CD123 a Therapeutic Target for Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Blastic Plasmocytoid Dendritic Neoplasm.

In spite of consistent progress at the level of basic research and of clinical treatment, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) still represents an unmet clinical need for adult and pediatric patients. To improve the outcomes of these patients, it is necessary to identify new therapeutic targets. IL3RA (CD123, alpha subunit of the interleukin 3 receptor) is a cell membrane protein overexpressed in several hematologic malignancies, including AML blastic plasmocytoid dendritic cell neoplasms (BPDCN). Given the higher expression of CD123 on leukemic cells compared to normal hematopoietic cells and its low/absent expression on normal hematopoietic stem cells, it appears as a suitable and attractive target for therapy. Various drugs targeting CD123 have been developed and evaluated at clinical level: interleukin-3 conjugated with diphtheria toxin; naked neutralizing anti-CD123 antibodies; drug-antibody conjugates; bispecific antibodies targeting both CD123 and CD3; and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells engineered to target CD123. Some of these agents have shown promising results at the clinical level, including tagraxofusp (CD123 conjugated with diphtheria toxin) for the treatment of BPDCN and IMGN632 (anti-CD123 drug-conjugate), and flotetuzumab (bispecific anti-CD123 and anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody) for the treatment of AML. However, the therapeutic efficacy of CD123-targeting treatments is still unsatisfactory and must be improved through new therapeutic strategies and combined treatments with other antileukemic drugs.

[Preclinical and clinical researches of Denileukin Diftitox (Genetical Recombination) (Remitoro®), a novel agent for T-cell lymphoma].

Denileukin Diftitox (DD) is a recombinant fusion protein of diphtheria toxin (DT) fragments and human interleukin-2 (IL-2). DD binds to IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) expressed on tumor cells and is taken up into the cells. Subsequently, DT fragments with adenosine diphosphate ribosylation enzyme inhibit protein synthesis, then ultimately trigger cell death. DD binds to both high- and intermediate-affinity IL-2Rs via IL-2 domain and inhibits growth of human T-cell lymphomas cell lines. E7777, which contains DD as an active component, has improved purity and an increased percentage of active monomer compared with the approved drug E7272 (ONTAK in the US, not approved in Japan). In the phase I clinical study in Japanese patients with relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), the maximum tolerated dose and recommended dose of E7777 were 9 µg/kg/day (administered on Days 1-5 of each cycle) based on the evaluation of dose-limiting toxicity. In the phase II clinical study, the objective response rate was 36.1%, showing comparable efficacy to existing therapies. E7777 showed anti-tumor activity observed across the range of CD25 expression. Grade 3 or higher adverse events (AE) occurred in 94.6%, and serious AE such as capillary leak syndrome and rhabdomyolysis were reported. Therefore, safety monitoring activities have been continued along with alerting related events. Based on these results, E7777 obtained a new drug approval in Japan in March 2021 for the indication of relapsed or refractory PTCL/CTCL.

Meta-Analysis of Interleukin-2 Receptor Antagonists as the Treatment for Steroid-Refractory Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease.

Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is a major complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Corticosteroid is the first-line treatment for aGVHD, but its response rate is only approximately 50%. At present, no uniformly accepted treatment for steroid-refractory aGVHD (SR-aGVHD) is available. Blocking interleukin-2 receptors (IL-2Rs) on donor T cells using pharmaceutical antagonists alleviates SR-aGVHD. This meta-analysis aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of four commercially available IL-2R antagonists (IL-2RAs) in SR-aGVHD treatment. A total of 31 studies met the following inclusion criteria (1): patients of any race, any sex, and all ages (2); those diagnosed with SR-aGVHD after HSCT; and (3) those using IL-2RA-based therapy as the treatment for SR-aGVHD. The overall response rate (ORR) at any time after treatment with basiliximab and daclizumab was 0.81 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.74-0.87)] and 0.71 (95% CI: 0.56-0.82), respectively, which was better than that of inolimomab 0.54 (95% CI: 0.39-0.68) and denileukin diftitox 0.56 (95% CI: 0.35-0.76). The complete response rate (CRR) at any time after treatment with basiliximab and daclizumab was 0.55 (95% CI: 0.42-0.68) and 0.42 (95%CI: 0.29-0.56), respectively, which was better than that of inolimomab 0.30 (95% CI: 0.16-0.51) and denileukin diftitox 0.37 (95% CI: 0.24-0.52). The ORR and CRR were better after 1-month treatment with basiliximab and daclizumab than after treatment with inolimomab and denileukin diftitox. The incidence of the infection was higher after inolimomab treatment than after treatment with the other IL-2RAs. In conclusion, the efficacy and safety of different IL-2RAs varied. The response rate of basiliximab was the highest, followed by that of daclizumab. Prospective, randomized controlled trials are needed to compare the efficacy and safety of different IL-2RAs.

