Multifunctional 2D hemin-bridged MOF for the efficient removal and dual-mode detection of organophosphorus pesticides.

The high-residual and bioaccumulation property of organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) creates enormous risks towards the ecological environment and human health, promoting the research for smart adsorbents and detection methods. Herein, 2D hemin-bridged MOF nanozyme (2D-ZHM) was fabricated and applied to the efficient removal and ultrasensitive dual-mode aptasensing of OPs. On the one hand, the prepared 2D-ZHM contained Zr-OH groups with high affinity for phosphate groups, endowing it with selective recognition and high adsorption capacity for OPs (285.7 mg g-1 for glyphosate). On the other hand, the enhanced peroxidase-mimicking biocatalytic property of 2D-ZHM allowed rapid H2O2-directed transformation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine to oxidic product, producing detectable colorimetric or photothermal signals. Using aptamers of specific recognition capacity, the rapid quantification of two typical OPs, glyphosate and omethoate, was realized with remarkable sensitivity and selectivity. The limit of detections (LODs) of glyphosate were 0.004 nM and 0.02 nM for colorimetric and photothermal methods, respectively, and the LODs of omethoate were 0.005 nM and 0.04 nM for colorimetric and photothermal methods, respectively. The constructed dual-mode aptasensing platform exhibited outstanding performance for monitoring OPs in water and fruit samples. This work provides a novel pathway to develop MOF-based artificial peroxidase and integrated platform for pollutant removal and multi-mode aptasensing.

Preparation of surface molecularly imprinted polymers with Fe3O4/ZIF-8 as carrier for detection of Dimethoate in cabbage.

In this study, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were prepared for the specific recognition of organophosphorus pesticides and a rapid, efficient and simple method was established for the detection of dimethoate (DIT) in food samples. Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipitation, and Fe3O4/ZIF-8 complexes were prepared by a modified in-situ polymerization method, and then magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIPs) were prepared and synthetic route was optimized by applying density functional theory (DFT). The morphological characterization showed that the MMIPs were coarse porous spheres with an average particle size of 50 nm. The synthesized materials are highly selective for the organophosphorus pesticide dimethoate with an adsorption capacity of 461.50 mg·g-1 and are effective resistance to matrix effects. A novel method for the determination of DIT in cabbage was developed using the prepared MMIPs in combination with HPLC. The practical results showed that the method can meet the requirements for the determination of DIT in cabbage with recoveries of 85.6-121.1 % and detection limits of 0.033 µg·kg-1.

Exploring honey bee toxicological data as a proxy for assessing dimethoate sensitivity in stingless bees.

The high diversity and distinctive characteristics of stingless bees pose challenges in utilizing toxicity test results for agrochemical registrations. Toxicity assessments were performed on 15 stingless bee species, along with the honey bee, using the insecticide dimethoate, following adapted OECD protocols. Median lethal doses over 24 h (24 h-LD50) were determined for exposure routes (acute oral or contact) and species. Species sensitivity distribution (SSD) curves were constructed and the 5% hazard doses (HD5) were estimated based on 24 h-LD50 values. The SSD curve was adjusted as the body weight and dimethoate response were correlated. Lighter bees (<10 mg) had lower 24 h-LD50 values. Contact exposure for adjusted HD5 suggested insufficient protection for Melipona mondury, whereas the oral exposure HD5 indicated no risks for the other 14 species. Comprehensive risk assessments are crucial for understanding the agrochemical impact on stingless bees, emphasizing the need for a broader species range in formulating conservation strategies.

A phosphamide nucleotide analog: a substrate for polymerase synthesis of DNA.

A type of modified nucleotide, deoxynucleotide γ-amidotriphosphates (dNTPγNH2s), exhibited around five times higher stability than dNTPs. These phosphamide nucleotides can be utilized by several DNA polymerases, and the amplification of a 10 kb DNA fragment through the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be accomplished even under conditions of high temperature, extended storage, or repeated freeze-thaw cycles. However, the control PCR with standard dNTPs was unsuccessful. These results indicate that dNTPγNH2s have the potential to substitute dNTPs in PCR.

Steric and energetic studies on the influence of cellulose on the adsorption effectiveness of Mg trapped hydroxyapatite for enhanced remediation of chlorpyrifos and omethoate pesticides.

