for fat intake reduction as well as possible moderating variables. METHODS: Systematic review and meta-analysis of 12 empirical studies (N = 3,323) published in English and Spanish in the Web of Science (Core Collection) and MEDLINE (1990-January 2016) databases. RESULTS: This study found that the efficacy of planning interventions on fat consumption reduction was higher than expected, as a moderate overall effect of implementation intentions was observed (d = 0.488). Moreover, planning for a fat intake reduction seems to be more powerful for men than for women (ß = -.623; p = .025) and in cases where there is no monitoring during the intervention (d = 0.671 vs. d = 0.231). CONCLUSIONS: Previous research was sceptical of the efficacy of planning in the case of avoiding goals in healthy eating. However, our results show that planning is an efficient intervention that can be used by health education programmes to reduce fat intake and, therefore, increase citizen well-being. These results also support the existence of a key variable in the implementation intentions process, that is, goal complexity, and the presence of two moderating variables, that is, gender and monitoring. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Implementation intentions are action plans subordinate to goal intentions that specify the 'when, where, and how' of responses leading to goal attainment. In healthy eating, the average effect of forming implementation intentions is small to medium, but this efficacy changes depending on the type of intended behaviour. Past evidence shows that the effect size seems to be lower when the intervention aims at reducing unhealthy behaviours versus promoting healthy behaviours. What does this study add? Forming implementation intentions is an efficient intervention to reduce fat intake with a medium overall effect. The efficacy of this intervention is increased when men are targeted and when there is no monitoring during the process. This study introduces a new line of research focused on the study of the effect of planning on complex goals.

Long-term effects of a very-low-carbohydrate weight-loss diet and an isocaloric low-fat diet on bone health in obese adults.

OBJECTIVE: Compromised bone health is a frequently cited concern of very-low-carbohydrate (LC) diets, although limited data are available from long-term, well-controlled, randomized studies. This study compared the effects of an energy-restricted LC diet and traditional, higher-carbohydrate, low-fat (LF) diet on bone health after 12 mo. METHODS: One hundred eighteen abdominally obese adults were randomized to consume either an energy-restricted (∼6-7 MJ/d [∼1450-1650 kcal/d]), planned isocaloric LC, or LF diet for 12 mo. Body weight, total body bone mineral content and bone mineral density (BMD), and serum bone crosslaps were assessed pre- and postintervention. RESULTS: Sixty-five participants completed the study (LC = 32, LF = 33; age: 51.3 ± 7.1 y; BMI: 33.4 ± 4.0 kg/m(2)). Weight loss was similar in both groups (LC: -14.5 ± 9.8 kg, LF: -11.7 ± 7.3 kg; P = 0.26). By 1 y, total body bone mineral content had not changed in either group (LC: 2.84 ± 0.47 to 2.88 ± 0.49 kg, LF: 3.00 ± 0.52 to 3.00 ± 0.51 kg; P = 0.07 time × diet effect). In both groups, total body BMD decreased (LC: 1.26 ± 0.10 to 1.22 ± 0.09 g/cm(2), LF: 1.26 ± 0.09 to 1.23 ± 0.08 g/m(2); P < 0.001 time) and bone serum crosslaps increased (LC: 319.3 ± 142.6 to 396.5 ± 172.0 ng/L, LF: 276.3 ± 100.6 to 365.9 ± 154.2 ng/L; P < 0.001 time) independent of diet composition (P ≥ 0.25 time × diet effect). Future studies would be strengthened by the assessment of regional BMD at clinically relevant sites (i.e., hip and spine) and multiple markers of bone turnover. CONCLUSIONS: Weight loss following a hypocaloric LC diet compared with an LF diet does not differentially affect markers of bone health over 12 mo in overweight and obese adults.

Stages of change and factors associated with misperceived eating behavior in obese individuals / Estágios de mudança e fatores associados à percepção equivocada do comportamento alimentar em obesos