Effective Host-Directed Therapy for Tuberculosis by Depletion of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells and Related Cells Using a Diphtheria Toxin Fusion Protein.

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are present in elevated numbers in tuberculosis patients and have been found to be permissive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis proliferation. To determine whether depletion of MDSCs may improve host control of tuberculosis, we used a novel diphtheria toxin-based fusion protein DABIL-4 that targets and depletes interleukin 4 (IL-4) receptor-positive cells. We show that DABIL-4 depletes both polymorphonuclear MDSCs and monocytic MDSCs, increases interferon-γ + T cells, and reduces the lung bacillary burden in a mouse tuberculosis model. These results indicate that MDSC-depleting therapies targeting the IL-4 receptor are beneficial in tuberculosis and offer an avenue towards host-directed tuberculosis therapy.

IFNα Augments Clinical Efficacy of Regulatory T-cell Depletion with Denileukin Diftitox in Ovarian Cancer.

PURPOSE: Immunotherapy treats some cancers, but not ovarian cancer. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) impede anti-ovarian cancer immunity but effective human Treg-directed treatments are lacking. We tested Treg depletion with denileukin diftitox (DD) ± IFNα as ovarian cancer immunotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Mice with syngeneic ID8 ovarian cancer challenge were treated with DD, IFNα, or both. The phase 0/I trial tested one dose-escalated DD infusion for functional Treg reduction, safety, and tolerability. The phase II trial added IFNα2a to DD if DD alone failed clinically. RESULTS: DD depleted Tregs, and improved antitumor immunity and survival in mice. IFNα significantly improved antitumor immunity and survival with DD. IFNα did not alter Treg numbers or function but boosted tumor-specific immunity and reduced tumor Treg function with DD by inducing dendritic cell IL6. DD alone was well tolerated, depleted functional blood Tregs and improved immunity in patients with various malignancies in phase 0/I. A patient with ovarian cancer in phase 0/I experienced partial clinical response prompting a phase II ovarian cancer trial, but DD alone failed phase II. Another phase II trial added pegylated IFNα2a to failed DD, producing immunologic and clinical benefit in two of two patients before a DD shortage halt. DD alone was well tolerated. Adding IFNα increased toxicities but was tolerable, and reduced human Treg numbers in blood, and function through dendritic cell-induced IL6 in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: Treg depletion is clinically useful but unlikely alone to cure ovarian cancer. Rational treatment agent combinations can salvage clinical failure of Treg depletion alone, even when neither single agent provides meaningful clinical benefit.