Magnesium-trapped hydroxyapatite (Mg.HP) was hybridized with cellulose fiber to produce a bio-composite (CLF/HP) with enhanced adsorption affinities for two types of toxic pesticides (chlorpyrifos (CF) and omethoate (OM)). The enhancement influence of the hybridized cellulose on the adsorption performances of Mg.HP was illustrated based on the determined steric and energetic factors. The computed CF and OM adsorption performances of CLF/HP during the saturation phases are 279.8 mg/g and 317.9 mg/g, respectively, which are significantly higher than the determined values using Mg/HP (143.4 mg/g (CF) and 145.3 mg/g (OM)). The steric analysis demonstrates a strong impact of the hybridization process on the reactivity of the surface of the composite. While CLF/HP reflects effective uptake site densities (Nm) of 93.3 mg/g (CF) and 135.3 mg/g (OM), the estimated values for Mg.HP are 51.2 mg/g (CF) and 46.11 mg/g (OM), which explain the reported enhancement in the adsorption performances of the composite. The capacity of each uptake site to be occupied with more than one molecule (n (CF) = 3-3.74 and n (OM) = 2.35-3.54) suggests multimolecular uptake. The energetic factors suggested physical mechanistic processes of spontaneous and exothermic behaviors either during the uptake of CF or OM.

Thermal sensitivity of Rhinella arenarum tadpole at low concentrations of dimethoate pesticides.

One of the main causes of contamination of aquatic environments, which affects biotic communities, is the use of pesticides in agricultural regions. Amphibians are considered good bio-indicators of aquatic pollution, because they are one of the most susceptible groups to pollution. Several studies suggest that both pollution and climate change produce synergistic effects in amphibians which amplify the toxicity afecting survival, and malformations with an increase in temperature. We studied the sensitivity of sublethal concentrations of dimethoate in Rhinella arenarum tadpoles on two fitness related thermal traits including locomotor swimming performance and thermal tolerance limits (CTmax = critical thermal maximum and CTmin = critical thermal minimum). The locomotor performance of R. arenarum tadpoles decreased with increasing sublethal dimethoate concentrations up to ∼60 % at intermediates dimethoate concentration. The tadpoles showed a tendency to decrease their tolerance to high temperatures (CTmax) with increasing dimethoate concentration around ∼0.5 °C, however no significant differences were found among treatments. Similarly, tadpoles showed decreases in their cold resistance (CTmin) with dimethoate concentrations, around 1 °C the high concentrations of dimethoate. The increase of atypical climatic events, such as heat waves may put R. arenarum tadpoles at greater risk when exposed to dimethoate. Our results show that the sublethal concentrations of the dimethoate pesticide may affect the fitness and survival of the larvae of R. arenarum in natural, and seminatural enviroments.

A photoelectrochemical aptasensor for omethoate determination based on a photocatalysis of CeO2@MnO2 heterojunction for glucose oxidation.

In the present work, we developed a photoelectrochemical aptasensor to determine omethoate (OMT) based on the dual signal amplification of CeO2@MnO2 photocatalysis for glucose oxidation and exonuclease I-assisted cyclic catalytic hydrolysis. CeO2@MnO2 heterojunction material prepared by hydrothermal method was linked with captured DNA (cDNA) and then assembled on the ITO conductive glass to form ITO/CeO2@MnO2-cDNA, which exhibited significant photocurrent response and good photocatalytic performance for glucose oxidation under visible light irradiation, providing the feasibility for sensitive determining OMT. After binding with the aptamer of OMT (apt), the formation of rigid double stranded cDNA/apt kept CeO2@MnO2 away from ITO surface, which ensured a low photocurrent background for the constructed ITO/CeO2@MnO2-cDNA/apt aptasensor. In the presence of target OMT, the restoration of the cDNA hairpin structure and the exonuclease I-assisted cyclic catalytic hydrolysis led to the generation and amplification of measurement photocurrent signals, and allowed the aptasensor to have an ideal quantitative range of 0.01-10.0 nM and low detection limit of 0.0027 nM. Moreover, the aptasensor has been applied for selective determination of OMT in real samples with good precision of the relative standard deviation less than 6.2 % and good accuracy of the recoveries from 93 % to 108 %. What's more, the aptasensor can be used for other target determination only by replacing the captured DNA and corresponding aptamer.

Chlorpyrifos enrichment enhances tolerance of Anabaena sp. PCC 7119 to dimethoate.