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the stages of behavior change related to fat and fruit/vegetable intakes and the factors associated with misperceived eating behavior (pseudo-maintenance). Methods: This cross-sectional study collected sociodemographic, socioeconomic, health, and food intake data from obese individuals (n=103) aged ≥20 years. Stages of behavior change according to the Transtheoretical Model were measured for fat and fruit/vegetable intakes. The pseudo-maintenance stage was reclassified in subjects in the action/maintenance stage who had inappropriate food habits. Multiple logistic regression models were proposed to assess the factors associated with misperceptions. Results: The prevalences of pseudo-maintenance for fat and fruit/vegetable intakes were 23.3 and 19.4%, respectively. The factors associated with misperceived fat intake were overconsumption of saturated fatty acids (OR=3.84; 1.18-12.56) and age (OR=1.06; 1.02-1.11), and with fruit and vegetable intake, income (OR=0.99; 0.98-0.99). Conclusion: The results reveal that perceived eating behavior and actual food intake diverge from anthropometric and health data, signaling the need of different intervention strategies to raise awareness in this group for the need of modifications.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os estágios de mudanças de comportamento relacionadas ao consumo de gordura e frutas/hortaliças e os fatores associados à percepção equivocada do comportamento alimentar (pseudomanutenção). Métodos: Estudo transversal com indivíduos obesos (n=103) com idade ≥20 anos. Dados sociodemográficos, econômicos, de saúde e de ingestão de alimentos foram obtidos. Os estágios de mudanças de comportamento foram aferidos segundo o Modelo Transteórico para o consumo de gordura e frutas/hortaliças. A reclassificação no estágio de pseudomanutenção foi realizada nos indivíduos em fase de ação/manutenção que apresentaram inadequações no consumo alimentar. Modelos de regressão logística foram propostos para avaliar os fatores associados às percepções equivocadas. Resultados: As prevalências de pseudomanutenção para o consumo de gordura e frutas/hortaliças foram de 23,3 e 19,4%, respectivamente, e os fatores associados à percepção equivocada do teor de gordura na dieta foram o consumo excessivo de ácidos graxos saturados (OR=3,84; 1,18-12,56) e idade (OR=1,06; 1,02-1,11), enquanto para o consumo de frutas/hortaliças o fator foi a renda (OR=0,99; 0,98-0,99). Conclusão: Os resultados revelam uma discordância entre a percepção do comportamento alimentar e os hábitos reais de consumo alimentar, perfil antropométrico e de saúde, sinalizando a necessidade de estratégias diferenciadas de intervenção a fim de despertar a consciência desses obesos para a necessidade de modificações.

Association between dietary fat intake and bone mineral density in Korean adults: data from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV (2008 ∼ 2009).

UNLABELLED: We determined the relation between dietary fat intake and bone mineral density, and our study showed that low- as well as high-fat diet was associated with the risk of osteoporosis. Our study provides significant evidence of the specific dietary components that may be important modifiable factors for the prevention of osteoporosis. INTRODUCTION: Osteoporosis and osteoporosis-related fractures have become major public health problems. It is important to understand the various factors that influence bone health and to prevent osteoporosis by correcting modifiable risk factors for the disease. Previous studies suggested that dietary habits and body composition were potent factors associated with bone mineral density. The aim of this study was to determine the independent effect of dietary fat intake on bone mineral density while controlling for other possible confounders, including fat mass and lean body mass. METHODS: This study was based on data obtained in the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. After serial exclusion of subjects according to the selection criteria, 7,192 subjects were included in our analysis. We divided the study population into quintiles according to dietary fat calorie/total calorie intake and compared the adjusted means of bone mineral density between quintiles. RESULTS: The bone mineral density was higher in men and women with a medium fat energy intake compared to those with a low- and high-fat energy intake, but the finding was statistically significant only in women. The results were valid after controlling for body fat percentage and lean body mass. CONCLUSIONS: We found that dietary fat intake is an independent modifiable risk factor for osteoporosis, regardless of body fat or lean body mass, especially in women. However, further investigations with accurate analyses of food intake and nutritional consumption, in addition to long-term follow-up data, are necessary to recommend an osteoporosis-preventive diet in Koreans.

Improving children's menus in community restaurants: best food for families, infants, and toddlers (Best Food FITS) intervention, South Central Texas, 2010-2014.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 32% of US children are overweight or obese. Restaurant and fast food meals contribute 18% of daily calories for children and adolescents aged 2 to 18 years. Changing children's menus may improve their diets. This case study describes Best Food for Families, Infants, and Toddlers (Best Food FITS), a community-based intervention designed to address childhood obesity. The objective of this study was to improve San Marcos children's access to healthy diets through partnerships with local restaurants, removing sugar-sweetened beverages, decreasing the number of energy-dense entrées, and increasing fruit and vegetable offerings on restaurant menus. COMMUNITY CONTEXT: San Marcos, Texas, the fastest growing US city, has more restaurants and fewer grocery stores than other Texas cities. San Marcos's population is diverse; 37.8% of residents and 70.3% of children are Hispanic. Overweight and obesity rates among school children exceed 50%; 40.3% of children live below the poverty level. METHODS: This project received funding from the Texas Department of State Health Services Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity Prevention Program to develop Best Food FITS. The case study consisted of developing a brand, engaging community stakeholders, reviewing existing children's menus in local restaurants, administering owner-manager surveys, collaborating with restaurants to improve menus, and assessing the process and outcomes of the intervention. OUTCOME: Best Food FITS regularly participated in citywide health events and funded the construction of a teaching kitchen in a new community building where regular nutrition classes are held. Sixteen independent restaurants and 1 chain restaurant implemented new menus. INTERPRETATION: Improving menus in restaurants can be a simple step toward changing children's food habits. The approach taken in this case study can be adapted to other communities. Minimal funding would be needed to facilitate development of promotional items to support brand recognition.