A novel diphtheria toxin-based bivalent human EGF fusion toxin for treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is often overexpressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and represents a top candidate for targeted HNSCC therapy. However, the clinical effectiveness of current Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs targeting EGFR is moderate, and the overall survival rate for HNSCC patients remains low. Therefore, more effective treatments are urgently needed. In this study, we generated a novel diphtheria toxin-based bivalent human epidermal growth factor fusion toxin (bi-EGF-IT) to treat EGFR-expressing HNSCC. Bi-EGF-IT was tested for in vitro binding affinity, cytotoxicity, and specificity using 14 human EGFR-expressing HNSCC cell lines and three human EGFR-negative cancer cell lines. Bi-EGF-IT had increased binding affinity for EGFR-expressing HNSCC compared with the monovalent version (mono-EGF-IT), and both versions specifically depleted EGFR-positive HNSCC, but not EGFR-negative cell lines, in vitro. Bi-EGF-IT exhibited a comparable potency to that of the FDA-approved EGFR inhibitor, erlotinib, for inhibiting HNSCC tumor growth in vivo using both subcutaneous and orthotopic HNSCC xenograft mouse models. When tested in an experimental metastasis model, survival was significantly longer in the bi-EGF-IT treatment group than the erlotinib treatment group, with a significantly reduced number of metastases compared with mono-EGF-IT. In addition, in vivo off-target toxicities were significantly reduced in the bi-EGF-IT treatment group compared with the mono-EGF-IT group. These results demonstrate that bi-EGF-IT is more effective and markedly less toxic at inhibiting primary HNSCC tumor growth and metastasis than mono-EGF-IT and erlotinib. Thus, the novel bi-EGF-IT is a promising drug candidate for further development.

The therapeutic potential of attenuated diphtheria toxin delivered by an adenovirus vector with survivin promoter on human lung cancer cells.

Adenoviral vectors are superior to plasmid vectors in their gene transport efficiency. The A subunit of the diphtheria toxin (DTA) gene is a popular suicide gene in cancer gene therapy. However, DTA is seldom used in adenoviral therapy due to its great toxicity. The toxicity of DTA is so great that even a single molecule of DTA is enough to kill one cell. To avoid this highly toxic effect on normal cells, DTA should be controlled by tumor-specific promoters. The survivin promoter is a widely used tumor-specific promoter. But genes driven by the survivin promoter show a low level of basal gene expression in non-cancer cells. DTA driven by the survivin promoter in adenoviral vectors may be highly toxic not only to cancer cells but also to normal cells. Therefore, DTA should be attenuated when it is used in adenoviral vectors driven by the survivin promoter. In this study, we compared the three kinds of recombinant adenoviruses that carry DTA or its attenuated forms (DTA176 and DTA197) in the treatment of human lung cancer. The results showed that in comparison with both DTA and DTA176, DTA197 is more suitable for adenoviral cancer therapy controlled by the survivin promoter. In addition, Adsur-DTA197 (DTA197 delivered by an adenoviral vector with the survivin promoter) sensitized human lung cancer cells to cisplatin both in vitro and in vivo. These results indicated that Adsur-DTA197 may be a potential chemosensitizer in cancer therapy.

Recent advances with Treg depleting fusion protein toxins for cancer immunotherapy.

T regulatory cells (Tregs) are an important T cell population for immune tolerance, prevention of autoimmune diseases and inhibition of antitumor immunity. The tumor-promoting role played by Tregs in cancer has prompted numerous approaches to develop immunotherapeutics targeting Tregs. One approach to depletion of Treg cells is retargeting the highly potent cytotoxic activity of bacterial toxins. These agents capitalize on the well-characterized bacterial toxins, diphtheria toxin and Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A-both of which harbor membrane translocation domains and enzymatic domains that catalytically halt protein synthesis within intoxicated eukaryotic cells and act at picomolar or subpicomolar concentrations. In this review, we summarize the preclinical and clinical development of several Treg-depleting cancer immunotherapies based on these two bacterial toxins.

Tagraxofusp: First Global Approval.

Tagraxofusp (tagraxofusp-erzs) [Elzonris™] is an intravenously administered CD123-directed cytotoxin (composed of human interleukin-3 and a truncated diphtheria toxin payload) that was developed by Stemline Therapeutics, Inc. for the treatment of blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN). In December 2018, tagraxofusp received its first global approval in the USA for the treatment of BPDCN in adults and in paediatric patients aged 2 years and older. A centralized registration application for the use of tagraxofusp in patients with BPDCN is under review in the EU. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of tagraxofusp leading to its first global approval for the treatment of BPDCN.

Use of the XRCC2 promoter for in vivo cancer diagnosis and therapy.