Organophosphorus (OP) insecticides are widely used for on-field pest control, constituting about 38% of global pesticide consumption. Insecticide tolerance has been recorded in microorganisms isolated from the contaminated soil. However, the cross-tolerance of laboratory-enriched cultures remains poorly understood. A chlorpyrifos tolerant (T) strain of Anabaena sp. PCC 7119 was developed through continuous enrichment of the wild strain (W). The cross-tolerance of the T strain to the OP insecticide dimethoate was assessed by measuring photosynthetic performance, key enzyme activities and degradation potential. The presence of dimethoate led to a significant reduction in the growth and pigment content of the W strain. In contrast, the T strain demonstrated improved growth and metabolic performance. Chl a and carotenoids were degraded faster than phycobiliproteins in both strains. The T strain exhibited superior photosynthetic performance, metabolic efficiency and photosystem functions, than of W strain, at both the tested dimethoate concentrations (100 and 200 µM). The treated T strain had more or less a normal OJIP fluorescence transient and bioenergetic functions, while the W strain showed a greater fluorescence rise at ≤ 300 µs indicating the inhibition of electron donation to PS II, and at 2 ms due to reduced electron release beyond QA. The T strain had significantly higher levels of esterase and phosphatases, further enhanced by insecticide treatment. Dimethoate degradation efficiency of the T strain was significantly higher than of the W strain. T strain also removed chlorpyrifos more efficiently than W strain at both the tested concentrations. The BCFs of both chlorpyrifos and dimethoate were lower in the T strain compared to the W strain. These findings suggest that the enriched strain exhibits promising results in withstanding dimethoate toxicity and could be explored for its potential as a bioremediating organism for OP degradation.

Ti3C2Tx MXene-Based Fluorescent Aptasensor for Detection of Dimethoate Pesticide.

Dimethoate contaminants in food pose a threat to human health. Rapid and sensitive trace detection methods are required to keep food safe. In this study, a novel fluorescent aptasensor was developed for the sensitive detection of dimethoate based on carbon quantum dots labeled with double-stranded DNA (CQDs-apt-cDNA) and Ti3C2Tx flakes. Under optimal conditions, the aptasensor showed a good linear range of 1 × 10-9 to 5 × 10-5 M for dimethoate with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.996. Besides, a low detection limit of 2.18 × 10-10 M was obtained. The aptasensor showed high selectivity in interference samples and good reproducibility with an RSD of 3.06% (<5%) for dimethoate detection. Furthermore, the proposed aptasensor was applied to the detection of dimethoate in apple juice and tap water with satisfactory recoveries from 96.2 to 104.4%. Because of these benefits, this aptasensor has the potential and promise for detecting food contaminants in the food industry.

Metabolomic analysis of the serum and urine of rats exposed to diazinon, dimethoate, and cypermethrin alone or in combination.

BACKGROUND: Multiple pesticides are often used in combination for plant protection and public health. Therefore, it is important to analyze the physiological changes induced by multiple pesticides exposure. The objective of this study was to investigate the combined toxicity of the widely-used organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides diazinon, dimethoate, and cypermethrin. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were administrated by gavage once daily with the three pesticides individual or in combination for consecutive 28 days. The metabolic components of serum and urine samples were detected by using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics method. Histopathological examination of liver and kidneys and serum biochemical determination were also carried out. RESULTS: The results showed that after the 28-day subacute exposure, serum glutamic transaminase and albumin were significantly increased and blood urea nitrogen was significantly decreased in the rats exposed to the mixture of the pesticides compared with the control rats, suggesting that the co-exposure impaired liver and kidney function. Metabolomics analysis indicated that the indicators 14 metabolites were statistically significant altered in the rats after the exposure of the pesticides. The increase in 3-hydroxybutyric acid in urine or decrease of lactate and N-acetyl-L-cysteine in serum could be a potentially sensitive biomarker of the subchronic combined effects of the three insecticides. The reduction level of 2-oxoglutarate and creatinine in urine may be indicative of dysfunction of liver and kidneys. CONCLUSION: In summary, the exposure of rats to pesticides diazinon, dimethoate, and cypermethrin could cause disorder of lipid and amino acid metabolism, induction of oxidative stress, and dysfunction of liver and kidneys, which contributes to the understanding of combined toxic effects of the pesticides revealed by using the metabolomics analysis of the urine and serum profiles.

Ecological risk assessment for typical organophosphorus pesticides in surface water of China based on a species sensitivity distribution model.

