ABSTRACT
6-Hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin pyrophosphokinase (HPPK) catalyzes the transfer of pyrophosphate from ATP to 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin (HP), which follows an ordered bi-bi kinetic mechanism with ATP binding to the enzyme first. HPPK undergoes dramatic conformational changes during its catalytic cycle as revealed by X-ray crystallography, and the conformational changes are essential for the enzymatic catalysis as shown by site-directed mutagenesis and biochemical and crystallographic analysis of the mutants. However, the dynamic properties of the enzyme have not been measured experimentally. Here, we report a (15)N NMR relaxation study of the dynamic properties of Escherichia coli HPPK from the apo form to the binary substrate complex with MgATP (represented by MgAMPCPP, an ATP analogue) to the Michaelis complex (ternary substrate complex) with MgATP (represented by MgAMPCPP) and HP (represented by 7,7-dimethyl-6-hydroxypterin, an HP analogue). The results show that the binding of the nucleotide to HPPK does not cause major changes in the dynamic properties of the enzyme. Whereas enzymes are often more rigid when bound to the ligand or the substrate, the internal mobility of HPPK is not reduced and is even moderately increased in the binary complex, particularly in the catalytic loops. The internal mobility of the catalytic loops is significantly quenched upon the formation of the ternary complex, but some mobility remains. The enhanced motions in the catalytic loops of the binary substrate complex may be required for the assembling of the ternary complex. On the other hand, some degrees of mobility in the catalytic loops of the ternary complex may be required for the optimal stabilization of the transition state, which may need the instantaneous adjustment and alignment of the side-chain positions of catalytic residues. Such dynamic behaviors may be characteristic of bisubstrate enzymes.
Subject(s)
Diphosphotransferases/metabolism , Escherichia coli/enzymology , Protein Conformation , Adenosine Triphosphate/analogs & derivatives , Adenosine Triphosphate/chemistry , Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism , Amino Acid Sequence , Catalysis , Crystallography, X-Ray , Diffusion , Diphosphotransferases/chemistry , Diphosphotransferases/isolation & purification , Kinetics , Models, Molecular , Molecular Sequence Data , Mutagenesis, Site-Directed , Protein Structure, Secondary , Rotation , Substrate Specificity/genetics , TemperatureABSTRACT
7,8-Dihydroneopterin aldolase catalyzes the formation of the tetrahydrofolate precursor, 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin, and is a potential target for antimicrobial and anti-parasite chemotherapy. The last step of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction is believed to involve the protonation of an enol type intermediate. In order to study the stereochemical course of that reaction step, [1',2',3',6,7-13C5]dihydroneopterin was treated with aldolase in deuterated buffer. The resulting, partially deuterated [6alpha,6,7-13C3]6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin was converted to partially deuterated 6-(R)-[6,7,9,11-13C4]5,10-methylenetetrahydropteroate by a sequence of three enzyme-catalyzed reactions followed by treatment with [13C]formaldehyde. The product was analyzed by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. The data show that the carbinol group of enzymatically formed 6-hydroxymethyl-dihydropterin contained 2H predominantly in the pro-S position.
Subject(s)
Aldehyde-Lyases/chemistry , Tetrahydrofolates/biosynthesis , Tetrahydrofolates/chemistry , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Dihydropteroate Synthase/chemistry , Dihydropteroate Synthase/isolation & purification , Diphosphotransferases/chemistry , Diphosphotransferases/isolation & purification , Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase/pharmacology , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Models, Chemical , Plasmids/metabolism , Pterins/chemistry , Recombinant Proteins/chemistry , Recombinant Proteins/isolation & purification , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
The folic acid synthesis (Fas) protein of Pneumocystis carinii is a multifunctional enzyme containing dihydroneopterin aldolase, 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin pyrophosphokinase (PPPK), and dihydropteroate synthase activities. Isolation of the stretch of fas cDNA shown by amino acid similarity to the bacterial counterparts to code for PPPK activity (fasC domain) is described. FasC was expressed to high levels in Escherichia coli inclusion bodies using an inducible tac promoter expression system. Solubilization of the inclusion bodies in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride and refolding of the recombinant protein yielded enzymatically active PPPK which was purified to homogeneity by anion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography. Sequence analysis showed that the first 13 amino acids of the purified protein were in agreement with those predicted from the DNA sequence and, furthermore, that the amino-terminal methionine had been removed. The enzyme is active in the monomeric form, exhibiting maximum activity at around pH 8.0. Isoelectric focusing gave a pI of 9.1. The Km value for 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin was 3.6 microM in 50 mM Tris buffer, pH 8.2. The production of independently folded, active P. carinii PPPK will allow detailed biochemical and structural studies, increasing our understanding of this enzyme domain.