The homologous recombination (HR) pathway is a promising target for cancer therapy as it is frequently upregulated in tumors. One such strategy is to target tumors with cancer-specific, hyperactive promoters of HR genes including RAD51 and RAD51C. However, the promoter size and the delivery method have limited its potential clinical applications. Here we identified the ~2.1 kb promoter of XRCC2, similar to ~6.5 kb RAD51 promoter, as also hyperactivated in cancer cells. We found that XRCC2 expression is upregulated in nearly all types of cancers, to a degree comparable to RAD51 while much higher than RAD51C. Further study demonstrated that XRCC2 promoter is hyperactivated in cancer cell lines, and diphtheria toxin A (DTA) gene driven by XRCC2 promoter specifically eliminates cancer cells. Moreover, lentiviral vectors containing XRCC2 promoter driving firefly luciferase or DTA were created and applied to subcutaneous HeLa xenograft mice. We demonstrated that the pXRCC2-luciferase lentivirus is an effective tool for in vivo cancer visualization. Most importantly, pXRCC2-DTA lentivirus significantly inhibited the growth of HeLa xenografts in comparison to the control group. In summary, our results strongly indicate that virus-mediated delivery of constructs built upon the XRCC2 promoter holds great potential for tumor diagnosis and therapy.

Age effects of distinct immune checkpoint blockade treatments in a mouse melanoma model.

Cancer immunotherapy has shown remarkable recent progress. Immune checkpoint blocking antibodies have become the most successful anti-cancer agent class ever developed, with six distinct agents approved since 2011 for a wide variety of cancers. Although age is the biggest risk factor for cancer (aside from selected early-onset pediatric cancers), these agents were tested pre-clinically in young hosts, and there is remarkably little published on the effects of host age on treatment outcomes in pre-clinical studies or human clinical trials. The three principal immune checkpoints against which blocking antibodies have been FDA-approved for human use are CTLA-4, PD-1 and PD-L1. We used a mouse model of transplantable, orthotopic B16 melanoma to test age effects of treatments with anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies. All three agents were highly effective in treating young tumor-bearing hosts as expected. Anti-PD-L1 as a single agent had no effect on tumor growth in aged hosts, anti-CTLA-4 had detectable, modest effects and anti-PD-1 was essentially as effective in aged as in young hosts, the first single agent we have identified not to lose efficacy with age in this model. Other important differences in young versus aged hosts included lack of anti-CTLA-4-mediated depletion of intratumor regulatory T cells in aged hosts and poorer ability of all three agents to activate T cells in aged versus young hosts. Anti-CTLA-4 efficacy appeared to improve when combined with anti-PD-L1. Regulatory T cell depletion with FDA-approved denileukin diftitox did not improve treatment by any single agent. Aged mice tolerated treatments as well as young mice without obvious toxicities at equivalent doses.

E7777 in Japanese patients with relapsed/refractory peripheral and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: A phase I study.

E7777, a recombinant cytotoxic fusion protein comprising diphtheria toxin fragments A and B and human interleukin-2, shares an amino acid sequence with denileukin diftitox but has improved purity and an increased percentage of active protein monomer species. A phase I study was carried out to evaluate the tolerability, safety, pharmacokinetics, and antitumor activity of E7777 in Japanese patients with relapsed/refractory peripheral and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. E7777 (6, 12, and expanded 9 µg/kg/day) was given to 13 patients by i.v. infusion on five consecutive days per 21-day cycle. Dose-limiting toxicities, including increased alanine aminotransferase, hyponatremia (n = 2), hypokalemia, lymphopenia, fatigue, hypoalbuminemia, rash, and increased lipase (n = 1), were observed in all three patients in the 12 µg/kg/day cohort, whereas two of six patients in the 9 µg/kg/day cohort showed decreased appetite or fatigue. The maximum tolerated and recommended dose of E7777 was 9 µg/kg/day for five consecutive days per 21-day cycle. The objective response rate was 38% (5/13) and did not appear to depend on tumor expression of CD25. E7777 was well tolerated, assuming careful management of adverse events during treatment, and preliminary but clinically meaningful antitumor activity was observed. Subsequent studies of E7777 for T-cell lymphomas are warranted. This study was registered with www.ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT1401530).

An exploratory cost-effectiveness analysis of systemic treatments for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.