The ecological risks posed by widespread organophosphorus pesticide (OPs) pollution in the surface waters of China remain unclear. In this study, species sensitivity distribution (SSD) parametric statistical approaches were coupled with fully acute and chronic toxicity data to fit the sensitivity distributions of different aquatic species to five typical OPs: dimethoate, malathion, parathion-methyl, trichlorfon, and dichlorvos. Crustaceans exhibit the highest sensitivity to OPs, whereas algae are the least sensitive. The acute hazardous concentrations that affected 5 % of the species (HC5) were 0.112, 0.001, 0.001, 0.001, and 0.001 mg/L for dimethoate, malathion, parathion-methyl, trichlorfon, and dichlorvos, respectively, whereas their chronic HC5 values were 0.004, 0.004, 0.053, 0.001, and 0.0005 mg/L, respectively. Hence, dichlorvos is highly toxic and poses greater risk to non-target aquatic species. The evaluation data revealed varying geographical distribution characteristics of the ecological risks from OPs in 15 freshwater aquatic systems across different regions of China. Dichlorvos posed the highest risk in the basins of Zhejiang and Guangdong Provinces, with the highest chronic Risk Quotient (RQ) and Hazard Index (HI) at 9.34 and 9.92, respectively. This is much higher than what was collected and evaluated for foreign rivers (the highest chronic RQ and HI in foreign rivers were 1.65 and 2.24, respectively). Thus, dichlorvos in the surface waters of China poses a substantial ecological risk to aquatic organisms, and may endanger human health.

Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal the toxic effects of dimethoate on green vegetable soya bean seedlings.

The insecticide dimethoate, an organophosphate, has been used on crops, soybeans, fruits, and vegetables since the 1960s and is considered one of the most widely used pesticides. However, the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of dimethoate in crops, especially crop seedlings, is still limited. The green vegetable soya bean (Glycine max merr) is usually used as a vegetable-like fruit of soybean in many Asian countries. This study aimed to analyze the effect of dimethoate on the growth of green vegetable soya bean seedlings at the metabolic and transcriptional levels. An integrated analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome was performed to determine the responses of green vegetable soya bean seedlings to different concentrations (D1 for low dose, D2 for high dose and C for control) of dimethoate. In omics analyses, 4156 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 1935 differentially abundant metabolites (DAMs) were identified in the D1/C comparison, and 11,162 DEGs and 819 DAMs were identified in D2/C. Correlation analyses revealed dimethoate affected the metabolic pathways of green vegetable soya beans such as the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and microbial metabolism in diverse environmental pathways, demonstrating that even small doses of dimethoate can affect green vegetable soya bean seedlings in a short period of time. Our study further enriches our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which green vegetable soya beans are treated with dimethoate and provides a deeper understanding of the effects of dimethoate on crops.

Alteration of redox status and fatty acid profile in gills from the green crab (Carcinus aestuarii) following dimethoate exposure.

Dimethoate is a broad-spectrum organophosphate insecticide and acaricide. Through various pathways, such as runoff and drift, dimethoate can reach marine environment, and easily impact common organisms in coastal areas, close to agriculture lands, namely crustaceans. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential effects of dimethoate exposure (50, 100, and 200 µg/l), for 1 day, on a wide range of markers of oxidative stress and neurotransmission impairment, as well as fatty acids composition and histopathological aspect in the gills of the green crab Carcinus aestuarii. A significant increase in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids series, namely the eicosapentaenoic acid (C20: 5n3) and its precursor alpha-linolenic acid (C 18: 3n3) in dimethoate-treated crabs was recorded. Concerning n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, we noted a high reduction in arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6) levels. Dimethoate exposure increased the levels of hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, lipid hydroperoxides, protein carbonyl, and caused the advanced oxidation of protein products along with enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant-related markers. Acetylcholinesterase activity was highly inhibited following exposure to dimethoate in a concentration-dependent manner. Finally, deleterious histopathological changes with several abnormalities were noted in exposed animals confirming our biochemical findings. The present study offered unique insights to establish a relationship between redox status and alterations in fatty acid composition, allowing a better understanding of dimethoate-triggered toxicity.

A deep learning-enabled smartphone platform for rapid and sensitive colorimetric detection of dimethoate pesticide.

