ABSTRACT
There is a global shortage of equine-derived diphtheria anti-toxin (DAT) for diphtheria treatment. There are few existing data on serum antibody concentrations and neutralizing activity post-treatment to support development of new therapeutics. Antibody concentrations were quantified by ELISA and anti-toxin neutralizing activity by cytotoxicity assay in serum from 4 patients receiving DAT for suspected diphtheria. Using linear mixed effects modeling, estimated mean (SE) half-life was 78.2 (20.0) hours. Maximum serum neutralizing activity ranged from 28.42-38.64 AU/mL with an estimated mean AUC1-72 of 1396.7 (399.3) AU/mL*hr. These data provide a standard of comparison for development of novel anti-toxins to replace DAT.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/blood , Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology , Diphtheria Antitoxin/immunology , Diphtheria/therapy , Administration, Intravenous , Adult , Aged , Animals , Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/biosynthesis , Antibodies, Bacterial/administration & dosage , Antibodies, Bacterial/metabolism , Antibodies, Bacterial/therapeutic use , Chlorocebus aethiops , Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic , Diphtheria/blood , Diphtheria/immunology , Diphtheria Antitoxin/administration & dosage , Diphtheria Antitoxin/metabolism , Diphtheria Antitoxin/therapeutic use , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Female , Half-Life , Horses , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Neutralization Tests , Vero CellsABSTRACT
Conocida desde la antigüedad, la difteria adquiere especial incidencia en España en el siglo XVI, siendo ya entonces conocida como garrotillo, por la similitud de la muerte de estos enfermos con los ajusticiados mediante garrote. Durante gran parte de los siglos XVII y XVIII, tuvo una presencia muy limitada en España. Bretonneau, es el primero que estudia la enfermedad en profundidad, entre 1818 y 1820, durante la epidemia de Tours (Francia), dándole el nombre de difteritis. A mediados del siglo XIX, vuelve a España y a otros países de Europa y poco después se extiende a todos los continentes, con una mortalidad que, al finalizar el siglo, era aún del 42%. A comienzos del siglo XX, la antitoxina diftérica de Behring supone un cambio importante en el pronóstico de la difteria y, a partir de 1923, se da el paso definitivo en el control de la enfermedad, mediante la anatoxina de Ramón
Known since ancient times, diphteria acquired a special incidence in Spain in the XVI century. Known then by "garrotillo", due to the similaraties its mortal victims showed with those executed by " garrote". Diphteria had a limited incidence in Spain during the XVII and XVIII centuries. Bretonneau was the first one to study this entity in depth between 1818 and 1820, during an epidemy in Tours, France and named it diphteritis. Around the middle of the XIX century, diphteria returns to Spain, and to other countries in Europe, and it is spread out to other continents. Its mortality by the end of XIX century was estimated at 42%. At the beginning of the XX century, the diphteric antitoxin of Behring established an important change in the prognosis of diphteria. A definite step to control the pathological entity was taken in 1923, by the use of the anatoxin of Ramón
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , History, 16th Century , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Diphtheria/epidemiology , Diphtheria Antitoxin/administration & dosage , Diphtheria Antitoxin/metabolism , Diphtheria Antitoxin/isolation & purification , Diphtheria Antitoxin/therapeutic use , Corynebacterium diphtheriae/pathogenicity , Diphtheria/etiology , Mortality , Prognosis , Diphtheria Toxoid/administration & dosage , Diphtheria/history , Diphtheria-Tetanus Vaccine/administration & dosage , Diphtheria-Tetanus Vaccine/metabolism , Diphtheria-Tetanus Vaccine/pharmacology , Diphtheria-Tetanus Vaccine/therapeutic use , Antibiotic Prophylaxis/instrumentation , Antibiotic Prophylaxis/methods , Antibiotic Prophylaxis , Spain/epidemiologyABSTRACT
A diptheria immunoglobulin has been prepared from selected blood donations to the Australian Red Cross Transfusion Services. A dose of 250 I.U. has been demonstrated to raise the titre of diptheria antitoxin in non-immune subjects to protective levels within 24 h, and these levels remain protective for at least 5 wk. Supplies are available from the various branches of the Australian Red Cross Transfusion Services.