PURPOSE: To conduct an exploratory cost-effectiveness analysis of systemic treatment options for more advanced cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). METHODS: A cost-effectiveness model compared systemic bexarotene, denileukin diftitox, interferon-α, methotrexate, pralatrexate, romidepsin, vorinostat, and extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) treatment of CTCL. Treatment effectiveness data were extracted from published studies and/or US product labeling. Overall response, the primary effectiveness measure, was defined as the proportion of patients achieving complete or partial response. Costs were based on wholesale acquisition cost (medications) and Medicare reimbursement rates (ECP, medication administration, adverse drug effect treatment). The perspective of the study was from that of a payer. RESULTS: Methotrexate was the lowest cost option [mean $436; standard deviation (SD) $284], followed by interferon-α (mean $32,174; SD $27,582), denileukin difitox (mean $40,107; SD $18,598), and ECP (mean $40,985; SD $45,633). Other treatments had costs greater than $50,000, ranging from vorinostat ($65,958; SD $40,637) to bexarotene ($239,424; SD $178,881). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio per successfully treated patient was $396,725 (interferon) and $213,416 (ECP). Denileukin diftitox, romidepsin, and vorinostat were less effective and cost more than methotrexate. CONCLUSION: Methotrexate is the most cost-effective option for CTCL; however, its low cost is offset by its limited effectiveness in advanced stages of CTCL. ECP and interferon appear the next most cost-effective therapies.

Suppressor Cell-Depleting Immunotherapy With Denileukin Diftitox is an Effective Host-Directed Therapy for Tuberculosis.

Host-directed therapies that augment host immune effector mechanisms may serve as important adjunctive therapies for tuberculosis treatment. We evaluated the activity of denileukin diftitox in an acute mouse model of tuberculosis (TB) infection and analyzed the cellular composition and bacterial burden in lungs and spleens. These in vivo studies show that denileukin diftitox potentiates standard TB treatment in the mouse model, an effect which may be due to depletion of T-regulatory and myeloid-derived suppressor cells during TB infection. Our results indicate that denileukin diftitox and other suppressor cell-depleting therapies may be useful adjunctive, host-directed therapies for TB.

Diphtheria toxin-based anti-human CD19 immunotoxin for targeting human CD19+ tumors.

CD19 is expressed on normal and neoplastic B cells and is a promising target for immunotherapy. However, there is still an unmet need to further develop novel therapeutic drugs for the treatment of the refractory/relapsing human CD19+ tumors. We have developed a diphtheria toxin-based anti-human CD19 immunotoxin for targeting human CD19+ tumors. We have constructed three isoforms of the CD19 immunotoxin: monovalent, bivalent, and foldback diabody. In vitro binding affinity and efficacy analysis demonstrated that the bivalent isoform had the highest binding affinity and in vitro efficacy. The in vivo efficacy of the CD19 immunotoxins was assessed using human CD19+ JeKo-1 tumor-bearing NOD/SCID IL-2 receptor γ-/- (NSG) mouse model. In these animals, CD19 immunotoxins significantly prolonged the median survival from 31 days in controls to 34, 36, and 40 days in animals receiving the monovalent isoform, foldback diabody isoform, and bivalent isoform, respectively. The bivalent CD19 immunotoxin is a promising therapeutic drug candidate for targeting relapsing/refractory human CD19+ tumors.

Immunotoxins in cancer therapy: Review and update.