Dietary guideline adherence for gastroesophageal reflux disease.

BACKGROUND: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the most common gastrointestinal disease, and the cost of health care and lost productivity due to GERD is extremely high. Recently described side effects of long-term acid suppression have increased the interest in nonpharmacologic methods for alleviating GERD symptoms. We aimed to examine whether GERD patients follow recommended dietary guidelines, and if adherence is associated with the severity and frequency of reflux symptoms. METHODS: We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study within the Kaiser Permanente Northern California population, comparing 317 GERD patients to 182 asymptomatic population controls. All analyses adjusted for smoking and education. RESULTS: GERD patients, even those with moderate to severe symptoms or frequent symptoms, were as likely to consume tomato products and large portion meals as GERD-free controls and were even more likely to consume soft drinks and tea [odds ratio (OR) = 2.01 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12-3.61; OR = 2.63 95% CI 1.24-5.59, respectively] and eat fried foods and high fat diet. The only reflux-triggering foods GERD patients were less likely to consume were citrus and alcohol [OR = 0.59; 95% CI: 0.35-0.97 for citrus; OR = 0.41 95% CI 0.19-0.87 for 1 + drink/day of alcohol]. The associations were similar when we excluded users of proton pump inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS: GERD patients consume many putative GERD causing foods as frequently or even more frequently than asymptomatic patients despite reporting symptoms. These findings suggest that, if dietary modification is effective in reducing GERD, substantial opportunities for nonpharmacologic interventions exist for many GERD patients.

Classification of adults suffering from typical gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms: contribution of latent class analysis in a European observational study.

BACKGROUND: As illustrated by the Montreal classification, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is much more than heartburn and patients constitute a heterogeneous group. Understanding if links exist between patients' characteristics and GERD symptoms, and classify subjects based on symptom-profile could help to better understand, diagnose, and treat GERD. The aim of this study was to identify distinct classes of GERD patients according to symptom profiles, using a specific statistical tool: Latent class analysis. METHODS: An observational single-visit study was conducted in 5 European countries in 7700 adults with typical symptoms. A latent class analysis was performed to identify "latent classes" and was applied to 12 indicator symptoms. RESULTS: On 7434 subjects with non-missing indicators, latent class analysis yielded 5 latent classes. Class 1 grouped the highest severity of typical GERD symptoms during day and night, more digestive and non-digestive GERD symptoms, and bad sleep quality. Class 3 represented less frequent and less severe digestive and non-digestive GERD symptoms, and better sleep quality than in class 1. In class 2, only typical GERD symptoms at night occurred. Classes 4 and 5 represented daytime and nighttime regurgitation. In class 4, heartburn was also identified and more atypical digestive symptoms. Multinomial logistic regression showed that country, age, sex, smoking, alcohol use, low-fat diet, waist circumference, recent weight gain (>5 kg), elevated triglycerides, metabolic syndrome, and medical GERD treatment had a significant effect on latent classes. CONCLUSION: Latent class analysis classified GERD patients based on symptom profiles which related to patients' characteristics. Although further studies considering these proposed classes have to be conducted to determine the reproducibility of this classification, this new tool might contribute in better management and follow-up of patients with GERD.

Assessment of the risk of exposure to cadmium and lead as a result of the consumption of low-fat dairy products by expectant and lactating women.

BACKGROUND: The study aimed to assess the risk related to consumption of low-fat dairy products by expectant and lactating women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A survey was used to verify the popularity of such products among expectant and lactating women and then the content of Cd and Pb in low-fat dairy products was determined. RESULTS: In the group of expectant women consuming dairy products, nearly 93% of the respondents consumed low-fat dairy products, while among lactating women the result was 90%. Both the expectant and lactating women mostly preferred milk and fruit yoghurt. It was found that the studied low-fat products did not contain more Cd and Pb than their standard counterparts. CONCLUSION: Taking into account the intake of low-fat milk and dairy products declared by respondents, such products must be regarded safe in terms of Cd and Pb content. The maximum supply of Cd and Pb for both groups of women did not exceed 3% TWI and 2% BMDL10.