A novel deep learning-enabled smartphone platform is developed to assist a colorimetric aptamer biosensor for fast and highly sensitive detection of dimethoate. The colorimetric determination of dimethoate is based on the specific binding of dimethoate and aptamer, which leads to the aggregation of AuNPs in high-concentration NaCl solution, resulting in an obvious color change from red to blue. This color change provides sufficient data for self-learning enabled by a convolutional neural network (CNN) model, which is established to predict dimethoate concentration based on images acquired from a smartphone. To enhance user-friendliness for non-experts, the CNN model is then embedded into a smartphone app, enabling offline detection of dimethoate pesticide in real environments within just 15 min using a pre-configured colorimetric probe. The developed platform exhibits superior performance, achieving a regression coefficient of 0.9992 in the concentration range of 0-10 µM. Moreover, the app's performance is found to be consistent with the ELISA kit. These remarkable findings demonstrate the potential of combining colorimetric biosensors with smartphone-based deep learning methods for the development of portable and affordable tools for pesticide detection.

A comparative study of the adsorption and desorption process of selected natural Albanian clays toward methomyl and dimethoate pesticides.

Natural soil components, such as clays, have recently piqued interest because of their potential as pesticide adsorbents. This research work sheds light on the possibility of the application of natural Albanian clays as adsorbents for methomyl and dimethoate pesticides from aqueous solutions. Natural Albanian clays from the regions of Brari, Currila, Dardha, and Prrenjasi were employed in the study and were characterized by granulometric analysis and powder X-ray diffraction. Each clay's adsorption capacity and desorption behavior were investigated toward the chosen pesticides. Within 48 h of contact time, methomyl and dimethoate solutions with different concentrations were evaluated at 25 °C to see how the insecticide concentration affected the adsorption & desorption processes for each natural clay type. The experimental data were fitted to Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm like functions and the results showed the best correlation on Freundlich like adsorption isotherm for almost all cases. Brari clay performed better adsorptive properties toward dimethoate, followed by Dardha, Currila and Prrenjasi clays. The dimethoate adsorbed quantities varied from 0.250 mg/g for C = 0.200 g/L to 0.822 mg/g for C = 0.500 g/L. In comparison to Dardha and Prrenjasi clays, Brari and Currila clays exhibit longer saturation times and improved methomyl retention. In the first 2 h of contact, 96.5% of methomyl and 81% of dimethoate were desorbed from Brari clay. The adsorption process was also investigated employing pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order kinetic models, with the results indicating that all clay-pesticide systems studied demonstrated second-order kinetic behavior. Based on the studied desorption process, it is possible to impregnate clays with various insecticides in agriculture and completely control the quantities of the insecticide released.

Oxidative stress in Arthrospira platensis by two organophosphate pesticides.

Although it is known that organophosphate insecticides are harmfull to aquatic ecosystems, oxidative damages caused by Dimethoate and Chlorpyrifos are not studied on Arthrospira platensis Gomont. In this study, various Chlorpyrifos (0-150 µg mL-1) and Dimethoate (0-250 µg mL-1) concentrations were added to the culture medium in laboratory to evaulate growth rate, chlorophyll-a content and antioxidant parameters of A. platensis. Optical Density (OD560) and chlorophyll-a decreased compared to the control for seven days in both pesticide applications. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased at 50 µg mL-1 Chlorpyrifos concentration but it decreased at all concentrations. Although Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities increased with Chlorpyrifos application, they did not change with Dimethoate application. Malondialdehyde (MDA) amount decreased at 150 µg mL-1 Chlorpyrifos concentration but it increased in Dimethoate application. The H2O2 content were increased in both applications. Proline decreased in 50 and 75 µg mL-1 Chlorpyrifos concentrations and increased at 150 µg mL-1 concentration, while it increased at 25 µg mL-1 Dimethoate concentration. The results were tested at 0.05 significance level. These pesticides inhibit A. platensis growth and chlorophyll-a production and cause oxidative stress. The excessive use may affect the phytoplankton and have negative consequences in the aquatic ecosystem.

A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) model for the insecticide dimethoate.

1. Dimethoate is an organophosphate insecticide that is converted in vivo to omethoate, the active toxic moiety. Omethoate inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the brain and red blood cells (RBCs). This paper describes the development of rat and human physiologically-based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) models for dimethoate.2. The model simulates the absorption and distribution of dimethoate and omethoate, the conversion of dimethoate to omethoate and to other metabolites, the metabolism and excretion of omethoate, and the inhibition of RBC and brain AChE. An extensive data collection program to estimate metabolism and inhibition parameters is described.3. The suite of models includes an adult rat, post-natal rat, and human model. The rat models were evaluated by comparing model predictions of dimethoate and omethoate to measured blood time course data, and with RBC and brain AChE inhibition estimates from an extensive database of in vivo AChE measurements.4. After the demonstration of adequately fitted rat models that were robust to sensitivity analysis, the human model was applied for estimation of points-of-departure (PODs) for risk assessment using the human-specific parameters in the human PBPK/PD model. Thus, the standard interspecies uncertainty factor can be reduced from 10X to 1X.