Immunotoxins are a novel class of cancer therapeutics that contains a cytotoxic agent fused to a targeting moiety. Various toxic agents from different sources are used in immunotoxin development, including bacterial, plant and human origin cytotoxic elements. Although bacterial and plant-derived toxins are highly toxic and commonly used in immunotoxins, their immunogenicity for human restricted their application in cancer therapy. Here, we discuss the advantages and limitations of bacterial toxins such as Pseudomonas and Diphtheria toxins, plant toxins such as ricin and gelonin, and some endogenous protein of human origin such as RNases and Granzymes. This article will also review different generations of immunotoxins with special focus on immunotoxins which are under clinical trials or approved for clinical use. Finally, current deimmunization strategies for development of new less-immunogenic recombinant immunotoxins will be discussed. ABBREVIATIONS: mAbs: Monoclonal antibodies; EF2: elongation factor 2; ITs: Immunotoxins; DT: Diphtheria toxin; PE: Pseudomonas exotoxin; dgA: de-glycosylated A-chain of ricin; rGel: recombinant de-glycosylated form of gelonin; NKC: natural killer cells; HTR: human transferrin receptor; EGF: epidermal growth factor; GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; DAB389: truncated Diphtheria toxin; B-CCL: B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia; RCC: renal cell carcinoma; GVHD: Graft-versus-host disease; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; AML: acute myeloid leukemia; Fab: fragment antigen-binding; dsFv: disulfide-stabilized fragment variable; scFv: single-chain fragment variable; B-ALL: B-lineage Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia; Fv: fragment variable; HCL: hairy cell leukemia; IL-2R: Interleukin-2 receptor; CR: complete response; CLL: chronic lymphocytic leukemia; ATL: adult T-cell leukemia; DARPins: designed Ankyrin repeat proteins; pmol: picomolar; HAMA: human-anti mouse antibody.

Recent Advances in the Development of Antineoplastic Agents Derived from Natural Products.

Through years of evolutionary selection pressures, organisms have developed potent toxins that coincidentally have marked antineoplastic activity. These natural products have been vital for the development of multiagent treatment regimens currently employed in cancer chemotherapy, and are used in the treatment of a variety of malignancies. Therefore, this review catalogs recent advances in natural product-based drug discovery via the examination of mechanisms of action and available clinical data to highlight the utility of these novel compounds in the burgeoning age of precision medicine. The review also highlights the recent development of antibody-drug conjugates and other immunotoxins, which are capable of delivering highly cytotoxic agents previously deemed too toxic to elicit therapeutic benefit preferentially to neoplastic cells. Finally, the review examines natural products not currently used in the clinic that have novel mechanisms of action, and may serve to supplement current chemotherapeutic protocols.

Monoclonal Antibodies.

Use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has revolutionized cancer therapy. Approaches targeting specific cellular targets on the malignant cells and in tumor microenvironment have been proved to be successful in hematologic malignancies, including cutaneous lymphomas. mAb-based therapy for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma has demonstrated high response rates and a favorable toxicity profile in clinical trials. Several antibodies and antibody-based conjugates are approved for use in clinical practice, and many more are in ongoing and planned clinical trials. In addition, these safe and effective drugs can be used as pillars for sequential therapies in a rational stepwise manner.

Phase I study of a bispecific ligand-directed toxin targeting CD22 and CD19 (DT2219) for refractory B-cell malignancies.

PURPOSE: The novel bispecific ligand-directed toxin (BLT) DT2219 consists of a recombinant fusion between the catalytic and translocation enhancing domain of diphtheria toxin (DT) and bispecific single-chain variable fragments (scFV) of antibodies targeting human CD19 and CD22. We conducted a phase I dose-escalation study to assess the safety, maximum tolerated dose, and preliminary efficacy of DT2219 in patients with relapsed/refractory B-cell lymphoma or leukemia. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: DT2219 was administered intravenously over 2 hours every other day for 4 total doses. Dose was escalated from 0.5 µg/kg/day to 80 µg/kg/day in nine dose cohorts until a dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) was observed. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients with mature or precursor B-cell lymphoid malignancies expressing CD19 and/or CD22 enrolled to the study. Patients received median 3 prior lines of chemotherapy and 8 failed hematopoietic transplantation. All patients received a single course of DT2219; one patient was retreated. The most common adverse events, including weight gain, low albumin, transaminitis, and fever were transient grade 1-2 and occurred in patients in higher dose cohorts (≥40 µg/kg/day). Two subjects experienced DLT at dose levels 40 and 60 µg/kg. Durable objective responses occurred in 2 patients; one was complete remission after 2 cycles. Correlative studies showed a surprisingly low incidence of neutralizing antibody (30%). CONCLUSIONS: We have determined the safety of a novel immunotoxin DT2219 and established its biologically active dose between 40 and 80 µg/kg/day ×4. A phase II study exploring repetitive courses of DT2219 is planned.