Sperm abnormality and infertility in male mice treated with the recommended dose of dimethoate and its double.

Background: Dimethoate (DM) is one of the most important organophosphate insecticides used for controlling many pests which affect vegetables, fruits, and agricultural crops, its persistence in soils and crops could cause a health hazard to humans as well as other non-target organisms. Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the recommended dose and its double of DM on sex hormones, sperm morphology, and fertility of adult male mice. Methods: Twenty-seven Swiss albino adult male mice were divided into three groups of nine animals each: control group received distilled water only, while other groups received DM orally at doses (0.1 and 0.2 ml DM/100 ml distilled water) for 20 days, at the end of the treatment, six mice from each group were sacrificed. The sperm morphology was evaluated and sex hormones were measured. Three mice from each group were allowed to mate with untreated females (1:2). Result: The results revealed a decrease in luteinizing hormone levels in mice treated with (0.2 ml DM/100 ml distilled water) compared with the control group while the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone and testosterone did not record any significant differences. Also, the results demonstrated a significant increase in abnormal sperm morphology such as head and tail. The fertility was reduced and the average number of dead embryos increased while the average number of live embryos decreased. Conclusion: This current study confirmed that DM has detrimental effects on sperm morphology, fertility, and the embryos; therefore, more efforts should be exerted to protect ourselves and our environment from the harmful effects of this pesticide.

Sublethal effects of nine insecticides on Drosophila suzukii and its major pupal parasitoid Trichopria drosophilae.

BACKGROUND: Although the pupal parasitoid Trichopria drosophilae is used in conservative and augmentative biocontrol of Drosophila suzukii infestations, current pest management strategies mostly rely on multiple insecticide applications. In this context, the aim of the study was to investigate the baseline toxicity of nine insecticides on D. suzukii larvae and their multiple sublethal effects (LC10 ) on immature stages of the pest feeding on contaminated diet and T. drosophilae developing within the intoxicated host. RESULTS: Chlorpyriphos and azadirachtin showed the lowest and the highest LC10 , the values of which were 9.78 × 1013 and 1.46 × 103 times lower than their recommended label field rate, respectively. Among tested insecticides, imidacloprid, malathion and dimethoate were the only treatments that did not affect the juvenile development time of D. suzukii, while spinosad and the organophosphates chlorpyriphos and dimethoate did not influence fly pupal size. No sublethal effects were recorded on T. drosophilae degree of infestation (DI) and juvenile development time. On the contrary, cyazypyr and dimethoate negatively affected the success of parasitism (SP) and the number of progeny of the pupal parasitoid, in association with malathion for the first parameter and spinosad for the fertility. Compared to the untreated control, more female progeny emerged following azadirachtin exposure, while dimethoate caused the opposite effect. Imidacloprid, lambda-cyhalothrin and spinetoram decreased hind tibia length of emerged parasitoids. CONCLUSION: This study provides new insights on the (eco)toxicological profile of nine insecticides and new information needed to support the deployment of T. drosophilae in the field within the sustainable management techniques against D. suzukii. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Toxicological sensitivity of protozoa to pesticides and nanomaterials: A prospect review.

Protozoa are sensitive indicators of pollutant toxicity. This review presents and discusses the toxicological studies of protozoa and the toxicological conventional test species (Daphnia magna) by pesticides and nanomaterials, particularly comparing the sensitivity of through relative tolerance analysis, Z-score, and species sensitivity index. The sensitivity of different species of protozoa varies greatly. The protozoa Paramecium sp. and Tetrahymena sp. are not sensitive species; conversely, Urostyla sp. is sensitive to dimethoate and nanomaterials Ag-NPs, respectively ZnO-NPs, and CuO-NPs, fits the use as an indicator species on these substances. The prospects to explore scientific toxicity exposure protocols, expand the protozoan species examined, and screen the sensitive species under the protocols are discussed. This prospect review advances the knowledge for including the sensitive protozoa as an indicator species in comprehensive toxicological analysis for pesticides and nanomaterials.